Chiwerengero cha Lithuania: kukula ndi kapangidwe

Baltic kwa zaka wakhala gawo nthawi zambiri anali nkhondo. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Mzaka 500 zapitazo, nthawi zambiri wadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja m'manja, ndi mu maiko amene anapezedwa apa, wakhala ankakhala gulu la mitundu.

Lithuania yotero. Inde, anthu Lithuania pafupifupi nthawi zonse anali makamaka umaimiridwa ndi mtundu titular, koma mitundu ina kumeneko mpaka kalekale. Lero zinthu zofanana. M'nkhani ino mudzapeza mudziwe mmene kusintha kapangidwe ndi kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mu dera la State kuti.

Kuyambira kale ...

Kalembera woyamba kudera anayesa kuletsa m'zaka za m'ma 13, koma anali pa chilichonse, pamene deta anali ziwerengero kwambiri. Only yachibadwa kampani kalembera kunachitidwa mu 1790, zotsatira za zimene zinaonetseratu kuti malire a masiku ano Lithuania panali miliyoni 3.6 anthu. Kuyambira 1812 mpaka 1945 anthu a Lithuania anatsika ndi pafupifupi 30%.

Chiyambi cha m'ma 19

kuwerengetsa wina anali kuchulukirachulukira amachitika 1897. Kuchokera pa zotsatira kunapezeka kuti pa nthawi imeneyo ankakhala Lithuania za 1.924.400 anthu. Nthawi imeneyo ngati chifukwa chinali chosangalatsa kwambiri.

Oddly zokwanira, koma pa nthawi imeneyo ku Lithuania Lithuanians okha sizinakukwanire. thupi lawo linali ndiye 61,6% okha. Komanso, munkakhala osachepera 13% Ayuda Zitsulo 9%, za 5% Russian ndipo ambiri ofanana a ku Germany ndi Belarusians. chiwerengero Letts ndi zosakwana khumi peresenti, ndipo Chitata ndipo alibe upambana mlingo wa 0.2%.

Ngakhale zambiri chidwi n'chakuti mumzinda uliwonse chiwerengero cha Lithuanians ngakhale m'munsi mwa mawu kuchuluka. Choncho, Vilnius nakhazikika osapitirira 41% ya Ayuda, osachepera 30% ya Zitsulo, ndipo chiwerengero cha Byelorussians Russian ndipo anali pafupi 24%. Okha Lithuanians ankakhala mumzinda zosaposa 2% ya chonse cha anthu.

Mu Kovno zinali za yemweyo: Ayuda panali pafupifupi 35%, chiwerengero cha Russian, Belarusians ndi Zitsulo wofanana 36% ya Lithuanians anali 6,6%. Onse - a ku Germany. Mwa njira, mumzinda wa Klaipeda, pafupifupi anthu onse anali German. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti gawo ili la East Prussia anakhala gawo la Lithuania kokha m'zaka 18 mochedwa. Only mu chigawo Suwalki chiwerengero cha anthu Chilituyaniya anabwera 72%.

Zolemba pa ethnogenesis

Ife tifulumire kuona kuti nthawi kuti ndondomeko ya ethnogenesis anayendabe ndi patsogolo kwambiri: kuwonjezera pa miliyoni 1,21 Lithuanians okha, ankakhala mu Russian Ufumu ngakhale 448.000 zhmudinov. Popanda chiwerengero zamakolo la Lithuania linali 44 okha%. Izi Siyanitsani zikuchepa ndi mawu deta populist ena andale za Baltic "yolembedwa kachulukidwe ukulu wa anthu Chilituyaniya."

Chiyambi cha m'ma 20

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma makumi awiri, vuto anthu "zamakolo" ali anakula kwambiri.

