Ali International Standard kilogalamu?

Zowona si zosafunika. N'chifukwa chake padziko lonse ndipo analenga dongosolo miyeso lonse, m'kukoma mfundo za miyeso onse odziŵika wa munthu. muyezo kilogalamu yekha allocated mu mayunitsi mzere. Ndipotu iye yekha ali ndi thupi zenizeni m'moyo zinachitika. Kodi kulemera ndi muyezo wa mayiko kilogalamu anali m'dziko, ife adzayankha m'nkhani ino.

N'chifukwa chiyani tiyenera mfundo?

Kilogalamu, monga malalanje, akulemera yemweyo mu Africa ndi ku Russia? Yankho ndi - inde, pafupifupi. Ndipo mathokozo onse dongosolo lonse kudziwa Buku muyezo kilogalamu, mita, wachiwiri, ndi magawo ena. mfundo Muyeso koyenera kuti anthu kuonetsetsa ntchito zachuma (malonda), ndi kumanga (mgwirizano zojambula), mafakitale (mgwirizano kasakaniza wazitsulo) ndi chikhalidwe (mgwirizano mipata nthawi), ndi zina zambiri. Ndipo ngati posachedwapa adzaswa iPhone wanu, zikuoneka kuti izi zinachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa thupi la waukulu misa muyezo.

mfundo History

Aliyense chitukuko anali ndi mfundo zake ndipo benchmarks, amene anapambana mzake patatha zaka. Mu Egypt, unyinji wa zinthu amayezedwa Kantara kapena kikkarah. Mu Greece kalelo ndalama ndi ndalama. Ndipo mu Russia, unyinji wa katundu amayezedwa poods kapena spools. Koma anthu monga machitidwe osiyana chuma ndi ndale agwirizana kuti unit wa muyeso wa kunenepa, kutalika kapena magawo ena kukhala ofanana ndi limodzi wagawo mgwirizano. Kodi chidwi, ngakhale n'kumamujompha mwendo kalelo akhoza zimasiyana ndi wachitatu kuchokera amalonda ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Physics ndi miyezo

Makonzedwe zambiri wapakamwa ndi chimadalira ntchito mpaka nthawi monga munthuyo sanachite sayansi kwambiri ndi zomangamanga malonda. Kumvetsa malamulo a sayansi ndi zimapangidwira, chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi chilengedwe cha kukatentha ndi nthunzi ndi chitukuko cha malonda pakufunika mfundo zolondola kwambiri yunifolomu. ntchito kukonzekera unali wautali ndi yolemetsa. Sayansi, masamu, akatswiri padziko lonse anayesetsa kupeza muyezo konsekonse. Choyamba - zina International Standard kilogalamu, chifukwa kulemera kwa muyeso amawateteza magawo thupi (mikuza mawu, Volts, Watts).

pangano la mita

chochitika Azimayi zinachitika mu mzinda wa Paris mu 1875. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mayiko 17 (ndi Russia pakati pawo) anasaina Meter Convention. Ndi pangano mayiko amene amapereka umodzi wa mfundo. Today sanachedwe kuvomereza mayiko 55 monga mamembala zonse ndi 41 mamembala kucheza mukufuna. Pa nthawi yomweyo anakhazikitsa Bureau mayiko a poyeza ndi Committee Mayiko kwa poyeza, ntchito yaikulu imene ndiyo kutsatira mgwirizano standardization lonse.

Mfundo za msonkhano woyamba chinkafunika

meters Standard wakhala m'banja aloyi ya pulatinamu ndi iridium (9 1) kutalika kwa forte kuti mbali imodzi ya Paris meridian. Etalon kilogalamu wa aloyi chomwecho chofanana misa malita (decimeters kiyubiki) cha madzi ndi kutentha ndi madigiri 4 Celsius (kachulukidwe apamwamba) pa okwera muyezo kuthamanga. Standard masekondi 1/86400 anakhala mbali ya kutalika kwa zikutanthauza tsiku dzuwa. Onse 17 limati maphwando ku msonkhano analandira buku la muyezo.

Location Z

Prototypes ndi Buku choyambirira tsopano kusungidwa mu Komiti ya poyeza mu Sevres, pafupi Paris. Ndi mu mzinda wa Paris, ndipo ndi malo Buku amasungidwa kilogalamu mita candela (wowala mwamphamvu), ampere (panopa), Kelvin (kutentha) ndi Mole (monga gulu mankhwala, popanda kutchula thupi). Dongosolo la poyeza, ozikidwa pa maumboni asanu, wotchedwa System Mayiko mayunitsi (SI). Koma mbiri ya mfundo uno sunathe, wayamba chabe.

