Ancient Greek chosema, makhalidwe ake, magawo chitukuko. Ancient Greek ziboliboli ndi olemba awo

Ancient Greek Chithunzi lofunika kwambiri pakati pa katswiri wa zosiyanasiyana cholowa chikhalidwe za thupi dziko lino. Iwo anaimba ndi zomwe zagwiridwa ndi thandizo la likutipatsa zikutanthauza kukongola kwa thupi, abwino ake. Komabe, osati kusalaza mizere kukongola - makhalidwe chikhomo icho wakale chosema Greek. Chinali chachikulu chotero luso la ndiAmene ake kuti iwo anakwanitsa pochitika ngakhale mu ozizira mwala gamut maganizo, kupereka kwambiri, wapadera akalumikidzidwa nzeru, monga kupuma moyo mwa iwo. Aliyense chosema wakale Greek okutidwa ndi chinsinsi, kukopa mpaka tsopano. Ntchito aluso kwambiri musatisiye aliyense osayanjanitsika.

Ancient Greece, monga zikhalidwe zina, akudutsa nthawi zosiyana mu chitukuko. Aliyense zinali zodzaza ndi kusintha mu mitundu yonse ya maluso abwino, kuphatikizapo chosema. Choncho, tifufuza magawo waukulu mapangidwe a mtundu umenewu luso mwina mwachidule kufotokoza mbali ya chosema wakale Greek nthawi zosiyana za chitukuko mbiriyakale ya dziko lino.

chachikale chinkawavuta nthawi

Chachikale chinkawavuta nyengo - nthawi kuchokera 8 m'ma 6 BC. chosema wakale pa nthawi iyi anali ndi zinthu khalidwe la munthu wosazindikira. Zinaonetsa chifukwa zopezeka ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana osiyana, iwo kwambiri zowombetsa mkota (chithunzi atsikana otchedwa zovala, anyamata - Kouros).

Apollo Teneysky

Teneyskogo fano la Apollo ndi wotchuka kwambiri m'mbiri zonse zomwe zilipo za nthawi iyi. Monga tikudziwa tsopano ali angapo. Linapangidwa wa nsangalabwi. Apollo akufotokozedwa ngati mnyamata ndi manja ake pansi, zala clenched mu zibakera. maso ake atatsegula, ndipo nkhope yake zimaonekera chachikale chinkawavuta kumwetulira, ankaikira ziboliboli Kukhala mbali ya nthawi imeneyi.

Chiwerengerochi wamkazi

Images amayi ndi atsikana kudziika tsitsi wavy, zovala yaitali, koma ndi ena kukongola kwambiri ndi mizere yosalala, mwiniwake wa chisomo, ukazi.

Chachikale chinkawavuta Greek chosema wogwidwa ena disproportion schematically. Aliyense ntchito, Komano, wokongola adaletsa kutengeka ndi kuphweka. Kwa lothandiza kuperekedwa chithunzi cha anthu amakhala, monga taonera, theka-kumwetulira, amene amawapatsa akuya ndi chinsinsi.

Ili lero mu Berlin State Museum "wamkazi ndi khangaza" ali mmodzi wa kanjedza, wopambana anasunga mwa ziboliboli zina chachikale chinkawavuta. Pamene "cholakwika" kufanana ndi roughness manja kunja image, mokongola anachita ndi wolemba, chidwi cha amaonetsa. Limaonetseratu manja yopanga chosema makamaka limaonetseratu ndi zazikulu.

"Kouros wa Piraeus"

"Kouros ku Piraeus 'ili mu Athens owonetsera zakale - Patapita chilengedwe Choncho kwambiri wangwiro, anapanga ndi ziboliboli wakale. Pamaso pathu ndi mnyamata wamphamvu wankhondo. Dzanja manja ndi kuweramira pang'ono mutu amasonyeza kucheza, amene amawalamulira. Si choncho konyezimira kuphwanya kufanana. Chachikale chinkawavuta Greek chosema, monga ife kale, ndi mbali zowombetsa mkota. Komabe, chithunzi ichi si monga noticeable monga mwa ntchito zokhudzana oyambirira chachikale chinkawavuta nthawi.

tingachipeze powerenga nthawi

Chakale nyengo - nthawi kuchokera 5 m'ma 4 BC. Ntchito za chosema wakale Greek pa nthawi ino akhala akukonza zina, zomwe ife ndikuuzani inu. Pakati pa Osema nthawi imeneyi, mmodzi wa kanjedza otchuka Pythagoras ndi Regiysky.

