Zokopa Moscow Kremlin. Mbiri ya zomangamanga, chithunzi, malongosoledwe

M'nkhaniyi tiona kuyang'ana zowoneka waukulu wa Moscow Kremlin. Malowa ali pamtunda pa Borovitsky phiri mamita 25 pamwamba gawo pafupi pa confluence a Moskva Mtsinje ndi mtsinje Neglinnaya. Borovitsky phiri mu mtengo wakale utaphimbidwa, zikomo imene nalo dzina lake. Moscow Kremlin mukhoza kutengedwa ngati kholo la likulu lino la Russia. Itatha yoyamba nyumba Moscow inali ndendende m'gawo lake. Zowoneka za boma la Russia ndi Red Square zinamangidwa panthawi zosiyanasiyana. Choncho tiyeni tiyambe nkhani za iwo kuchokera pachiyambi, kuti mumve.

Kupeza prehistory wa pakutchulidwa zoterozo zinali zofunika kwa dziko lathu, monga boma la Russia (Moscow). Asayansi zinamangidwa kuda woyamba wa anthu Borovitsky Hill mapeto II zikwi. BC. e. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XII, pano kachiwiri panali Pamudzi, omwe anakhala makolo a Moscow masiku ano. Vyatichi unatenga lalikulu limodzi Borovitsky Hill. Ndiko kuti, pamenepo adawonekera midzi iwiri, malinga kutetezedwa mphete.

Nyengo ya Ancient Lazaro

boma wakale poyamba inkakhala maufumu osiyana. The yaikulu ndi otchuka anali Rostov-Suzdal. likulu lake anali theka lachiwiri la XII m'ma mzinda wa Vladimir. Moscow m'mphepete ndi ukulu kuchokera kumadzulo.

Mu 1147, monga momwe zafotokozedwera Ipatiev Chronicle, Yuri Dolgoruky, Kalonga wa Suzdal, anauza inanyamuka Svyatoslav, Novgorod-Seversky Prince mu Moscow. Zimene zinachitikazi kutchula koyamba likulu Russian magwero filimuyi, ndi tsiku ili imatengedwa chiyambi mapangidwe a mzinda.

M'zaka za m'ma XIII, Moscow, komanso midzi ina Russian ankadwala matenda Batu. Komabe, patapita kanthawi, mzinda anayamba kutsitsimutsa. Mu Moscow, panali mafumu woyamba wa akalonga nthawi imeneyi, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Daniel, mwana wamng'ono wa Aleksandra Nevskogo. Chitata Mongolia bwinobwino kuwononga boma Russian. Earth anapitiriza kulamulira akalonga Russian, kulandira zimenezo zikalata gulu (zolemba). pamakatoniwo woteroyo 1319 ndipo anali mwana wamkulu Daniel, Yury wa Moscow, kulamulira Novgorod. Ndipo Moscow wakhala m'manja iwo anira wake wa m'bale wake.

Ivan Kalita, chifaniziro cha chomwe chili m'munsimu, osasunthika, monga anachita mwambo wa akalambula lake, Vladimir. Iye anaganiza kukhala Moscow. Izi chochitika unachita yaikulu ku tsogolo la boma la Russia ndi mzinda wonsewo. Mu Moscow pambuyo Ivan ndi Peter anasamukira ku Metropolitan.

Boma la Russia anakhala okhala akalonga Russian

Kremlin kuyambira nthawi imeneyo unasiya kukhala chabe dongosolo zozitetezera. Kufotokozera za boma la Russia salinso zikugwirizanira chimango ichi. Iye anatembenuka mu okhala ndi akumatauni ndi Grand Duke. Kremlin gawo poyamba amamanga nyumba matabwa yekha. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, anayamba kumanga nyumba ya mwala woyera. Choncho, pa Borovitsky phiri, mfundo zake apamwamba, anakhazikitsidwa ndi Mfundo Cathedral, omwe anakhala mpingo waukulu wa Moscow ukulu. Mpingo wa Ioanna Lestvichnika anaonekera mu 1329, Cathedral wa Arhangela Mihaila - mu 1333. Awa nyumba woyamba wa miyala ndi kutifotokozera zina mfundo mapulani wa Moscow Kremlin, anapulumuka ku nthawi yathu. Capital pansi Ivan Kalita wakula. Kremlin amakhala alibe mbali yaikulu ya mzinda.