Pofika chaka cha 1914, gawo la anthu Russian kuswana mpaka 6%, pamene anthu Lithuanians waponya yomweyo mpaka 54% mu mawu kuchuluka. Mu gawo kum'mawa kwa dzikoli ndipo anachita gawo lawo amagwa 30%. The zinthu zinasintha pokhapokha First World nkhondo, pamene dziko paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi anasamuka oposa 300 zikwi Chirasha anthu. Komanso, zaka panali kuchuluka kwambiri kwa Lithuanians ochokera m'mayiko ena, amene anali kugwirizana ndi chilengedwe cha wodziimira Republic of Lithuania.

Pamaso pa World Chachiwiri

Mu 1923, anthu Lithuania linali kale anthu 2.028.971. Poyerekeza ndi 1897 chiwerengero cha Lithuanians okha amaimirira kuti 84-85%. Number Ayuda utachepa kuwirikiza kawiri kuti 7.5% (153 473). Zitsulo tikukhala mu gawo la boma kale 3.2%, kapena anthu 65.599, Russian anali 2.5 okha% (50 460 anthu), chiwerengero cha ku Germany mofulumira (chifukwa kuwasamutsa ndi mantha) anagwa 1.4% (29,231) , Byelorussians anakhalabe zosaposa 0.2% (4421). mayiko ena a m'zaka, panali 8771 munthu.

Choncho, zikuchokera anthu Chilituyaniya panthawi imeneyo anali ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kwambiri.

kusintha zina zikuchokera national

Mu Kaunas, omwe anakhala likulu la Republic paokha, panali kusintha kwambiri ofunika. Mwachitsanzo, Polish ndi Russian, zomwe mpaka ndiye anali pafupifupi msana wa m'tawuni, pafupifupi munthu (zochepa 8000 anthu). chiwerengero cha ku Germany anali 3.5%, Ayuda anali 27.1% (25 041 anthu). Koma chiwerengero cha Lithuanians chinawonjezeka ndi anakwana 54 000 anthu (59% ya anthu).

Kalembera mumzinda wa Klaipeda, amene anali kuyendetsedwa ndi makonsolo mu 1925 anasonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha Lithuanians musalumphe 26,6% ya kapangidwe okwana anthu (zosaposa 37 626 anthu). Pakhala ambiri a ku Germany, yomwe pafupifupi 41,9% (59 337), ndi memeltsev awo 24,2% (34 337), komanso m'mayiko ena.

Memeltsy - ndi amene iwo?

Mwa njira, amene ali memeltsy? Pakali pano, asayansi ambiri otchuka, mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti mawu amenewa ndi anamvetsa anthu angapo osiyana (!) Mitundu, amene sanamulandire ufulu wa Lithuania ndi mapangidwe Republic. Ena a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti - mbadwa za ku Germany ku East Prussia amene anali anaphatikizana pambuyo kulanda dzikolo kwa Lithuania, sanamvere chinenero ndi miyambo ya limati Baltic.

Ambiri mwina, izi ndi zoona, chifukwa pafupifupi Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe zonse kuona kuti mu malo kumene kuli memeltsami, anamva mphamvu zambiri chikhalidwe German ndi chinenero. Choncho, kuwerenga anthu mu Lithuania zaka zimenezo, zinthu zimenezi ayenera kukumbukira. Zikuoneka kuti chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu German m'madera amenewa anafika mu zaka anthu 66%, yopambana chilemba cha anthu 90 sauzande.

M'dera Vilnius anali ndi zinthu zofanana koma pa nkhani ya Zitsulo. Chakuti dziko kangapo wadutsa kuchokera ku Lithuania kwa Poland ndi Zitsulo ankachita dala kulamulira, poganiza kuti kusamutsidwa pazipita mitundu ina kapena kuloŵerera awo (zambiri - pa maziko mokakamizidwa).

Choncho, Lithuania "chitsanzo" 20-ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, Lithuanians okha anali chabe 60% ya chonse cha anthu a m'mayiko amenewa. The chonse cha anthu a Lithuania anali pafupi miliyoni 1 900 thousand (kumayambiriro kwa 1930).

