Kulolerana ndi pati luso lopanga

Metrology - nzeru za muyeso, njira ndi njira kuonetsetsa mgwirizano wawo, komanso njira kukwaniritsa molondola chofunika. chabe ndi kupatukana mudziwe kachulukidwe za magawo chinthu ndi lolondola anakonzeratu ndi cholondola. Chimango zolimbana kwa metrology - miyezo. M'nkhani ino tikambirana dongosolo la tolerances ndi kusalima, umene uli kum'mwera kwa chigawo cha sayansi.

Lingaliro la interchangeability mbali

Mu masiku ano zomera mathirakitala, magalimoto, zida makina ndi makina ena osati chopangidwa mayunitsi ndi makumi, ndi anthu mazana ndi zikwi. Ndi mabuku amenewa kupanga nkofunika kuti mbali chopangidwa kapena msonkhano msonkhano ndendende molingana ndi mpando wake popanda zimasintha zoonjezera kuikira. Pambuyo ntchito ngati si nthawi yambiri, mtengo ndi nthawi yambiri kuti kuŵeta sikuloledwa. N'kofunika n'chakuti mbali kufika pa msonkhano lolani m'malo ena onse omwe cholinga ndi iwo, mopanda tsankho kwa ntchito ya makina zonse zatha. Chotero interchangeability mbali ya mpingo, yadera ndiponso njira otchedwa yogwirizanitsa. Izi ndi yofunika kwambiri okonza timatha inu kupulumutsa osati zodula mbali mapulani ndi kupanga mfundo, koma nthawi ya ulimi, kuwonjezera, kosavuta kukonza unit chifukwa cha ntchito zake. Interchangeability - ndi chuma cha misonkhano njira kutenga malo awo mankhwala popanda kusankha isanafike ndi ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri, malinga ndi specifications ndi luso.

mbali mating

Magawo awiri, lokhazikika kapena makina cholukanalukana, kuitana mating. phindu limene lumikiza ndi zambiri chimatchedwa chikufanana kukula. Mwachitsanzo, tizibowo m'mimba mwake pulley ndi awiri lolingana wa m'dzenjewo. Phindu limene palibe kugwirizana, zambiri chimatchedwa ufulu kukula. Mwachitsanzo, m'mimba mwake kunja kwa pulley lapansi. Pofuna interchangeability mbali chikufanana mtengo ayenera kukhala enieni kuphedwa. Komabe, njira imeneyi ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kosathandiza. Choncho, mu njira applicable ndondomeko yokonza mbali mosinthana polankhula ndi otchedwa pafupifupi molondola. Iwo kwagona kuti zinthu zosiyana opaleshoni kapena mbali chimatanthauza kulolerana zamitundu awo, amene amalola ntchito angwiro a m'madera amenewa wagawo ndi. Chotero padding, anaikira zosiyanasiyana kantchito, anamanga mu ena chitsanzo anakonzeratu, dzina - ". Logwirizana dongosolo la tolerances ndi kusalima"

Lingaliro la kulolerana. mfundo khalidwe

Calculated deta zinthu amaperekedwa mu zojambula, kumene zolakwika kuwerengetsa amatchedwa mwadzina kukula. Childs, phindu imeneyi yafotokozedwera millimeters lonse. mfundo kukula zimenezo akamagwira processing imatchedwa chomveka. Makhalidwe pakati ranges awa, chizindikiro uwu umatchedwa malire. Awa, njira pazipita - ndi yaikulu kukula malire, ndi osachepera - wamng'ono. Kupatuka - kusiyana pakati pa mtengo mwadzina ndi mbali mmphepete. Mu zithunzi za, chizindikiro ichi nthawi amaimira mu mawonekedwe n'zosangalatsa kumva pa mwadzina kuchuluka (chapamwamba malire mwachindunji pamwamba ndipo m'munsi - m'munsimu).

