Zothandizira mipingo yawo - ndi ... Famous ogula. ogula zamakono

Chikondi ... mawu si akupezekanso mwa ife. Onse adamva kamodzi pa moyo, koma ufulu kufotokoza akamanena mawu akuti pansi mphamvu si aliyense. Ndipo ndi chisoni, chifukwa Russia wakhala wotchuka chifukwa chakuti chikondi ndi chifundo ndi mbali ya mwambo yake yaitali.

chifundo ndi chiyani?

Ngati mudzapempha kauntala aliyense kuti zothandizira mipingo yawo, anthu ochepa akhoza ndimakonda zimenezo, nthawi yomweyo, kupereka yankho ndithu. Inde, aliyense anamva anthu olemera kupereka chithandizo kwa zakale, ana amasiye, zipatala, ana a mabungwe masewera, aluso wamng'ono, oimba ndi ndakatulo. Koma ngati onse thandizo limeneli ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo? Pali chikondi ndi zothandizira. Kodi kusiyanitsa mfundo izi Chrixitu? Kumvetsa nkhani zimenezi komanso kuthandiza nkhaniyi.

Zothandizira mipingo yawo - ndi chuma kapena zina kuthandiza anthu ena ufulu, malinga ndi mabungwe komanso oimira chikhalidwe ndi luso.

Mbiri ya zikamera akuti

Chiyambi cha mawu afunika munthu weniweni wa m'mbiri. Gayo Maecenas - apa dzina wakhala n'chimodzimodzi. Noble Roma m'banja lachifumu, kucheza ndi Mfumu Octavian, anali wotchuka chifukwa anathandiza ndakatulo ndi luso ndi olemba kuzunzidwa ndi akuluakulu. Iye anali kupulumutsidwa ku imfa ya mlembi wosafa "Aeneid" Virgil ndi amisiri ena ambiri amene miyoyo ezedwa pazifukwa zandale.

Tinali Rome ndi ogula ena a zojambulajambula, kupatula Gayo Maecenas. N'chifukwa chiyani dzina banja ndipo wakhala masiku akuti? chakuti opindula ena onse olemera anakana kuyimira ndakatulo manyazi kapena wojambula choopa mfumu. Koma Gayo Maecenas anayenera Octavian Augustus mphamvu kwambiri, ndipo sanachite mantha kupita ndi zofuna zake ndi zilakolako zake. Iye anapulumutsa Vergil. Choncho kuthandiza adani ndale la mfumu komanso chifukwa cha anagwa kuchokera chiyanjo. Ndipo munthu yekhayo amene anamuthandiza, - woyang'anira. Choncho, dzina la ogula ena anataika kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo iye nthawizonse kukhala pokumbukira anthu amene amafuna anathandiza moyo wake onse.

Mbiri ya zikamera wa zothandizira mipingo yawo

Tsiku lenileni la maonekedwe a zothandizira mipingo yawo sitinganene kuti. Wosatsutsika yekha Popeza kuti pakufunika thandizo kwa akuluakulu a luso ya ulamuliro ndi chuma cha anthu wakhala. Chifukwa kuchita zimenezi zinali zosiyana. Wina ankakonda luso ndi akana- kuthandiza ndakatulo, amisiri ndi oimba. Anthu ena anali munthu wolemera kapena msonkho kukonza kapena kufuna anasonyeza wopatsa mwiniwake ndi woyang'anira woyera pamaso pa anthu onse. Akuluakulu anayesa patronize zaluso ndi maganizo kuwasunga ogonjera.

Motero, zothandizira mipingo yawo mu nthawi pambuyo pakutchulidwa ya boma. Kale ndi Middle Ages olemba ndakatulo ndi amisiri anali mu mkhalidwe kudalira kuboma. Zinali zovuta zoweta ukapolo. Iwo amakhala malo mpaka kugwa kwa dongosolo ang'onoang'ono.

M'nthawi ya mtheradi ufumu zothandizira zimatengera mtundu wa penshoni, mphoto, ulemu, posts bwalo.

Chikondi ndi chifundo - pali kusiyana?

