Zigawo zina zinayi zomwe zamoyo za dongosolo lonse ndalama

Pakali pano, dongosolo lonse ndalama ndi zovuta, mofulumira kukhala ndi yosintha dongosolo. Mwachibadwa, mayiko waukulu pereka limodzi kapena vekitala ina, imene ndiyo chitukuko cha dziko lapansi ndalama, maiko ndi chuma otukuka. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa wagawo izi osewera pa misika onse a dziko ali ndi mwayi lofunika mu mphamvu golide ndalama.

Tikumbukenso kuti zamoyo wa dongosolo lonse ndalama zikuphatikizapo zinayi zodzala kutalika siteji, ozikidwa pa machitidwe osiyana anayi mayiko asapita ndalama. Gawo loyamba la chitukuko, kapena kani, gawo mapangidwe, anali dongosolo la otchedwa muyeso wa golide. Dongosolo ili, ndalama iliyonse, adaziwa akufalitsa mu msika zoweta (m'mayiko ambiri) mosavuta ikumasuliridwa golide. Tinapanga ubwenzi woterewu ndithu zokha, ndipo izo zinachitika pa zaka za m'ma 19. Zikuonekeratu kuti magawo osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi ndalama, kuphatikizapo muyeso wa golide anali mbali yake yeniyeni. Pankhaniyi, izo: lililonse limakhala ndalama ali okhutira ena a golide ofanana; convertibility golide kwachitika, onse mwa boma kunja; mapangidwe ndi malumikizanidwe pakati pa nkhokwe golidi wa dziko ndi lolingana ndalama kupezeka. Izi magawo chitukuko cha dziko lapansi ndalama akutanthauzanji pamaso pa mlingo amodzi kuwombola. Tikumbukenso kuti mtengo amodzi pa nthawi ndi chitukuko ubale zachuma wataya tanthauzo lake ndipo m'malo mwa dongosolo coherent maphunziro.

Mbali yachiwiri, chimene akumana ndi zamoyo wa dongosolo lonse ndalama, wakhala muyeso wa golide kuwombola. Akamanena za dongosolo amachepetsa kuthekera yosinthira ndalama pa otchedwa kuwombola yachilendo, ndiye macheke, zolemba promissory, ngongole mayiko ena, zimene pamapeto, akhoza umasinthanitsidwa mwachindunji golide. imeneyi, kupitiriza pofuna kukwaniritsa dziko lapansi ndalama, lalandiridwa ndi anthu padziko lonse pa msonkhano Genoa, unachitikira mu 1922. Monga mukudziwa, udindo wa Mwambi wa ndalama mu nthawi iyi anali kuperekedwa kwa pa kilogalamu British ndipo, ndithudi, dola US. Zinali kuyambira pamenepo ndipo anayamba ulamuliro lenileni la ndalama m'misika dziko.

Siteji yotsatira, umene unachitika zamoyo za dongosolo lonse ndalama, wakhala bwino kuti ife golide kuwombola muyezo. dongosolo unakhazikitsidwa pansi kuthamanga kayendesedwe ka chuma cha padziko lonse pompopompo kusintha kwa nyengo ya 30 - zaka 50 tili Mu zaka zapitazo. Dziwani kuti, mfundo, de jure, dongosolo anali mtchatho mu 1944 mu US Bretton Woods. Pankhaniyi, ndalama ndalama anasinthanitsa mwachindunji, popanda nkhani ya golide, umene unali mbali yaikulu ya gulu ubale ndalama lonse. Tikumbukenso kuti golide panopa osauka, monga mwa magawo a m'mbuyomu a chitukuko cha dziko lapansi ndalama, akugwirabe ntchito yake ndi chofunikila wa Pamudzi yomaliza pakati limati osiyana.

chiwerengero cha mavuto padziko lonse, makamaka mphamvu mu 1974, potsiriza ndi mosasintha lilibe dongosolo Bretton Woods. Mu 1976, zamoyo wa dongosolo lonse ndalama kwapita mu gawo lomaliza, osachepera pa siteji pano chitukuko. Chinthu chapadera pa stepi ino anali chiyembekezo chakuti zagolide ndi ntchito ndalama unit. Iwo wakhala ngati chofunika Komabe, madzi kwambiri. Koposa zonse, panthawi ino anapanga dongosolo la otchedwa mlingo akuyandama, zomwe ife tikuziwona lero.