Zisanu ndi owolowa manja luso mu Ages Middle

Pa mtima wa European chikhalidwe akale anagona kaphatikizidwe wa Chikhristu cholowa wakale ndi wa mayina a anthu wakunja. mbali khalidwe la chi - kukana kwa mwachindunji kudziwa experiential wa zachilengedwe ndi anthu, ndi patsogolo chiphunzitso cha chipembedzo. Chifukwa cha kusonyeza mafotokozedwe wachikhristu wa chilengedwe chonse ndi stagnation ambiri Sciences m'ma V kuti XIV nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "mdima." Komabe, ngakhale nthawi imeneyi kuwonjezera nzeru za anthu a dziko, akupitiriza, ngakhale mu maonekedwe kwambiri adasandulika, mwambo Agiriki ndi Aroma a maphunziro, pali "zisanu ndi ziwiri luso aufulu".

Maziko a chidziwitso

Chiyambi cha Ages Middle ankaona kugwa kwa Western Roma cha m'ma V. Mwachibadwa, mitundu akutulukira ndi States akhala akukhulupirira zambiri lotseguka, watanthauzo ndipo analenga mwa nthawi kalekale. Zinali nazonso ndi maziko a dongosolo maphunziro: chilango, limene, mogwirizana ndi Agiriki akale ndi Aroma, zinali zofunika monga gawo kukonzekera kuti poyambirira pa kuphunzira nzeru. Zisanu ndi ufulu luso m'gulu galamala dialectic (mfundo), oratory, masamu, Masamu, nyimbo ndi zakuthambo. Woyamba atatu ophatikizana mu trivium - dongosolo la zaumunthu. Masamu, Masamu, nyimbo za kuthambo ndiponso anali quadrivium - anayi amalanga masamu.

Kale

Quadrivium inkayenda mu nthawi yamakedzana mochedwa. The sayansi yaikulu amaona masamu. Tikumbukenso kuti pa nthawi ya Greece ndi Rome, owolowa manja luso makalasi ndi anthu amene sangachite akapolo. Iwo anali yekha zokhudza ntchito maganizo ndipo sanafunikire khama thupi. Ndi luso komanso samamvetsa maganizo luso la dziko, ndi njira zothandiza kudziwa chikhalidwe kupyolera zakuthambo.

Trivium potsiriza anapanga kenako mu oyambirira Ages Middle. Koyamba siteji ya maphunziro. Nditaphunzira trivium amalanga zosamukira ku quadrivium lapansi.

Mpingo ndi cholowa wakale

Mu Middle Ages, pa mtima wa chilengedwe cha nzeru ndi luntha la dziko anagona Chikhristu. Atsogoleri achipembedzo ankatsutsa chikhulupiriro chifukwa ankaona woyamba. Komabe, mfundo zambiri za chiphunzitso sanathe kufotokozedwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina nzeru wakale.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuphatikiza chidziwitso Agiriki ndi Aroma ndi luntha Mkhristu wa dziko ndinayesa Martianus Capella. Mu buku lake "Pa ukwati wa Philology ndi Mercury" zisanu ndi ziwiri luso owolowa manja anagawa mu trivium ndi kvadrivy. Capella mwachidule za khalidwe la onse m'gulu dongosolo. Trivium ananena kwa nthawi yoyamba.

chitukuko winanso wa trivium ndi quadrivium nawo Boethius ndi Cassiodorus (VI m'ma). Onse asayansi anapanga zopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha dongosolo maphunziro mu Ages Middle. Boethius anayamba maziko a njira ankaonetsetsa. Cassiodorus mu chikhalidwe chake mu Italy, anakhazikitsa "Vivarium", lomwe magawo - sukulu, laibulale ndi scriptorium (a malo mabuku zinalembedwa), - anadzakhala kuvomerezedwa m'malo dongosolo.

