Anali ndi udindo okhawo mu chuma Russian chiyani? Natural ndi boma okhawo

Masiku ano pali mikhalidwe msika. Izi zikusonyeza angwiro dongosolo lonse. chigawo Monopolistic amaonedwa kuti chifukwa cha mkhalidwe umenewu. dongosolo, imene, kapena wogulitsa kapena wogula kudalira mphamvu yake kusonkhezera izo, ndi opanda ungwiro. Tiyeni tiganizire moposera udindo ankaimba okhawo mu chuma Russian.

mwachidule

Okhawo mu chuma msika imatengedwa kuti ndi boma zabwino sewerolo / wazamalonda. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mu mkhalidwe umenewu, kampani akhoza kupewa mavuto ambiri ndi kupewa ngozi. Wangwiro mpikisano ndi okhawo mu chuma sangaonekerenso imodzi.

The kampani, anapereka mitengo unilaterally, okhudza malonda buku afika phindu mkulu. Zochita izi, kukuchepetsa mpikisano wa mankhwala ena. Mu malonda oterowo sangathe kulowa opanga ena. Komabe, pali malonda nsanja, kumene mpikisano si osafunika komanso zosatheka. Ichi ndi chifukwa kukhalapo kwa ogulitsa zina kungabweretse ndalama kuchuluka.

Gawo

Zotsatirazi mitundu owona mu chuma:

1. Open - ndi vuto pamene pali luso latsopano, koma si onse apabe kufufuza.
2. State - anapanga mwalamulo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali malamulo omwe anatsimikiza ndi kukopa kwa malire, ntchito za makampani amenewa, ndi zina zotero.
3. Natural - Izi ndi zinthu zimene kukumana kufunika pakalibe mpikisano mogwira view wa limatchula njira zamakono kupanga. Pa nthawi yomweyo kupelekedwa ndi nzika za katundu akhoza m'malo ndi mankhwala ena. Choncho, kusowa kwa mankhwala owona zachilengedwe, pamlingo wocheperapo kudzadalira kusintha mu mtengo wa izo.

Taganizirani mwatsatanetsatane lomaliza.

Natural kuphangira mu chuma Russian: ubwino

mabizinesi amenewa yodziwika ndi amadza mkulu pa mtengo wotsika kupanga. Pankhaniyi, sayansi ndi mankhwala alibe njira zina. Wotere, pamaso pa mpikisano Sikoyenera, kuyambira atawalamula amakhutitsidwa kuti katundu amene anapereka okhawo. The ogwira yokha, ndithudi, afika phindu yaikulu. Pankhani ubwino wa mabizinezi zimenezi, n'zotheka kudziwa mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. Mwayi kudzapeza zotsatira za lonse kupanga. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa ndalama pa unit wa mankhwala Launch.
2. Zolimbikitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa chuma. Izi zimathandiza kuti kusamalira nyumba kupanga pa mlingo woyenera.
3. Mwayi kutsatira mfundo yunifolomu zithandize zopangidwa ndi misonkhano.
4. Kupezeka kwa msika gulu zina. Iwo akhoza m'malo kwapakati pa utsogoleri wolowezana contractual ubwenzi. Izi amachepetsa zomvetsa zokhudza nkhawa ndi chiopsezo.
5. Kutheka kuyambitsa zomwe wa NTP.

zolakwa

Onse mitundu owona mu chuma ndi mwayi wokwanira. Komabe, si nthawi zonse zabwino. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga mlingo wa zogulitsa mtengo, ena makampani kuloza mbali yofunika kwambiri ndalama kwa ogula komaliza. Otsiriza, nayenso, sangathe kutengera zotsatira n'zosiyana pa sewerolo lapansi. Okhawo ali ndi mphamvu m'mbuyo patsogolo sayansi. Monga Mlengi yekha, kampani amatha kuchepetsa ndi kuchepetsa amasokoneza ntchito. Koma njira msika zina, ndi okhawo ali mpata afanane ndi kupondereza.

Polankhula

mawonekedwe Monopolistic losemphana zokwanira. Mwapadera kudziwa zimene chimapambana - kuphatikiza kapena opanda, ndi kovuta. Komabe, kampani mwina kalekale wotere chosadalirika, pokhala amadalira monopolists lapansi. zinthu zoipa chikhalidwe choterocho si kwathetsa njira alipo. Pankhaniyi, izo sizigwira ntchito gwero msika njira Kugawilidwa kwanthaka. Zikatere, linanena bungwe kothandiza kwambiri kuti malangizo okhawo achilengedwe. Izo ziyenera kuperekedwa pa mlingo mphamvu.

mtengo

kuphangira Natural kupereka ogula zinthu zofunika kwambiri: gasi, magetsi, madzi, mayendedwe, etc. Ndi koyenera ndi mgwirizano ntchito za makampani amenewa anapanga zinthu zabwino pa moyo wa anthu .. Tisaiwale ntchito zomveka ndalama zochepa. mabizinezi awa amathandiza kuchepetsa ndalama za dziko. Komabe, ngakhale mbali zabwino, ndi okhawo ayenera kukhala pansi pa ulamuliro boma. lamulo amenewa zimawalepheretsa kupondereza pankhani ya mitengo. Mlingo wa chitukuko cha kuphangira akhoza ngoziyo chikhalidwe chuma cha boma. Ndi zomera ofooka, amalephera kupereka anthu ndi zofunika zikutanthauza mukhoza kulankhula za kusakhazikika kwa nkhani zachuma lonse dziko.