Izo ziyenera kuti dzina "Kremlin" anaonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya chiwukitsiro, pachibwenzi 1331 chaka. Kumatanthauza kulimbitsa mbali yaikulu ya mzinda.

Ivan Kalita asanafe analemba kulemba wauzimu. , Iye anapatsa ndi zizindikiro za mphamvu ya Russia (zovala kalonga, tableware wapatali, lamba golide ndi unyolo), komanso onse a m'dziko Moscow kwa ana ake.

woyera mwala Kremlin

Mu 1365 yomanga matabwa a boma la Russia kamodzinso anavutika ndi moto. Ndiye wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy, kalonga wamng'ono wa Moscow, abverana kuti amange nyumba mwala pa phiri Borovitsky. Zima 1367 ichi anabweretsedwa ku likulu la anajambulapo ili 30 miles ku mudzi mzinda Myachkovo. Yomanga inayamba m'chaka. Mu mzinda wa Moscow chifukwa iye anali woyera-mwala linga, umene unali zoyamba mu North-East Russia. M'dera la boma la Russia pa nthawi yomweyo wakhala kuchuluka likuvutika phiri, komanso Betelehemu ake. zomangamanga ndi cha m'ma XV makhalidwe amene khalidwe la likulu ano Russian ndi Moscow anayamba kuonedwa monga wolowa a Vladimir ndi Kiev.

Constantinople, likulu la Ufumu wa Byzantium, analandidwa mu 1453 anthu a ku Turkey. Choncho, cholinga cha Orthodox anayamba kugwira likulu Moscow. Kuti mzinda ku zoletsedwa ndi udindo uwu, Ivan III anaitana ku likulu la ambuye Russian ndi Chitaliyana mapulani kwa boma la Russia mkuntho.

Mapangidwe boma la Russia gulu loyimba

Motsogozedwa ndi Aristotle Fioravanti, wazomangamanga Italy, mu nthawi mu zaka 1475 kuti 1479, watsopano Mfundo Cathedral, mpingo waukulu mu Russia unakhazikitsidwa. Kumapeto a lalikulu moyang'anana tchalitchi, wina wa ku Italy, Aleviz latsopano, anamanga kachisi manda - Cathedral wa Arhangela Mihaila. Moscow kalonga nyumba inamangidwa mu dera la kumadzulo kwa boma la Russia. Amaphatikiza Avereji Gold, Embankment ndi Big Faceted Komiti.

Cathedral wa Annunciation inamangidwa patapita nthawi kuchokera 1485 pa zaka 1489. Pambali pake inali yochokera Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe. Mu mlengalenga, zimene okha Annunciation ndi Angelo aang'ono boma yachifumu ili. Ichi chinali chuma chachikulu cha kalonga.

The gulu loyimba wa Cathedral Square inatha pomanga belu nsanja Ivana Velikogo. Inatha mu zaka 1505-1508. Ivan Wamkulu Bell kulira chifukwa anayamba kusangalatsa anthu a likulu.

akachisi onse atsopano pachikhalidwe zamangidwa pa malo akalambula amene anali kuno pa nthawi ya wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy ndi Ivan Kalita. Anamangidwa mu malo awo, Moscow Kremlin zowoneka mayina yomweyo. Onse manda ndi zotsalira za kachisi akale mosamala anasamutsa mu iwo. A Vladimir Mfundo Cathedral anagwidwa kachisi kwambiri akulemekezedwa a Russian pa nthawi - chizindikiro cha Lady Wathu Vladimir.

Kremlin nsanja

Pomanga nsanja latsopano ndi makoma anali zowawa kumaliza kwa kamangidwe ka boma la Russia gulu loyimba. Awo kukonzanso ndi makonzedwe kukuchitika magawo angapo. Taynitskaya nsanja analengedwa choyamba. Inali ndi ndime mobisa kwa Moskva Mtsinje. Wazomangamanga, kumaliza ntchitoyi, - Anton Fryazin, Chitaliyana. Wina wa compatriot lake Marco Fryazin analenga Beklemishevskaya nsanja tsopano limatchedwa Moskvoretskaya. Ndiye analenga Sviblova amene analinso ndi kuchoka chinsinsi ku Moscow Mtsinje. Mu Sviblovo nsanja 1633 ife anakhazikitsa makina apadera kukweza madzi ndi anadzatchedwa kuti Vodovzvodnaya.