SI

Kachitidwe ka mfundo zimene tingagwiritse ntchito - SI (SI), ku French Systeme Mayiko d'Kugwirizanitsa - zikuphatikizapo mayunitsi zisanu ndi ziwiri m'munsi. mita ili (kutalika), makilogalamu (kulemera), ampere (panopa) candela (wowala mwamphamvu), Kelvin (kutentha), mol (kuchuluka kwa mankhwala). ena onse zedi thupi akamagwira kuwerengetsera zosiyanasiyana masamu ntchito mayunitsi zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la kutithandizanso makilogalamu × m / s ^2. Mayiko onse, kupatulapo United States, Nigeria ndi Myanmar, pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo SI wa muyeso, lomwe limatanthauza kuyerekeza kuchuluka osadziwika ndi muyezo. A muyezo - lofanana mfundo thupi, imene onse agwirizana kuti ndi zolondola mwamtheradi.

muyezo ndi mapaundi angati?

Zingaoneke zosavuta - muyezo wa 1 makilogalamu ndi kulemera kwa madzi okwanira 1 litre. Koma mu mfundo zimenezi si zoona. Kodi kupanga a muyezo kilogalamu pafupifupi 80 prototypes - funso ili yovuta kwambiri. Koma mwangozi bwino njira aloyi zikuchokera anasankhidwa, yomwe inatenga zaka zoposa 100. Standard kilogalamu kulemera zopangidwa ndi aloyi ya pulatinamu (90%) ndi iridium (10%), ndi yamphamvu amene awiri ndi wofanana kumwamba ndi 39,17 millimeters. Anali anapanga replicas wake, chiwerengero cha zidutswa 80. Mapepala okhala ndi kilogalamu muyezo Iwo m'mayiko nawo panganoli. Koma mawu yaikulu ndi kusungidwa mu mzinda wa Paris, natumikira atatu losindikizidwa kapisozi. Kulikonse kumene muyezo kilogalamu, mosinthanasinthana unachitikira Kuyanjananso ndi miyeso yolinganizira zofunika kwambiri padziko lonse kwa zaka khumi.

The miyeso yolinganizira chachikulu

The International Standard kilogalamu anaponyedwa mu 1889 ndipo kusungidwa mu Sevres ku France mu abwino kwambiri Bureau mayiko a poyeza, yokutidwa ndi zisoti atatu zolimba galasi. Mafungulo ku bwinobwino pali atatu okha udindo wapamwamba amasinthira. Pamodzi ndi miyeso yolinganizira waukulu mu otetezedwa ndi ndi alternates ake asanu kapena kuloŵedwa. Chaka chilichonse muyeso waukulu kulemera kuti walandiridwa monga kilogalamu muyezo, mwakachetechete kuchotsedwa kufufuza. Ndipo chaka chilichonse akupeza n'kakang'ono ndi n'kakang'ono. Chifukwa kuonongeka kulemera - kuyesa kulekana maatomu pa m'zigawo.

Russian Baibulo

kabukuka a muyezo ali mu Russia. Iye anali pa Institute ndi Research wa Metrology. Mendeleev ku St. Petersburg. Awa ndi awiri pulatinamu-iridium zinachitika - № 12 ndi nambala 26. Iwo ili m'munsi mwa khwatsi, yokutidwa ndi domes awiri galasi ndipo mkati mwa zitsulo otetezeka. mpweya kutentha mkati kapisozi 20 ° C, chinyezi 65%. zinachitika m'banja ali ndi kulemera kwa 1 000 000 087 makilogalamu.

Standard kilogalamu ndi kuonda

Yotsimikiza a muyezo anasonyeza kuti ndi lolondola mfundo dziko la dongosolo la 2 micrograms. Onse anali pansi chofanana, ndi kuwerengetsera amasonyeza kuti mfundo kilogalamu zaka zana kuonda 3 x 10 ^-8 kulemera. Komabe, ndi tanthauzo, misa ya muyezo wa mayiko lolingana 1 kilogalamu, ndi kusintha kulikonse mu weniweni misa muyezo kutsogolera kusintha khalidwe makilogalamu. Mu 2007, zinadziwika kuti kilogalamu yamphamvu zinakwana 50 micrograms zochepa. Ndi kuchepetsa kulemera kwake akupitiriza.