kuchuluka kwa

M'dera la chikoka kuphangira ndi zoyenda zonse. Malo oterewa akhoza kuotcha kapena kukuza, iwo akhoza kwathunthu inathetsedwa. Movement kumatengera zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Chinthu chofunika koposa ndi udindo wa chuma. Chinanso chofunika ndi kufunika kwa mankhwala. M'nkhaniyi, mwachangu kwambiri komanso zofunikira ndondomeko ya kupenda ndi kukonzanso kuphangira.

mabizinezi zoweta

Mu Russia, pali makampani, kumachita monga katundu yekha kapena Mlengi. Yotchuka kwambiri monga "Gazprom", RAO "UES" ndi IPU. Pali kuphangira ena chuma Russian, ofanana pamwambapa. Mwachitsanzo, kampani "Transneft", "Ndalama Bank" ndi ena. RAO "UES", "Gazprom" ndi Utumiki wa njanji ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu za chuma dziko. Onsewo akuimira maganizo a boma okhawo. Ngakhale mwa iwo yokhala, "Gazprom" imatengedwa kuti ndi kampani anthu. boma mwini 38% mtengo pakampaniyo. Komabe, zoona khamu amachita ngati mbali ya m'boma.

anali ndi udindo okhawo mu chuma Russian chiyani?

Choyamba, zimathandiza kuti GDP la dzikolo. Ngati ife kulankhula za makampani atatu - "Gazprom", RAO "UES" ndi IPU, ndiye pamodzi iwo kupereka 13.5% ya GDP. Popeza kuti udindo unachita okhawo mu chuma Russia, osati kutchula kuchuluka kwa ndalama, apanga 20,6%, phindu - 16,2% msonkho revenues - 18,6%. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe zolozerazi ndi ntchito ya "Gazprom". Pa kumalo a ntchito ntchito za 300 zikwi. Wogwila. Pankhaniyi, misonkho phindu kwa amalandira kawiri monga momwe ena awiri makampani tatchulazi-. Malinga ndi akatswiri, zokolola otere analandira mwa zina, chifukwa nyumba zachilengedwe, kumlingo saganizira chifukwa yafupika mtengo wa mafuta mkati mwa dziko.

Pankhani ya kukula ogwira ntchito mtengo wa nthawi 3 okwana "Gazprom" mtengo anawonjezera adzakhala mu 2000, pafupifupi thililiyoni 1 rubles. Ichi ndi awiri chithunzi lipoti. Phindu akanati anakwana biliyoni 300-350 rubles. ndi lendi 70%. Tsopano yotsirizira ndi anagawira mwa mitengo yafupika kumabungwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, zimachokera ndi magetsi. ndalama yidzalola kukhalabe kupezeka kwa mitengo anthu kutentha ndi mphamvu. Chifukwa zolowa za "Gazprom" wakhala mtengo khola la zofunikira. Pa nthawi yomweyo mothandizidwa ndi wotsikirapo mlingo wa penshoni ndi malipilo a wogwila ntchito m'boma, amene timapitiriza zosiyanasiyana za anthu ndi ndalama.

Ponena za udindo ankaimba okhawo mu chuma Russian, tisaiwale chotenga mbali mu mapulogalamu ndalama kuthandiza mabizinezi mafakitale komanso magulu osatetezeka.

mtendere wa opareshoni

Russian okhawo - khola mabizinesi opaleshoni. Iwo zochepa anakhudzidwa ndi mavuto ena. Choncho, 1990-1997. akuponya magetsi kupanga mphamvu zaka 25% ndi kuchepetsa chonse makampani zoposa 50%. M'banja okhawo ayi otsika mawu a zimphona lonse. "Gazprom" Mwachitsanzo, ndi pakati pa atsogoleri mawu a phindu. Kampaniyi - mmodzi yekha mu dziko kuti akhoza kupikisana pa msika lonse ndi zimphona ena.

revenues bajeti

Kuyambira kuphangira akubwera wambirimbiri amachotsera msonkho. Chimodzi "Gazprom" amapatsa 25%. Choncho banki deducts 4% ya chonse pamodzi. Pamodzi ndi uwu, mu kuchita, okhawo, pakalibe lamulo ndipo akhala lalikulu opereka msonkho. Ngati timaona kuti ntchito yawo ndi pang'ono kuposa kuti makampani ena, neotchisleniya mfundo allocated mu bajeti sangathe kukhala olungama pamaso pa ogula ngongole.

mlingo mtengo

kuphangira Natural amaonedwa zatratoobrazuyuschimi mabizinezi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mlingo wa tariffs ndi mitengo utumiki umene iwo ndi mankhwala bwanji ntchito yonse. Kufufuma mu dziko amakhala makamaka "wonyeketsa" chikhalidwe. Mbali yaikulu ndi chifukwa kuyamikira ndalama. About 15-20% ya kufufuma amayamba ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kotunga ndalama. Rise mu mtengo wa ndalama amakhudza kwakukulukulu zina. Kuwonjezeka ndalama zimabweretsa kusowa ndalama, zomwe ndi zofunika kwa kubalana. mitengo adzauka azilipira kwa kuchepekedwa akuwuka. Kukula inapita patsogolo, pa dzanja limodzi, amakwiya lolimbikitsa la sanali malipiro. Komabe, pa zina - okhawo kukwaniritsa ndi ntchito yofunika chikhalidwe. Iwo kupereka kutentha, gasi, magetsi.