Mu 1488, a Annunciation nsanja inamangidwa. Ndiye anamangapo ndi zowoneka ena a Moscow Kremlin. Iwo awiri Mayina Awo nsanja ndi Borovitskaya, Peter, Nabatnaya ndi Constantine ndi Helen. Spassky nsanja inamangidwa kulimbikitsa kum'mawa kwa boma la Russia. Iye tsopano ali chizindikiro wake. Spassky nsanja nalo dzina lake polemekeza zithunzi ziwiri: Mpulumutsi ndi Mpulumutsi wa Smolensk.

St. Nicholas inamangidwa pa nthawi yomweyo. Pakati ndi Mpulumutsi wakula ngakhale amene anadzatchedwa wanyumbayi. Middle ndi Pakona nkhokwe Tower anaonekera kutha kwa zaka za m'ma XV. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali Utatu, wapamwamba mu boma la Russia. Kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha njira kuti izo linamangidwa Kutafya nsanja. Kwa cholinga chomwecho akhala anamangidwira pamodzi amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida ndi Commandant wa Neglinnaya Mtsinje. Mu 1680 zinaoneka nsanja otsiriza a boma la Russia - turret Tsar a.

ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo nthawi mu mbiriyakale ya boma la Russia

Mu 1547 pa Akukwera Cathedral Ivan Grozny, Grand Prince wa Moscow, analengeza woyamba mu Russia autocrat. Mutu wa Mpingo Orthodox Russian, Metropolitan Macarius mwalamulo adafotokozera mfumuyo, kuika chipewa pa mutu wa Monomakh Ivana Groznogo. Pofuna kudziwa zambiri ufumu Moscow, anaganiza canonize moyo wodzimana ambiri ndi zithunzi za mbiri yakale, komanso mfundo za azikongoletsa makoma a boma la Russia aang'ono yaikulu zojambula.

nkhondo, zinachititsa mu Astrakhan nkhondo Kazan Khanate, kulimbitsa ulamuliro wa boma Russian. Mu ulemu mwa zochitika zimenezi, anaganiza kumanga Cathedral wa Kupemphera mwa Namwali Mariya, imatchedwanso lero monga St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo. Iye inamangidwa nthawi kuchokera 1555 ndi 1562 kunja boma la Russia, zomwe anatsindika kufunika wapadera wa nyumba iyi. Zinali pano, pafupi ndi Spassky Chipata pang'onopang'ono anapanga malo atsopano a moyo chikhalidwe cha Moscow - Red Square.

Pa Livonia nkhondo, izo anabwerera Polotsk, ndi Russian mzinda wakale. Polemekeza chochitika, Ivan Grozny analamula kumanganso kachisi wa Annunciation, amene anatumikira monga mpingo kwawo. 4 mipingo ing'onoing'ono (m'matchalitchi) zamangidwa pa tambirimbiri a tchalitchi mu 1563-1566, motero.

Ulamuliro wa mfumu, Komanso, tinaonera zikamera malamulo a boma la Russia. Otchedwa amazilamulira. nyumba zawo inali pa malo Ivanovo a boma la Russia kutembenukira pamene loyang'anira ndi malonda pakatikati pa likulu. Dipatimenti Ambassadorial ankaona zofunika kwambiri a iwo. Mu ofesi yake nkhani ya mfundo yachilendo, komanso ulamuliro pa mwambo wa mwambo akazembe.

Kremlin kutembenuka, anapanga m'zaka za m'ma XVIII

Woyamba mapu mwatsatanetsatane za boma la Russia, lomwe lili lero unalembedwa zaka 1663. Pa inu mukhoza za kulingalira mmene malo awa anayang'ana pamenepo.