Kuyambira mu 1939 mpaka 1970,

Mu 1940, Lithuania anagwirizana ndi Soviet Union. Iwo anayamba ndi ndondomeko n'zosiyana, pamene Zitsulo anasintha mmodzi Chilituyaniya. Mu ulamuliro wa German, chiwerengero cha anthu Polish akuyamba kuwonjezera kachiwiri. Choncho, mu 1942 mmodzi yekha mu dera Vilnius, panali 309.494 Lithuanians, Zitsulo chiwerengero kuchuluka kwa 324 757 anthu.

Chisoni tsoka la Ayuda. Only mu Lithuania anaphedwa anthu 136.421 la dziko lino (ndi iyi - opanda nsapato zigawo). Anapulumuka anthu zosaposa 20 chikwi. Ichinso umboni ndi kalembera wa 1959, chimene 24 672 Ayuda anachoka ku Lithuania.

The ziwerengero German mu 1937, linapangidwa mu dziko anthu 157.527 cha gulu ili mitundu ina. Choncho, nthawi ya ntchito German, koma unawonongedwa osachepera 175.000 Ayuda, ndi 1941 onse a m'dera la Lithuania moyo 225.000.

Za mapangano unawonongedwa

Mu 1945-1946, dziko la 178 zikwi Zitsulo anawabweza. Ngati timatenga nthawi kuchokera 1945 mpaka 1950, ku Lithuania kumanzere theka la anthu Polish. Ngati ife kulankhula za kukonzanso Russification, ngakhale ofufuza Chilituyaniya kuvomereza kuti Soviet Union ndi wochedwa, pang'ono kusintha zikuchokera mitundu ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1959-1989, chiwerengero cha Russian kuchuluka kokha 9,4%, pamene anthu Belarusians ndi Ukrainians nkhani 1.2% ya chonse cha anthu.

Ndi 1991, chiwerengero cha Lithuanians kutseka kwa 79,6%, pamene chiwerengero cha anthu Chilituyaniya ndi anthu 3.666.000. Ngati ife kulankhula za kachitidwe ambiri mwa mayiko Union, Lithuania anali pafupifupi chitsanzo chabe cha momwe kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha mtundu mutu: chiwerengero cha Russian ngakhale mu zigawo chapakati cha RSFSR wagwa kwa 81%, ngakhale kuti 85%.

nthawi yatsopano

Motero anthu ena mu Lithuania anapambana (kwambiri) pa nthawi ya kugwa kwa Soviet Union? Kumene, Lithuania. Imeneyi mkangano ofufuza Russian chaka chino kale kuyesera kutsimikizira anzake Baltic kuti panalibe "utakhala". Komabe, mpaka sizinathandize.

Kodi kusintha atamwalira anthu Soviet mu Lithuania? Mphamvu ndi oipa kwambiri. Chikadzangotha 1991-1993, ndi malire ake wasiya oposa 300 zikwi Russian. Ngati ndi 1991 anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni anayi anthu dziko, lero anthu ali utachepa pafupifupi ndi theka!

N'zosadabwitsa kuti anthu Lithuania cha 2014 ndi anthu mamiliyoni 2.9 Nchito. Monga, si choncho pang'ono. Ngakhale pali wina "koma." chakuti boma kukathera ku nambala iyi pafupifupi onse Lithuanians ochokera m'mayiko ena EU, ngakhale ntchito kukavota Internet ku kalembera wa. Achinyamata massively kusiya dziko, kotero kuti akatswiri palokha kugwirizana pa chinthu chimodzi: malinga ndi kafukufuku zosavomerezeka, anthu a Lithuania kwa ndalama 2014 kuti munthu pazipita anthu 2 miliyoni.

Ambiri mwina, mphamvu ya kuchepa kwambiri anthu adzapitirira zaka kudza.