Pali chisokonezo ndi terminology ndi mfundo za chifundo, chikondi ndi zothandizira. Onse a iwo amafuna thandizo, koma kusiyana pakati pa iwo akadali kwambiri ndithu, ndipo chizindikiro ofanana Kungakhale kulakwitsa. M'pofunikanso tione nkhani ya terminology. Mwa mfundo zitatu za zothandizira ambiri osiyana ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo. The Mauwa akutanthauza kuthandiza akamaziwononga, kapena kuti aganyali ntchito iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, kuthandiza wojambula akhoza malinga ndi kuthandizira chithunzi kapena kutchula dzina lake pa TV. Mwachidule, poyimirira kulandira phindu. Zothandizira mipingo yawo - ndi disinterested ndi zosadziwika thandizo kwa zaluso ndi chikhalidwe. Maecenas osati tikunena kupeza phindu kwambiri okha.

Chotsatira zotsatirazi mutu - chikondi. Ndi kwambiri mfundo zothandizira mipingo yawo, ndi kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi sadzachitanso noticeable. Izi kuthandiza osowa, ndi cholinga chachikulu cha chifundo amapezeka kuno. Lingaliro la chikondi kwambiri kwambiri ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo amachita monga mtundu yake yeniyeni.

N'chifukwa chiyani anthu amachita zothandizira mipingo yawo?

akufuna kwabwino Russian ndi ogula nthawi zonse kusiyana ndi Western mu njira yake kuthandiza anthu zaluso. Ngati ife kulankhula za Russia, ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo - ndi thandizo kuti ali ndi lingaliro la chifundo, ndi mtima wofuna kuthandiza asanatenge phindu okha. Mu West pano mphindi akupindula chikondi monga kuchepetsa kapena asandilembe iwo. Choncho, pano kulankhula za dyera ngakhale pang'ono zosatheka.

N'chifukwa chiyani XVIII m'ma Russian luso ogula ambiri ayamba patronize zaluso ndi sayansi, kumanga malaibulale, zakale, ndi malo?

Waukulu galimoto mphamvu apa panali zifukwa zotsatirazi - mkulu makhalidwe abwino, makhalidwe ndi ogula achipembedzo. maganizo a anthu anathandiza mwachangu lingaliro la chifundo. miyambo lolondola ndi maphunziro achipembedzo zachititsa kuti chodabwitsa ngati yowala m'mbiri ya Russia ngati ukuyenda luso zothandizira mipingo yawo mu XIX mochedwa - oyambirira XX zaka.

Chikondi mu Russia. Mbiri ya chiyambi ndi maganizo boma kuti zinthu zimenezi

Chikondi ndi chifundo ku Russia ndi yaitali komanso chozama mwambo. Muwamange mu malo oyamba kuyambira maonekedwe a Chikhristu ku Kievan Lazaro. Ngakhale chikondi anakhala thandizo munthu osowa. Woyamba ntchito imeneyi chinkhoswe mu mpingo kutsegula matenda osachiritsika okalamba, olumala ndi olemala kuchipatala. Yambani chikondi kuika Prince Vladimir, yokhala unkayenera kuchita mpingo ndi kunyumba ya chikondi pagulu.

Zotsatirazi abwanamkubwa Russian, kuthetsa napemphapempha akatswiri Komabe, anapitiriza kusamalira ofunadi thandizo. Tipitiriza kumanga zipatala, almshouses, ana amasiye kwa wapathengo ndi wadwala matenda okhudza ubongo.

Chikondi mu Russia ali bwinobwino anayamba kuyamika akazi. Makamaka katswiri kuthandiza osowa wa Mfumukazi Catherine Ine, Maria Feodorovna ndi Elizabeth A ..

Mbiri ya chifundo mu Russia ku cha m'ma XVIII, pamene amasanduka mawonekedwe a chikondi.

Woyamba Russian ogula

Woyamba m'mbiri ya Russian luso woyang'anira anali Werengerani dzina lake Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov. Mmodzi wa nzika yaikulu ya dziko, Zithunzi ali otchuka monga zopindula wopatsa ndi wokhometsa. A zambiri woyendayenda, Stroganov anachita chidwi mu kaundula wa gulu zojambula, miyala ndi ndalama. A zambiri nthawi, ndalama komanso khama Earl analipira chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi luso, kuti athandize ndi chilimbikitso kwa ndakatulo amenewa wotchuka ngati Gabriel Derzhavin ndi Ivan Krylov.