Kremlin (Moscow) kumayambiriro kwa zaka XVII-XVIII chachitika pa heyday wake. likulu la bomali anagwidwa ndi lamulo Petra Velikogo ku Moscow ku St. Petersburg mu 1712. Komabe, Akukwera Cathedral anapitiriza kukhala mpingo waukulu ku Russia. Iwo uli pano kuyeretsedwa boma. Koma zinthu zatsopano malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana m'moyo, kotero m'dera Borovitsky Hill anayamba kumanganso. Pali zokopa watsopano wa Moscow Kremlin, makamaka zachifumu, mchitidwe umenewu ndi m'malo Ankhondo akale Komiti.

Choncho, ankaiphwasula inamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma XV, Nyumba ya bwalo Tsar a. Iwo m'malo ndi Baroque wamanga Rastrelli anapanga mwala Zima Palace mu kalembedwe. Panadzakhalanso Tsar Bell adaponyamo mwa dongosolo la Anny Ioannovny. Panapita zaka ziwiri - kuchokera 1733 mpaka 1735. Komabe, iye sanali zoyembekezeka kutumikira cholinga chake. Mu chaka cha 1737, pamene boma la Russia Utatu itagwira moto, kuzimitsa zomangamanga nkhuni poyera kuti madzi pa belu. Chifukwa yosiyana kutentha mpukutu anachoka kwa iye. Bell anakhalabe kuponyera dzenje pafupi zaka zana, koma mu 1836 izo anakhazikidwa pa pedestal, kumene iye mpaka lero.

Kupanga ponena za Moscow Kremlin, ayenera ndinatchula yomanga ake sizinali nthawi zonse wolungama ndi zomveka. Choncho, kumene Zachuma Court, Gallery wa amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida inamangidwa mu zaka 1756-1764, pali anaiika chuma chuma. Patapita zaka zingapo anaganiza m'maulendo boma la Russia ndi zankhondo anali anagwetsa pamodzi ndi nyumba zina zakale. Chifukwa cha gawo ili kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa phiri Borovitsky kukhala umboni, osatinso kumangidwa.

MF Kazakov unathandiza kwambiri posintha maonekedwe a boma la Russia. nyumba bishopu inamangidwa kuiyang'anira. Mu zaka 1776-1787 anamangidwira ndi Senate. nyumbayi ndi zokuzira mu malo pakati pa msewu ndi St. Nicholas Zozizwitsa obisika. Iwo yayenda gulu loyimba ya Senate Square.

Alexander I mu 1806 inaika lamulo malinga ndi zomwe m'malo Utatu obisika ndipo Tsareborisova bwalo anaganiza kumanga nyumba owonetsera zakale kwa kusungiramo zinthu zamtengo. Egotov ntchito ya nyumba zinachita kulengedwa. Ntchito yomanga nyumbayi anatengedwera kuchokera 1806 mpaka 1810. Mu boma la Russia, chifukwa cha ichi, nyumba yatsopano komanso malo aang'ono pakati zida ndi Utatu nsanja, ikutchedwa Utatu.

Kremlin pambuyo pa nkhondo ya 1812

Pulani ya kukonzanso zina za boma la Russia anathyola zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Pamene asilikali Napoleon litalanda Moscow, mzinda atayamba moto. zamtengo ambiri anabedwa. Petrovsky analiza, 1st mayina, Vodovzvodnaya nsanja, pafupifupi kanthu katsalira ndi ku St. Nicholas.

Creation wa Moscow Kremlin, komanso kubwezeretsa kwa gulu loyimba lake anapitirizabe chigonjetso. Ananyamula mapulani ake Russian. Aphulitsa boma la Russia makoma ndi nsanja adzamangidwenso. Mu zaka 1838-1851 mwa dongosolo la Nicholas ine pa malo Zima Palace inamangidwa zovuta yachifumu. Unali mbali ya Moscow amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida, Grand Kremlin Palace ndi nyumba. Yomanga anatsogolera KA tani. The gulu loyimba wa Palace Square chokongoletsedwa zovuta nyumba yatsopano.

Cathedral Square kuyambira kugwetsa dongosolo ndi limakhalabe lotsegula. Pali zinachitikadi mu XIX atumwi, parades la asilikali. Inali kudziŵika Dragoon perete pansi. Pa mfundo imeneyi, mu 1989, anamangidwira malo kwa Alexander II.