Mwachitsanzo zolemba

Ngati chithunzi chikuyambika kuti _-0.1 ^+0.15 40, izi zikutanthauza kuti mwadzina kukula kwa gawo - 40 mm, pazipita malire a - 0,15, otsika - -0.1. Kusiyana mwadzina ndi pazipita mtengo malire amatchedwa kupatuka chapamwamba, ndipo pakati osachepera pa - m'munsi. Mosavuta anatsimikiza mfundo zenizeni. Pa chitsanzo ndizoonekeratu kuti pazipita malire mtengo ndi wofanana 40 + 0.15 = 40.15 mamilimita ndi laling'ono: 40-0,1 = 39.9 mm. Kusiyana ndi zazing'ono ndiponso zazikulu malire kukula amatchedwa kulolerana. Kuchita masamu motere: 40,15-39,9 = 0,25 mm.

Zopinga ndi mamembala mavuto

Taganizirani chitsanzo enieni kumene tolerances ndi oyenera ziri zofunikira. Tiyerekeze kuti tiyenera kusiyana ndi kutsegula 40 ^+0.1 inafikira pa kutsinde zamitundu 40 ^-0.1 _-0.2. Izo zikuoneka kuchokera chikhalidwe kuti embodiments onse, awiri adzakhala zosakwana mdzenje, choncho pamene ngati pawiri chofunika kulankhula kusiyana. dziko limeneli limatchedwa m'manja, T. Kwa. Muvi adzakhala atembenuza momasuka ukutsegulira. Ngati kukula kwa zinthu 40 adzakhala _{^{+0,2 +0,15,}} ndiye pansi chikhalidwe chirichonse zidzakhala zazikulu dzenje awiri. Pankhaniyi, kutsinde ayenera tsamba ndiponso kulowererapo ikutuluka pawiri lapansi.

anapezazo

Mfundo zotsatirazi tikuipeza zitsanzo pamwambapa:

• kusiyana ndi kusiyana pakati pa miyeso lenileni la kutsinde ndi mipata pamene yotsirizira amakhala akuluakulu kuposa poyamba. Ndi kugwirizana, zinthu ndi atembenuza momasuka.
• Kusokonezedwa amatchedwa kusiyana pakati pa kukula lenileni la mdzenje ndi kutsinde pamene otsiriza ali wamkulu woposa woyamba. Ndi kugwirizana mbali mwamtundu.

Tikufika ndi cholondola makalasi

Landings anawagawa atathana (otentha imachepa, legkopressovaya, wosasamala, zolimba, zolimba, mwamphamvu) ndi mafoni (kutsetsereka, kuthamanga, kayendedwe, legkohodovaya, shirokohodovaya). Mu luso lopanga ndi kupanga chida, pali malamulo amene amayendetsa tolerances ndi landings. GOST amapereka ena makalasi olondola mu kupanga zigawo zikuluzikulu ntchito predefined zolakwika kukula. Kuchokera pa zimene timadziwa kuti mfundo za msewu ndi magalimoto ulimi popanda vuto lililonse kuti lidzigwira ntchito zawo angathe kupanga mwandondomeko zosakwana kwa lathes, zipangizo, galimoto. Pa nkhani imeneyi, tolerances ndi landings okonza ndi khumi magulu osiyanasiyana molondola. Yolondola kwambiri umene - koyamba zisanu: 1, 2, 2a, 3, 3a; awiri otsatira sing'anga molondola 4 ndi 5; ndi wotsiriza atatu aakulu: 7, 8 ndi 9.

Kuti tipeze zomwe kalasi molondola uyenera mwatsatanetsatane zojambula pafupi ndi kalata, kutanthauza dziko, kuika chithunzi zikusonyeza kuti mukuona. Mwachitsanzo, C4 chodetsa zikutanthauza kuti mtundu wa pakubwezeretsa, kalasi 4 TH; X3 - mtundu wa amayendayenda, ndi gulu la chitatu. digito signage kwa landings onse a kalasi wachiwiri wake suzima, chifukwa ambiri ofala. Pezani mudziwe zambiri pa chizindikiro ichi angakhale aŵiri a buku buku "Tolerances ndipo tidakocheza '(Myagkov V. D., 1982 kope).

dongosolo kutsinde ndi mipata

Kulolerana ndi ndegeyo zambiri ankaona ngati machitidwe awiri: dzenje ndi kutsinde. Woyamba amakhala ndi chakuti mu zonse mitundu ya digiri imodzi molondola ndi kalasi ndi a m'mimba mwake chomwecho mwadzina. Mabowo akulimbana ndi mfundo tolerances. zosiyanasiyana A anabzala chonchi dongosolo analandira ndi kusintha Kuchepetsa kutsinde kuchimwa.