Latsopano umisiri ndi latsopano muyezo muyeso kulemera

Kuthetsa zolakwika ndi kufufuza dongosolo latsopano la kilogalamu muyezo. Pali zikuchitika tanthauzo la muyezo wa wina kuchuluka kwa pakachitsulo 28 isotope. Pali ntchito "Intaneti kilogalamu." The Institute National wa Mfundo and Technology (2005, USA) lakonzedwa chipangizo potengera Miyezo mphamvu zomuthandiza kulenga munda mu atomu kuti angalere 1 kg. Yolondola miyezo amenewa - 99.999995%. Pali chitukuko cha tanthawuzo la misa poyerekezera ndi unyinji wa ena nyutironi. Zochitika zonse izi ndi umisiri kudzakuthandizani kuchoka kumanga ku misa muyezo thupi kukwaniritsa molondola apamwamba ndi kuthekera chiyanjanitso kulikonse mu dziko.

ntchito zina zingamuthandize

Ndipo pamene dziko kuwala kwa sayansi amasankha njira yothetsera mavuto ndi odalirika kwambiri, akuganiza kuti ntchito kwambiri zingamuthandize imene misa sadzasintha pa nthawi. Mu umboni uwu kuti thupi cubical maatomu a kaboni 12 isotope ndi kutalika 8,11 masentimita. kyubu Ichi chidzakhala 2250 x 281 489 633 12-mpweya maatomu. Akatswiri ku United States la Miyezo and Technology Institute National kupereka chimatanthauza muyezo kilogalamu, ntchito Planck mosaleka ndi njira E = MC ^ 2.

Modern dongosolo chinkafunika

mfundo Modern sizili zofanana kuti anali kale. Meter poyamba chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi circumference a dziko lero limafanana ndi mtunda mtengo kuwala chimafikira mu umodzi 299792458 TH chachiwiri. Koma wachiwiri - iyi ndi nthawi imene akudutsa 9192631770 Phokoso la cesium atomu. Ubwino kwadzidzidzi olondola mu nkhani iyi ndi zoonekeratu, chifukwa iwo akhoza idzaseweredwe kulikonse mu dziko. Chifukwa, muyezo yekha kuti alipo thupi, akhala muyezo kilogalamu.

Zingati muyezo?

Popeza lilipo kwa zaka zoposa 100, muyezo ndi kale kwambiri, monga phunziro, ndi bokosilo wapadera. Ambiri, kudziwa mtengo lofanana awerenge chiwerengero cha maatomu pa kilogalamu golide woyenga bwino. chiwerengero kuwapeza dongosolo la manambala 25 popanda kutenga nkhani mfundo maganizo a bokosilo. Koma pamene kugulitsidwa kwa kilogalamu muyezo molawirira kwambiri, chifukwa anthu padziko lonse sanabadwe anamuchotsa yekha otsala dongosolo thupi muyezo wa mayiko wa mayunitsi.

Ine ndikudabwa za miyezo

Mu mabacteria onse nthawi za nthawi dziko UTC limanenedwa wachibale nthawi chilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, UTC + 4: 00). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, palibe achidule mu chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti izo anatengera mu 1970 ndi bungwe la International telefoni Union. yachiwiriyo zinkaperekedwa: English DULANI (mgwirizano Universal Time) ndi French TUC (Temps Universel Coordonné). Timasankha ndi ndale pafupifupi chidule.

Nyanja ntchito muyeso "mfundo". Kuyeza liwiro la chombo ntchito kwanthawi wapadera ndi mfundo pa mtunda wofanana, umene anaponyedwa m'nyanja, ndipo anawerenga chiwerengero cha mfundo m'nyengo wopatsidwa nthawi. zida zamakono zambiri zovuta kuzimvetsa kuposa chingwe ndi mfundo koma dzinalo wathandiza mokhulupirika.

Mawu mosamalitsa, phindu limene mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri ndiponso molondola, ndi m'chilankhulo cha dzina la wakale Greek kulemera muyezo - scruple. Iye anali ofanana magalamu 1:14 ndipo ntchito masekeli ndalama zasiliva.

Dzina la ndalama zambiri ochokera mu maina a miyeso kulemera. Choncho, UK liposa siliva otchedwa ndalama ndi ndalama ngati kulemedwa lbs 240. Kale Lazaro, athamangadi anali "hryvnia siliva" kapena "golide hryvnia" kutanthauza nambala inayake ya ndalama, chimaonetsera kulemera ofanana.

Zachilendo mphamvu muyeso magalimoto ndiyamphamvu ndi chiyambi ndithu weniweni. The zatsopano za injini nthunzi Dzheyms Uayt anali wofunitsitsa kusonyeza mwayi Kutulukira galimoto samatha. Iye masamu mmene kavalo angathe kukatenga katundu pa mphindi ndipo anasankha ngati ndiyamphamvu nambala wani.