Mpaka mapeto a moyo wake Werengerani Stroganov anali pulezidenti okhazikika ya mfumu Academy of Tirhana. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anali kuyang'anira Imperial Library Public ndipo anali wotsogolera ake. Iyo inali chongoganiza pomanga Kazan Cathedral, yokhudza palibe ena ndi Russian mapulani.

Anthu ngati Stroganov anatsegula njira ogula wotsatira, amafuna ndi mtima wonse kuthandiza chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi luso Russia.

Wotchuka mzera wa Demidov, amene anayambitsa Russian makampani zitsulo, amadziwika osati chopereka zikuluzikulu chitukuko mafakitale dziko, komanso chikondi chake. oimira mafumu mbamphedza yunivesite Moscow ndipo anayambitsa maphunziro ophunzira ku mabanja amene amapeza ndalama zochepa. Iwo anatsegula loyamba kusukulu malonda ana a amalonda. Zonse anathandiza Demidov Foundling kunyumba. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo ankachita msonkhano wa luso deta. Yakhala padziko lonse lapansi zopereka payekha.

woyang'anira wina wotchuka ndi kuthandizira za m'ma XVIII - Werengani Nikolay Petrovich Sheremetev. Iye anali connoisseur zaluso, makamaka zisudzo.

Panthawiyo, iye anali wotchuka chifukwa ukwati zankhanza kudziko lake, kwawo zisudzo Ammayi Praskovya Zhemchugovoy. Posakhalitsa iye anafa ndipo anapatsa mwamuna wake kusiya nkhani ya chikondi. Werengerani Sheremetev anakwaniritsa pempho lake. Gawo la likulu anakhala pa thandizo kwa amisiri ndi malowolo Mkwatibwi. Pa chongoganiza, pomanga matenda osachiritsika mu Moscow. Iye padera ntchito yomanga nyumba ndi akachisi.

A chopereka wapadera kuti chitukuko cha amalonda chifundo

anthu ambiri tsopano ndi maganizo olakwika chilichonse chokhudza wamalonda kalasi zaka Russian XIX-XX. Iwo anapanga mchikakamizo cha mafilimu Soviet ndi ntchito zolembalemba, imene wosanjikiza akuwululidwa kwa anthu anali unsembe kwambiri unsightly. amalonda onse kafukufuku penyani bwino ophunzira n'kumaona nzeru kupanga phindu mu njira iliyonse anthu pamene kwathunthu wopanda chifundo kwa ena. Izi thunthu molakwika. Kumene, kuchotserapo nthawi zonse kumeneko ndipo adzakhala, koma amalonda ambiri anali gawo ophunzira kwambiri ndi nkhani ya anthu, osati kuwerengera, kumene, anthu otchuka.

Koma mwa mabanja wolemekezeka wa opindula komanso ogula idzatha kuwerengedwa pa zala. Chikondi mu Russia - kwathunthu mtengo wa kalasi wamalonda.

Takambirana kale mwachidule otchulidwa, chifukwa anthu anayamba kuchita zothandizira mipingo yawo. Pakuti ambiri amalonda ndi opanga chikondi wakhala pafupifupi njira ya moyo, chakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri kwa munthuyo. Apa cha ntchito chifukwa chakuti amalonda ambiri olemera ndi osunga ndalama anabadwa mwa Okhulupirira Old, amene anali yodziwika ndi ubwenzi wapadera ndi ndalama ndi chuma. Ndiponso mmene amalonda Russian ntchito zinali zosiyana penapake kuposa Mwachitsanzo, mu West. Kwa iwo, chuma - si lakwawo, malonda - osati gwero la phindu, koma ntchito zina zoyikidwa ndi Mulungu.

Ndaleredwa mu miyambo kuya achipembedzo, Russian amalonda-akufuna kwabwino ankakhulupirira kuti chuma kwapatsidwa mwa Mulungu, choncho, chifukwa m'pofunika kukhala osamala. Ndipotu, iwo ankaona kuti udindo kuchita mpumulo. Koma kukakamizidwa. Zonse zikuchitika pa foni ya moyo.