amaonekera wa chipembedzo

Zisanu ndi owolowa manja luso mu Ages Middle atsogoleri anaphunzitsa ndi kuika mu malinga ndi zosoŵa za mpingo. nkhani zophunzira anali m'malo zachiphamaso - yekha pa mlingo chimene chili chofunika kumvetsa chiphunzitso ndi yoyendetsa ntchito Mkhristu. asanu ndi luso onse owolowa manja Zapakati comprehended ndi cholinga kwambiri zothandiza ndipo malire m'malo chopapatiza;

• Apamwamba chofunika yokonza zikalata mpingo ndi maulaliki kulemba;

• galamala amaphunzitsidwa kumvetsa malemba Latin;

• dialectic okha ndi mfundo yokhala ndi kutsimikizira nkhani ya chikhulupiriro;

• Anandiphunzitsa pulayimale nkhani masamu ndi ntchito m'kati akutanthauzira manambala wosamvetsetseka,

• Masamu wofunikila akachisi ndi chojambula;

• Music n'kofunika kuti kukonzekera ndi kuphedwa nyimbo mpingo;

• Akatswiri a sayansi ya ntchito kuwerengera masiku maholide achipembedzo.

Maphunzilo ku Ages Middle

Kumayambiriro Ages Middle asanu luso ufulu anali kuphunzira kokha mu masukulu kumene kumakhala Amonke. Zambiri za anthu anakhalabe osaphunzira. Nthanthi cholowa cha amakedzana ankaona pafupifupi chifukwa cha mipatuko ambiri, choncho nkhani yophunzira kusanduka mfundo pamwamba. Komabe, mu scriptorium mosamala anakopera osati malemba achikhristu, komanso ntchito, ndakatulo ndi nzeru, akale olemba. Mchitidwe umenewu anali wolimba kwambiri maphunziro ndi sayansi.

Zinthu zinayamba kusintha mu X atumwi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi anayamba nthawi ya maluwa a chikhalidwe akale (zaka X-XV.). Iwo amakhala ndi kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono chidwi mbali yotsala ya moyo, kwa munthu. Pali tchalitchi sukulu, omwe anatenga atsogoleri osati kokha, komanso anthu wamba. Mu XI-XII CC. pali mayunivesite choyamba. zachikhalidwe pang'ono ndi pang'ono kusuntha kwa amonke ndi mipingo mu chikufunika m'tawuni.

siteji Transitional pakati pa nthawi awiriwa angathe kuonedwa kuti nthawi ya Carolingian Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Zisanu ndi owolowa manja luso pansi Charlemagne

Pofika kumapeto kwa VIII atumwi. boma Wachifulanki ogwirizana madera akuluakulu a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. kutalika kwake, ufumu anafika pa nthawi ya ulamuliro Karla Velikogo. Mfumu ankadziwa kuti boma akhoza lizilamuliridwa kokha mwa kulenga bwino lizigwira akuluakulu unit. Choncho, Karl Veliky anaganiza kukonzanso dongosolo maphunziro alipo.

Pamsonkhano uliwonse obisika ndipo mpingo uliwonse anayamba kutsegula sukulu kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo. Ena anaphunzitsidwa ndi anthu wamba. pulogalamu ya asanu luso owolowa manja. kumvetsa Komabe, komabe okha zosowa za mpingo.

Karl Veliky anapempha anthu aphunzira kuchokera m'mayiko ena, bungwe ndi sukulu pa bwalo, kumene ndakatulo apamwamba a zakuthambo ndi kuphunzira dialectic a anthu olemekezeka.

Carolingian chitsitsimutso itatha imfa ya mfumu, koma anali kutsogolera kwa pofuna chikhalidwe European.

Zisanu ndi owolowa manja luso mu Ages Middle, monga Kale, anali pa mtima wa maphunziro. Iwo ankaona Koma yekha mu chimango yopapatiza ntchito zothandiza zosowa za mpingo.