Wachifundo thunthu: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Wachifundo mitsempha thunthu ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo za chifundo mantha dongosolo gawo zotumphukira.

kapangidwe

Malinga ndi dongosolo la chifundo thunthu (Truncus sympathicus), ndipo ndi awiri mfundo ogwirizana wina ndi mzake ndi ulusi chisoni. deta maphunziro zili mbali ya ndime msana mu m'litali lonse.

Aliyense wa thunthu mfundo wachifundo - assemblage izi autonomic manyuroni kuchita kusintha ulusi preganglionic (wamkulu mbali zake) amatumphukira kwa chingwe msana, kupanga woyera kulumikiza nthambi.

Ulusi pamwamba zinalongosoledwa analankhulana ndi maselo lolingana wagawo mwina linapangidwa nthambi yapakati-mfundo mu below- kapena vysheraspolagayuschiysya wachifundo thunthu mfundo.

Anakonza kulumikiza nthambi woyera mu lumbar chapamwamba ndi thoracic. The sacral m'munsi lumbar ndi mfundo khomo lachiberekero wa mtundu uwu palibe nthambi.

Kuwonjezera nthambi woyera kutali monga imvi kulumikiza nthambi, zomwe zigwirizana makamaka a wachifundo postganglionic CHIKWANGWANI ndi misempha msana kugwirizana ndi misonkhano mbiya. nthambi amenewa akupita kwa aliyense wa misempha msana, chichokereni ku aliyense wa chifundo mfundo thunthu. Monga mbali ya mitsempha iwo kupita ziwalo innervated (zopangitsa, yosalala ndi minofu striated).

Monga mbali ya thunthu wachifundo (thunthu) inaimitsidwa ndi mabungwe otsatirawa:

1. Sacral.
2. Lumbar.
3. Pachifuwa.
4. Khosi.

ntchito

Malinga ndi magulu a thunthu wachifundo ndi mitsempha yake constituent ganglia, ndipo pali zinthu zingapo za maphunziro anatomical:

1. Innervation mutu ndi khosi, komanso ulamuliro wa kuchepetsa ziwiya, kudya kwawo.
2. Innervation wa M'mimbamo thoracic (nthambi wachifundo thunthu kwa mfundo za m'gulu zikuchokera misempha mu pleura, zakulera, pericardium ndi chiwindi mitsempha).
3. Innervation makoma mtima (ongokhala plexuses mitsempha) wamba carotid, chithokomiro ndi subclavian mitsempha ndi msempha.
4. Muzipempha plexus mitsempha ganglion mitsempha.
5. Nawo mapangidwe a celiac, kung'ambika, aimpso abwana mesenteric plexus.
6. Innervation ziwalo m'chiuno chifukwa pakutchulidwa a nthambi za Nkhondo za Mtanda ganglia wa thunthu wachifundo ndi hypogastric plexus m'munsi.

The khomo lachiberekero wachifundo thunthu magawano

Monga mbali ya msana khomo lachiberekero, pali mayunitsi atatu: m'munsi, pakati ndi chapamwamba. More aliyense wa iwo tiganizire moposera.

ndi mfundo pamwamba

Education fusiform Makulidwe 20 * 5 mm. Inkakhala ku 2-3 vertebrae khomo lachiberekero (otrostah mtanda wawo) pansi fascia prespinal.

Inyamuka ku mfundo zisanu nthambi zikuluzikulu zimene postganglionic ulusi kuti innervate ziwalo mutu ndi khosi:

• Kulumikiza nthambi imvi 1, 2, 3 khomo lachiberekero misempha msana.
• N. jugularis (jugular mitsempha) lagawidwa nthambi zingapo awiri amene amagwira kwa glossopharyngeal ndi misempha vagus, ndi wina - kwa mitsempha hypoglossal.
• N. caroticus internus (mitsempha mkati tulo) amalowa chipolopolo kunja kwa mkati carotid mtsempha wamagazi wa dzina womwewo ndipo ndipamene plexus, amene m'dera la kulowa mu mtsempha wamagazi wa dzina chomwecho mu kanthawi ngalande fupa achoke ulusi wachifundo kuti apange zozama miyala mitsempha ya ngalande pterygoid anakafika mu mphero mafupa. Pambuyo exiting CHIKWANGWANI njira molambalala pterygopalatine fossa ndi kukajowina postganglionic misempha parasympathetic ku mfundo pterygopalatine, komanso mitsempha maxillary, ndiyeno anatumiza kwa akuluakulu a m'dera la nkhope. Mu njira tulo ku somnolence mkati nthambi plexus anasiyanitsidwa, amene angatithandize plexus ndi kupanga tympanum. Mkati chigaza tulo (mumtima) zipita plexus cavernous, ndipo ulusi wake amafalitsidwa pa zotengera ubongo, kupanga plexus ophthalmic pakati oziziritsa ndi zapambuyo mitsempha ubongo. Komanso, cavernous plexus akutumiza nthambi kuti chikugwirizana ndi ulusi parasympathetic parasympathetic ciliary mfundo ndi minofu innervate dilating mwana.
• N. caroticus externus (kunja tulo mitsempha). Iye imagwiritsidwa plexus akunja pafupi ndi mtsempha wamagazi homonymous ndi nthambi zake zomwe kupereka magazi kwa ziwalo khosi, nkhope ndi Dura.
• Pharyngeal-laryngeal ziwiya nthambi ayende pharyngeal khoma ndi mawonekedwe pharyngeal plexus.
• Mtima mitsempha akudutsa pafupi gawo kumtunda kwa khomo lachiberekero wachifundo thunthu. Chifuwa M'mimbamo pamwamba amapanga mtima plexus, limene lili pansi pa Chipilala kung'ambika.
• Nthambi kuti ali mbali ya mitsempha phrenic. kutsekedwa awo anakonza mu kapisozi ndi Mitsemphayi a chiwindi, pericardial, diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum, pleura ndi zakulera.

pafupifupi wagawo

Education zamitundu 2 * 2 mm, ili mlingo 4 vertebrae khomo lachiberekero, mu malo intersect ndi carotid wamba ndi mtsempha wamagazi otsika chithokomiro. mfundo iyi zinagwira amitundu inayi nthambi:

1. Kulumikiza nthambi imvi kuti kupita 5, 6 misempha msana.
2. Avereji mtima mitsempha, limene lili kumbuyo kwa carotid mtsempha wamagazi wamba. Mu M'mimbamo a chifuwa mitsempha kumafuna mu mapangidwe a plexus mtima (kwambiri), limene lili pakati pa trachea ndi Chipilala kung'ambika.
3. Nthambi zimene zimafunika pa gulu la mitsempha plexus subclavian, wamba carotid ndi chithokomiro mitsempha m'munsi.
4. Mezhduuzlovaya nthambi chokhudzana ndi chapamwamba khomo lachiberekero wachifundo khamu.

wagawo m'munsi

Education ili kuseri kwa mtsempha wamagazi vertebral ndi subclavian pamwamba. Nthawi zina, pamodzi ndi mfundo yoyamba ndi chifundo anaitana stellate mfundo thoracic (cervico-thoracic). M'munsi msonkhano zinagwira nthambi zisanu ndi chimodzi:

1. Gray kulumikiza nthambi anakafika ku 7, 8 khomo lachiberekero misempha msana.
2. Nthambi amene amapita ku vertebralis plexus, anakafika mu chigaza ndi plexus kupanga zapambuyo mtsempha wamagazi oziziritsa ndi basilar plexus.
3. Misempha ya mtima m'munsi kumanzere unali kuseri kwa msempha ndi bwino - chifukwa mtsempha wamagazi ndi brachiocephalic ndi kumatanthauza mapangidwe zozama plexus mtima.
4. Sprigs wa gawo la mitsempha phrenic, koma musati kupanga plexuses ndi kutsirizitsa mu zakulera, pleura ndi pericardium.
5. Nthambi, limene wamba carotid mtsempha wamagazi plexus.
6. Nthambi kuti mtsempha wamagazi ndi subclavian.

thorax

Kapangidwe ka thoracic wachifundo thunthu tichipeza ganglia thoracica (mammary mfundo) - mitsempha Education ndi triangular mawonekedwe, amene kugona makosi costal mumbali mwa vertebrae thoracic, ndi fascia hilar ndi pleura parietal.

