Sankhula mabakiteriya chulukanani: kutsutsana kapena kugawikana?

zamoyo bakiteriya kale katswiri onse okhala kudziwika. Iwo ali mu mlengalenga, mu madzi ndi moyo mwa zamoyo zina. Koma ambiri a iwo mu zigawo chapamwamba nthaka. chiwerengero cha zamoyo izi zimatengera osati pa mbali structural. Ndi yochulukitsidwa kuyamika luso lalikulu kubereka. Mu njira mabakiteriya kuchulukitsa, iwo adzakhala mwachidule anafotokoza m'nkhani.

ndi amene bakiteriya?

Tizilombo timeneti ndi unicellular, kawirikawiri atsamunda zamoyo. Iwo anakonza m'malo achikale. Pamwamba wagawo ukufanizidwa ndi Kakhungu mucous ndi kapisolo, ndi cytoplasm ulibe mitochondria ndi plastids. maselo ambiri bakiteriya udzakhalire, imene tizilombo akhoza kusuntha.

zakuthupi majini

Mabakiteriya ndi prokaryotes. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maselo awo alibe mtima. Koma nkhani maselo a iwo alipo. Masango ndi DNA mamolekyulu mu gawo lina la cytoplasm ndi nucleoid otchedwa. M'mawu ena tinganene kuti prokaryotes alibe pakati Kakhungu. Choncho zovuta njira amuzolengedwa, iwo sangakhoze kuchita. Komabe, sikuti bwanji luso lawo kubereka.

Njira tizilombo kuchulukitsa?

Mabakiteriya kubereka magawano selo. Ichi ndi zazikulu ndi yachangu njira. Kuyambira wina theka la ora maselo akuchikazi opangidwa mwana ziwiri. Ndipo m'chaka chomwecho nthawi ya awiri maselo atsopano mwana anapanga kachiwiri. Ikufotokoza kuchuluka kwa tizilombo m'chilengedwe.

M'mikhalidwe chowawa, mabakiteriya angathe kupanga spores - maselo a asexual kubalana. Nthawi zina maselo bakiteriya idzaphuka - kupanga protrusions kakang'ono kamene kukula, kukula mu akulu, nazigawa kuchokera kholo la.

Sankhula mabakiteriya muchuluke, n'zothekanso kuti tione chitsanzo cha conjugation. Ndi mawonekedwe a kubereka. ndi nzeru zambiri majini pakati pa maselo. Musanayambe anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri zozungulira DNA. Komanso cytoplasmic mlatho aumbike pakati pa maselo, imene mudziwe cholowa anawamvera selo wina ndi mzake. Pali kuuzana zigawo DNA. Chifukwa, thupi afika zatsopano, zomwe nthawi zambiri zothandiza kwa iye. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya amalimbana ndi zinthu chokhwima zachilengedwe, mavairasi, kapena mankhwala.

mabakiteriya Nodule moyo ndi kuberekana pa mizu ya nyemba ndi mbewu monga chimanga. Ozama mwa dongosolo muzu kapena m'madera okhudzidwa wa tsitsi mizu kukuza ndi protrusions mawonekedwe - tinatake tozungulira. Mkati analenga malo abwino kwa kagayidwe lapansi. Muzu akutumiza mabakiteriya zinthu organic ndi mabakiteriya - asafe, lomwe ndi lofunikira kwa kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera.

Kudulidwa m'zipinda awiri

njira mabakiteriya muchuluke, malingana ndi mitundu ndi malo omwe. Koma awiri angathe kugawana zinthu zonse bakiteriya. ndondomeko izi zikuchitika mu magawo angapo ndipo amatchedwa bayinare fission.

Musanayambe kugawa annular DNA ndi kawiri. M'mawu ena, kugawanika amapezeka. Nyukiliotayidi limagaŵikira, mwana DNA padera. Kukula mu cytoplasm, ndi khungu nembanemba ili pakati mamolekyulu DNA. Ndicho izo ukugawa selo ndi zomwe zili theka.

Mu tsiku limodzi maselo 72, kuwala limapezeka m'badwo bakiteriya. Ngati mabakiteriya onse kukhala yotheka, zotsalira zazomera awo adzakhala za 5 m. Mu chikhalidwe, ndithudi, izi sizichitika, ndipo ambiri mabakiteriya akuphedwa.

cloning

Kapangidwe komanso limatanthauzira njira imene tizilombo kuchulukitsa.

mitundu atsamunda ndi cyanobacteria (buluu wobiriwira algae) amatha kubereka vegetative. Mu njira iyi, ambiri a zomera kubereka. Iye ndi kupatukana lake lonse la ziwalo Mipikisano ma.

Filamentous cyanobacteria mitundu kupanga maselo apadera otchedwa geterotsisty. Vegetative kafalitsidwe ndi kuswa filaments, malire a imene malo heterocysts malo.

Globular mabakiteriya cocci akhoza anagwirizana unyolo, masango kapena mabungwe ena. Kudzipatula kwa mnzake, iwonso kuchulukitsa.

sporulation

Mabakiteriya kubereka spores, amene anapanga pa zinthu chowawa. N'ngopatsirana mapangidwe - chabe njira la kubalana ayi. Mkati kutsutsana ndi kutitengera malo apadera, yafupika zili madzi, njira moyo inaimitsidwa. Mmenemonso akukangana mantha kapena kutentha kapena cheza ionizing, kapena kukhudzana ndi mankhwala. Pamene zinthu zabwino zidzachitika kachiwiri, kuchokera kutsutsana achinyamata zamoyo bakiteriya. Choncho, spore mapangidwe ndi njira kukhala viability ya maselo zinthu aziopa. Pali milandu pamene spores bakiteriya kukhala makumi yotheka ndi mazana a zaka.

encystation

Njira ina kuchilango chokhwima zinthu ndi mode la kubalana ndi mapangidwe cysts. Iwo vesicles ndi zipolopolo wandiweyani. M'chigawo cha cysts mabakiteriya akhale nthawi yaitali. Choncho iwo anawonongedwa ndi kutentha ndi madigiri oposa 200. Mkubwela kwa zinthu ochiritsira bakiteriya akutuluka chipolopolo ndipo amayamba yachibadwa bayinare fission.

Mu njira zimene mabakiteriya muchuluke, koma kuthetsa zinthu zachilengedwe. Pamene zakudya zokwanira komanso chinyezi, pali owonjezera mpweya okhutira, mpweya mopambanitsa kapena otsika ndondomeko kutentha ntchito encystment bakiteriya kapena spore. Mu malo omasuka, iwo zidzasankhidwa ndi zimafalitsidwa vegetatively. Zinthu njira zosiyanasiyana za kubereka, amene angathe mabakiteriya amayambitsa manambala awo kuthengo. Ngati ndondomeko ya kugawa ndi mabakiteriya selo limodzi sanaletse kwa masiku 10, iwo akhoza kuphimba nkhope yonse ya dziko lapansi.