Wachiwiri awa amakhala ndi chakuti mitundu yonse ndi digiri imodzi molondola ndi kalasi ndi a m'mimba mwake chomwecho mwadzina. Kutsinde ali zonse mtengo tolerances. A zosiyanasiyana landings ndi kunatheka chifukwa kusintha khalidwe tolerances mabowo. Mabowo pa zojambula dongosolo zambiri amaimira kalata A, ndi kutsinde - kalata V. Near makalata anaika chizindikiro cha kalasi molondola.

zitsanzo kalembedwe

Ngati chithunzi anasonyeza "30A3", ndiye zikutanthauza kuti katunduyo pansi kulingalira m'pofunika pokonza wachitatu kalasi dongosolo mwatsatanetsatane dzenje, ngati akusonyeza kuti "30A", ndiye dongosolo chimodzimodzi, koma m'kalasi yachiwiri. Ngati kulolerana ndi landings anapangidwa pamaziko a m'dzenjewo, m'pofunika mwachindunji mtundu mu kukula mwadzina. Mwachitsanzo, katunduyo olembedwa kuti "30V3" limafanana ndi processing wa m'kalasi yachitatu ya lolondola dongosolo kutsinde.

Mu buku lake, M. A. Paley ( "Tolerances ndipo tidakocheza") limafotokoza kuti mabowo okonza mfundo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa m'dzenjewo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti pamafunika zotsikirako mtengo tooling ndi zida. Mwachitsanzo, kuchitira anapatsidwa mwadzina inabala awiri a dongosolo lino kuti kakwamba onse kalasi amafuna yekha jambulani ina, awiri - lina malire pakamwapo. Pamene dongosolo kutsinde kuonetsetsa kuti aliyense ankafika mu m'kalasi lomwelo anafunika jambulani osiyana ndi chubu osiyana.

Tolerances ndipo tidakocheza: tebulo zolakwika

Kuzindikira ndi kusankha makalasi molondola anagwiritsa ntchito mabuku apadera pakuyenerera. Choncho, tolerances ndipo tidakocheza (tebulo Mwachitsanzo tikuonera pepala ili) amakhala zedi ochepa. Pofuna kulemba ziro anthu lowonjezera mabuku iwo anasankha mu micrometers (thousandths wa millimeter a). micron wina limafanana 0,001 mm. Zambiri mu ndime yoyamba ya tebulo amasonyeza diameters mwadzina, ndipo chachiwiri - kutsegula kupatuka. mizati ena kupereka mfundo zosiyana ziwalo landings zawo zolakwika. "Plus" chizindikiro pafupi ndi mtengo amasonyeza kuti ayenera zidzawonjezedwa kwa gawo mwadzina, "opanda" chizindikiro - kuti m'pofunika kuchotsera.

ulusi

Kulolerana ndi woyenera yamazinga kugwirizana ayenera kuganizira mfundo yakuti ulusi limodzi okha ndi mbiri za zipani, zosiyana mwina pali mitundu nthunzi chotchinga yekha. Choncho, chizindikiro chachikulu chimene Mzimuyo chikhalidwe zolakwika ndi, - awiri izi pafupifupi. Kulolerana ndi ankafika kwa m'mimba mwake kunja ndi mkati anapereka kuti wokonzeka kuthana kuthekera kukanikiza pakati pa matendawa, ndipo nsonga za ulusi. Zolakwa kuchepetsa kukula akunja mkati kuwonjezeka ukulu sadzakhala kulimbikitsa ndondomeko ya screwing. Komabe, zolakwika mu ulusi sitepe ndi mbiri ngodya kuyambitsa jamming wa fastener lapansi.