Wotchuka Russian luso ogula kwa zaka za m'ma 19

Nthawiyi akuganiza heyday wa chifundo mu Russia. Chiyambi cha kukula mofulumira chuma chinathandiza kuzandima ndingaliro kukula ndi kuwolowa manja a anthu olemera.

Wotchuka ogula XIX-XX zaka - zambiri anthu a kalasi wamalonda. Oimira yowala - Pavel Mihaylovich Tretyakov ndi mbale wake zochepa wotchuka Sergei Mikhailovich.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti Tretyakovs amalonda osati wogwidwa chuma chochuluka ndithu. Koma sanaleke iwo mosamala kusonkhanitsa zojambula aluso wotchuka, kuthera pa iwo kuchuluka kwambiri. SERGEY anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi chithunzi European Western. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, iye anapatsa zosonkhanitsira m'bale wake atalowa mndandanda wa zojambula ndi Pavel Mikhailovich. Kutchula mu 1893, luso zomera unatchedwa ogula uwiri Russian. Ngati ife kulankhula kokha za chopereka cha Pavel zojambula, pa woyang'anira moyo Tretyakov ntchito pa izo za miliyoni rubles. An ndalama zosaneneka chifukwa panthawiyo.

Iye anayamba kusonkhanitsa wake wa Russian zojambula Tretyakov unyamata wake. Ngakhale ndiye, izo zinali ndendende cholinga - kutsegula dziko zomera onse, aliyense pa kupeza ufulu ndi kukajowina katswiri wa luso Russian.

Abale Tretyakov tikuchipeza chipilala zazikulu za Russian zothandizira mipingo yawo - ndi Tretyakov Gallery.

Maecenas Tretyakov anali woyang'anira yekha wa luso mu Russia. Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, nthumwi ya mafumu otchuka, ndi woyambitsa ndi kum'manga yaikulu maulendo njanji Russian. Iye sanali kufuna kutchuka ndi kwathunthu chidwi ndi mphoto. chilakolako chake chinali chikondi cha luso. Savva yekha anali chikhalidwe kwambiri kulenga, ndi ntchito zake mu malonda oponderezedwa kwambiri. Malinga ndi zosiyana, iye akanakhoza kukhala zazikulu kuimba (iye anavomera kuchita pa siteji ya nyumba Italy za zisudzo), ndi zosemasema.

chuma chake Abramtsevo iye anatembenuka kunyumba kulandiridwa kwa ojambula zithunzi Russian. Apa zonse panali Vrubel, Repin, Vasnetsov, Serov, ndi Chaliapin. Onsewo Mamontov anapereka chithandizo ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo. Koma wamkulu thandizo wofuna kuthandiza wapereka luso zisudzo.

Mammoth ntchito zachifundo achibale ake komanso anzake amalonda anamva mopusa akufunira, koma sindinasiye iye. Kumapeto kwa moyo Savva anju adatayika ndipo kupulumuka m'ndende. Iye mlandu, koma kuchita bizinezi sakanakhoza. Mpaka mapeto a moyo wake zili ndi anthu onse amene anali kamodzi anathandiza amafuna.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov - zodabwitsa wofuna kuthandiza odzichepetsa anathandiza Art Theatre pokhapokha dzina lake osati kutchulidwa za izi mu manyuzipepala. Ndi anthu ena a mafumu awa ankathandiza kwambiri mu chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi luso. SERGEY Timofeevich Morozov chidwi pa Russian kukongoletsa ndi ntchito luso, zosonkhanitsira wake unali likulu la Chotsimikizika Museum mu Moscow. Ivan Abramovich anali woyang'anira wa osadziwika pamene Marc Chagall.

modernity

Kuukira ndi zochitika wotsatira linasokonekera miyambo chachikulu cha Russian zothandizira mipingo yawo. Ndipo pambuyo Soviet Union anali nthawi yaitali pali ogula latsopano la Russia ano. Pakuti iwo chifundo - ndi mbali ya ntchito mwaukadaulo bungwe. Mwatsoka, chikondi lathu, amene chaka ndi chaka kwayamba kutchuka kwambiri mu Russia, silinena za atolankhani. Kugulu akadziwa milandu yochepa koma ambiri a ntchito ya othandizira, ogula ndi ndalama lachifundo imene anthu. Ngati inu tsopano kufunsa kauntala aliyense: "Kodi ogula ano amadziwika kwa inu", ndi chodziwikiratu aliyense iyankha funso limeneli. Panthawiyi, anthu awa ayenera kudziwa.