Kuchokera ganglia thoracic achoke 6 magulu akuluakulu a nthambi:

1. White kulumikiza nthambi, amene nthambi ku misempha intercostal (mizu zapambuyo) ndipo umalowa mu mfundo.
2. Gray kulumikiza nthambi kubwera kwa ganglia ndi wotumidwa kwa mitsempha intercostal.
3. Nthambi za mediastinum lapansi. Chinayamba 5 wachifundo chapamwamba Ganga ndi kuyesedwa mu zapambuyo mediastinum gawo pamodzi ndi ulusi ena kupanga bronchial ndi esophageal plexus.
4. Mtima thoracic misempha. Tinachokera kwa 4-5 chapamwamba wachifundo ganglia, nawo mapangidwe kung'ambika ndiponso mtima plexus.
5. Splanchnic mitsempha yaikulu. nthambi anasonkhana 5-9 thoracic wachifundo mfundo wokutidwa intrathoracic fascia. Kudzera mipata pakati pa wapakatikati ndi medial mitsempha ya miyendo zakulera chimafikira mu zonse m'mimba ndipo itha ganglia celiac plexus. The zikuchokera zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ambiri mitsempha ulusi preganglionic (amene anazimitsa mu celiac ganglia plexus pa ulusi postganglionic) ndi postganglionic kuti kale kugwiritsa kuchulutsa thoracic ganglia wa thunthu chisoni.
6. Mitsempha yaing'ono vnutrinostny. Iwo aumbike mwa mfundo nthambi 10-12. Kudzera chifundamtima imagwera pang'ono lateral N. splanchnicus zazikulu ndi mbalinso ya celiac plexus. Mbali ya ulusi preganglionic ya mitsempha izi mu ganglia wachifundo ndi anazimitsa postganglionarnae, ndi ena ayenera kukhala ziwalo.

lumbar

Lumbar wachifundo thunthu ganglia - osati kuti zina, monga kupitiriza unyolo wa ganglia thoracic. Lumbar limapangidwa mfundo 4 zimene zili mbali zonse msana pa nsonga mkati lalikulu lumbar minofu. Kumanja mfundo mbali visualized outwards ku vena cava otsika, ndi lamanzere - outwards kwa msempha.

Nthambi ya lumbar wachifundo thunthu ndi:

1. White kulumikiza nthambi anakafika ku 1 ndi 2 misempha lumbar msana ndi abwino 1 ndi 2 ganglia.
2. Gray kulumikiza nthambi. Phatikizani ya lumbar ganglia onse misempha msana lumbar.
3. nthambi lumbar splanchnic kuti kuyambira ganglia onse ndi kulowa hypogastric chapamwamba, celiac, kung'ambika m'mimba, aimpso abwana mesenteric plexus.

sacral gawo

Mbali lowermost (ankalemekeza wachifundo thunthu zimachititsa chilumbachi) ndi sacral gawo limene limapangidwa wina unpaired coccygeal msonkhano ndi awiriawiri anayi ganglia sacral. Mfundo ili pang'ono medial kwa mabowo zapambuyo sacral.

Pali nthambi angapo gawo sacral wa thunthu wachifundo:

1. Gray kulumikiza nthambi ndi kuchuluka kwa sacral misempha msana.
2. Splanchnic misempha kuti ndinu gawo la plexuses autonomic mu mafupa a chiuno ndi. Choipidwa ulusi mitsempha pazimene pachilengedwe m'munsi hypogastric plexus, lomwe lili pa nthambi za mtsempha wamagazi mkati iliac kudzera amene umalowa mu misempha wachifundo ziwalo m'chiuno.