Kremlin m'nyengo Soviet

Ife amati inu mutidziwe ndondomeko ya Moscow Kremlin a pachibwenzi 1917 chaka.

Mu March 1918, mu boma la Russia, boma chakhazikika pa RSFSR. Mu Senate ofesi-nyumba wa nyumba yoyamba Lenin ankaona ili, kenako Stalin. Nyumba ya boma la Russia anamukwiyira kutsekedwa kwa anthu.

Panthawi imeneyi, iwo zinawonongeka mpaka kalekale kwa mipingo ndi mchitidwe umenewu onse pa dziko. Kremlin gulu loyimba sunapewe tsoka ili. Moscow Kremlin dongosolo zasintha pang'ono. Mu 1929 Voznesensky ndi Chudov mchitidwe umenewu anawonongedwa. Milimo ya Sukulu usilikali wakula mu malo awo.

Pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, mapulani zovuta nkomwe anakhudzidwa. Iwo linatsegulidwa kuyang'anira mu 1955. Mu 1961 pafupi Utatu zipata anamangira Palace ya Congresses.

Kremlin gulu loyimba lero

Lero, alendo ambiri ochokera konsekonse mdziko kubwera kufufuza zowoneka a boma la Russia ndi Red Square. Malo, ndi lero simunataye ukulu wawo.

Mu 1990, boma la Russia anachimanga ndi UNESCO World Heritage List. Museum ili pano, anapanga malo "Moscow Kremlin", kuphatikizapo amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida, ndi Annunciation, ndi Mfundo ndi Angelo Cathedral, Museum wa Akutsatira Art ndi Moyo wa XVII m'ma Russia, Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe ndi gulu loyimba wa Ivan Wamkulu Bell. Kuyambira mu 1991, boma la Russia anakhala zogona pulezidenti wa Russia.

Ndi 850 TH tsiku lokumbukira likulu, amene Moscow anati mu 1997, boma la Russia linakhalanso kachiwiri. Chifukwa cha ntchito izi anabwezeretsedwa Red Khumbi Faceted Komiti, seneti kakusintha kubwezeretsedwa kwa nyumbayi, ndipo anagwira ndiponso ntchito zina. Lero, boma la Russia aang'ono pa maphwando lalikulu la Orthodox misonkhano Mulungu. Anachita komanso maulendo a gulu loyimba lonse.

dongosolo Moscow Kremlin ikuphatikiza angapo nyumba zosiyana. Iwo ali ndi malo a mahekitala 27,5 lero, ndi kutalika kwa mpanda -. 2235 M ali nsanja 20, lomwe kufika pamwamba mamita 80. Kremlin makoma ndi makulidwe a ku 3.5 kuti 6.5 m. Msinkhu wawo ndi 5 kuti 15 m.

Lero malo awa umachitika chochitika chidwi - kusintha kwa mlonda wa pa boma la Russia. Amakhulupirira pa Cathedral Square Loweruka lililonse pa 12 masana. Nthawi imene mukhoza kuwona kusintha kwa alonda mu boma la Russia - kuchokera April kwa October. Ndi yabwino kwambiri alendo.

Kremlin kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX ochuluka amaona kuti ndi mapulani ndi mbiri yakale-mitundu chipilala. Pa ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana mayiko osiyanasiyana ambiri padziko chuma kuwonetsera kwa vestry a khololo ndi zida. Yotsirizira kale m'zaka za m'ma XIX anali m'nyumbayi yachifumu. Komabe, mbiri yake inayamba kale kwambiri. Back kuti 1547 ndi kutchula koyamba za kulengedwa nthawi dongosolo amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida. Pa nthawi imeneyo anachisunga kumenyana nkhokwe. Patapita nthawi, amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida anayamba kuitana chuma chachikulu, ndi bwino kuti ife dzina unachokera mu 1560s ndi. M'nyumbayi tsopano lili wapadera zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho mbiri, kuphatikizapo kapu ya Monomakh, komanso akale nsalu zamtengo wapatali, mipando ya mafumu Russian, zida ndi zina zambiri.

Kremlin Nkhani akupitiriza monga momwe mbiri ya boma wathu, chizindikiro limene iye. A m'ma XXI akadali adzalowa tsamba wake.