Pakati amalonda Russian zimayesetsa ntchito zachifundo mu malo oyamba tisaiwale mutsogoleli "Interros" Vladimir Potanin osasunthika kampani, amene 2013 analengeza kuti bequeaths chuma chake kwa chikondi. Iwo analidi mawu zidzasintha. Iye anayamba maziko lokhala ndi dzina lake, amene akugwira nawo ntchito yaikulu kwambiri mu maphunziro komanso chikhalidwe. Monga wapampando wa bungwe la matrasti a Hermitage, kale nsembe iye miliyoni 5 rubles.

Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska, mmodzi wa Russia ndi olemera ndi otchuka malonda, ndi woyambitsa wa chikondi thumba "ntchito ufulu" imene zimachokera kwa ndalama munthu wamalonda. Maziko anakhala mapulogalamu oposa 400, bajeti amene analipo okwana pafupifupi biliyoni 7 rubles. Deripaska ndi kuchita zinthu chikondi m'munda wa maphunziro, sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, ndi masewera. Komanso thumba amapereka thandizo kwa Hermitage masewera ambiri, mchitidwe umenewu ndi malo maphunziro m'dziko lonselo.

Paudindo akufuna kwabwino mu Russia masiku ano zinthu osati ntchito yaikulu, komanso akuluakulu ndi nyumba malonda. Chikondi kuchita "Gazprom", JSC "Lukoil", CB "Alfa Bank" ndi makampani ena ambiri ndi mabanki.

Ndikufuna osanenapo Dmitriya Borisovicha Zimina, anayambitsa OJSC "Vimpel-Kulumikizana". Kuyambira mu 2001, kukwaniritsa profitability mosamala kampaniyo, iye anapuma ndipo anadzipereka kwathunthu kwa chikondi. Anayambitsanso mphoto "chounikira" ndi "Mafumu" thumba. Malinga ndi Zimin kwambiri, likulu onse anapereka kwa chikondi mfulu kwathunthu. Iye analenga Foundation wakhala akuthandiza sayansi ofunika Russia.

Kumene, chifundo yamakono osati nditapatsidwa kuti unkachitika mu "golide" ya m'ma XIX. Tsopano ndi patchy, pamene akufuna kwabwino kwa zaka zapitazi anapereka chikhalidwe ndi sayansi thandizo mwadongosolo.

Kodi pali tsogolo la chifundo mu Russia?

April 13 amalembedwa holide zodabwitsa - Tsiku la wofuna kuthandiza ndi woyang'anira za luso mu Russia. Tsiku ndi yotsegula kwa kubadwa kwa Gayo Maecenas, woyang'anira Aroma olemba ndakatulo ndi akatswiri a zojambulajambula, ndi dzina wakhala n'chimodzimodzi ndi mawu akuti "wofuna kuthandiza". The E la chikondwererocho anali Hermitage, kudzera mwa wotsogolera ake Mikhail Piotrovsky. Lero ndi dzina chachiwiri - Tsiku la Zikomo. Choyamba otchulidwa mu 2005, ndipo tikuyembekeza kuti m'tsogolo iye sadzatayikiridwa kufunika kwake.

Tsopano pali maganizo osokoneza kuti zothandizira mipingo yawo. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu izi ndi maganizo osokoneza kwa anthu olemera mu zinthu zilipo lero, mphamvu chikhalidwe stratification. Palibe akukangana mobwerezabwereza kuti phindu pa chuma si kwathunthu chovomerezeka kwa ambiri zikutanthauza. Koma pali anthu olemera ndi amene kupereka chuma kutukula ndi kusamalira sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, komanso ntchito zina zachifundo. Sizingakhale kwambiri ngati boma nkhawa yakuti mayina a chi luso ogula Russia kuzindikirike ndi bwalo lonse la anthu.