The tolerances wa ulusi ndi chilolezo ndi

Ambiri ndi chikuonetseratu ndi kumasura zoyenera. Mu mankhwala amenewa zikutanthauza mwadzina awiri ofanana wamkulu pafupifupi ukulu wa nati ulusi. Zolakwika anatengedwa kuwerenga kwa mzere perpendicular kwa olamulira a mbiri ulusi. Izo ndi chimafotokozera GOST 16093-81. The tolerances kwa awiri a mtedza ulusi ndi akapichi amapatsidwa malingana ndi digiri anakhumba molondola (anasankha chiwerengero). Anatengera angapo wotsatira wa khalidwe chizindikiro ichi: D1 = 4, 6, 8; q2 = 4, 6, 7, 8; D1 = 4, 6, 7, 8; A2 = 4, 5, 6, 7. tolerances si anawakhazikitsira. minda malawi ulusi m'mimba mwake wachibale kwa mbiri mwadzina kumathandiza kudziwa zolakwika zikuluzikulu: chapamwamba akapichi kunja ndi makhalidwe kuchepetsa mtedza zosintha mkati. magawo Awa mwachindunji amadalira molondola ndi phula olowa.

Tolerances, ankafika ndi miyezo luso

Pakuti kupanga ndiponso pokonza mfundo ndi njira lokhala magawo Turner zofunika ntchito zosiyanasiyana zoimbira chingwe. Kawirikawiri choyezera waukali ndiponso yachinsinsi zamitundu mankhwala ntchito wolamulira, callipers ndi callipers. Pakuti miyezo yolondola - .. Calipers, micrometers, gauges, etc. Kodi masanjidwe, aliyense amadziwa, kotero ife si amakhalamo.

Calipers - ndi Chida chophweka kwa muyeso wa kukula kwake kunja workpieces. Amakhala ndi awiri yokhota kumapeto miyendo chikatikati wokwera pa olamulira limodzi. Awonongedwa kasupe mtundu caliper, izo anasonyeza zinafunika kukula ntchito zomangira ndi mtedza. chida chotero ndi pang'ono zambiri yabwino yosavuta, T. Kwa. akuzisunga kuchuluka anakonzeratu.

Nutromer cholinga kuthetsa miyezo mkati. Nthawi zambiri ochiritsira ndi mtundu masika. The zida za chida ichi ndi ofanana caliper lapansi. Yolondola chida ndi 0,25 mm.

Caliper - chida bwino. Iwo akhoza kuyesa pamalo onse akunja ndi amkati workpieces. Turner pamene ntchito pa lathe ndi ntchito caliper miyezo ya kuya kwa kuchotsa kapena boning mabenchi. Izi chida choyezera imakhala ndi ndodo ndi mwambo womaliza maphunziro siponji, ndi ukulu wa anthu awiri lachiwiri la nsagwada. Ndi chimango ndi wononga yatsekedwa pa ndodo mu malo ankafuna. Muyeso lolondola 0,02 mm.

SHTANGENGLUBINOMER - chipangizo lakonzedwa kuti kuyeza akuya grooves ndi zamkati. Komanso, chida amalola kudziwa malo olondola a mabenchi pamodzi kutalika kwa m'dzenjewo. The chipangizo pogwiritsa ndi ofanana caliper lapansi.

Micrometers ntchito molondola kudziwa awiri, makulidwe ndi kutalika workpiece lapansi. Iwo kupereka kuwerengetsa ku malo 0.01 mm. Chinthu anayeza zoti pakati pa micrometer wononga ndi chidendene amodzi ulamuliro imagwiridwa ndi anthu onsewo ng'oma.

Nutromery kutumikira choyezera molondola kali mkati. Pali atathana ndi kutsetsereka zipangizo. Zida izi ndi ndodo ndi kuyeza nsonga mpira. Mtunda pakati pa iwo limafanana ndi awiri kumatanthauza powerenga. Osiyanasiyana miyezo Nutromer zimapanga 54-63 mm, ngati mitu kwambiri zingadziŵike ndi awiri ndi 1500 mm.