Features a Pythagoras ziboliboli

Pakuti analenga yodziwika ndi Kuzindikira ndi liveliness, pa nthawi nzeru. Mabuku ena a wolemba izi amaonedwa pang'ono kufika kwambiri nthawi imeneyo (mwachitsanzo, fano la mnyamata, kutenga ndi umagawanika). Quick nzeru ndi luso zapadera asokonezeka ziboliboli kuphunzira tanthauzo la mogwirizana mwa njira masamu mawerengedwe. Iye anali nawo limodzi pa maziko a nthanthi ndi masamu sukulu, iyeyo amene anayambitsa. Pythagoras, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zimenezi, ankafufuza zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe mogwirizana: nyimbo kapangidwe kamangidwe ka thupi la munthu. sukulu kumeneko Pythagorean pamaziko a chiwerengero. Amaona maziko a dziko.

Osema zina za nthawi chakale

Chakale nthawi, kupatula dzina la Pythagoras, ndipo anapereka dziko chikhalidwe aluso amenewa wotchuka ngati Phidias, Myron ndi Polycleitus. Ntchito wakale chosema Greek wa olemba ophatikizana mfundo ya onse - kuwonetsera kwa mogwirizana thupi langwiro ndi moyo wokongola unazunguliridwa mu izo. Ndi mfundo imeneyi zofunika, kuti anatsogolera ambuye osiyanasiyana nthawi kukhala zolengedwa awo. Ancient Greek chosema - yabwino ya mogwirizana ndi kukongola.

Myron

Great chikoka pa luso la Athens m'ma 5 BC. e. Myron ankagwira ntchito (kumbukirani Discobolus wotchuka anapanga zamkuwa). mfiti iyi, mosiyana Policlet, amene tidakali ndikukuuzani, ankakonda kusonyeza kanjedza mu gululi. Mwachitsanzo, fanolo pamwamba discobolus zokhudzana 5 m'ma BC. e., anasonyeza mnyamata wokongola nthawi imene iye anaponya kuponya chimbale cha. Iwo sefani ndipo anawerama thupi lake, analanda zoyenda, ngati kasupe, wokonzeka atumiza. Kuphunzitsidwa minofu vzbugrilis pansi pa khungu manja zotanuka retracted. Ndimapanga m'munsi otetezeka, zala ndi kumizidwa kwambiri mumchenga. Zakale zoterezi Greek chosema (Discobolus). Fano anaponyedwa mu zamkuwa. Komabe, tisanayambe adalimkumva kokha ndi nsangalabwi buku anapangidwa kuchokera choyambirira ndi Aroma. chithunzi anapereka m'munsimu fano Minotaur ziboliboli ichi.

Polycleitus

Ancient Policlet chosema ali mbali zotsatirazi - chithunzi anthu ataimirira ndi dzanja anauka pa wina mwendo chibadidwe bwino. Chitsanzo mbuye embodiments ndi fano Doriphor-spearman. Polycleitus ntchito ake ankafuna kukula kwa thupi langwiro zolumukizidwa ndi wauzimu ndi kukongola. Chikhumbo anamuuza kufalitsa buku lake lotchedwa "Canon", mwatsoka, sanakhale ndi moyo kwa nthawi yathu.

Full wa wopsinjika moyo Policlet fano. Iye ankakonda kusonyeza othamanga ndi mu boma la mpumulo. Mwachitsanzo, "Spearman" - mwamphamvu anamanga munthu amene ali odzaza kudzidalira. Iye wayima chete pamaso pa omvetsera. Koma mtendere umenewu si malo amodzi, mmene ziboliboli ku Iguputo. Kodi mosavuta ndiponso mwaluso kugwiritsa ntchito thupi lake munthu, Spearman pang'ono wopindidwa mwendo, zosamukira kusalekerera osiyana mlanduwo. Zikuoneka kuti adzatenga kanthawi pang'ono, ndipo Iye adzatembenuza mutu wake ndipo patsogolo. Pamaso pathu ndi wokongola, wamphamvu, tisaope, zosungika, odzikuza - mwiniwake wa zolinga za Agiriki.

Phidias

Tikhoza kunena ankaona Phidias wolenga wamkulu, mlengi ziboliboli zokhudzana 5 m'ma BC. e. Anakwanitsa tikhale ndi katswiri changwiro kuponyera zamkuwa. Phidias 13 zidutswa sculptural aumbidwa kukhala chokongoletsera woyenera kachisi wa Apollo pa Delphi. Amatanthauza chiwerengero cha ntchito za mbuye ndi fano la Virgin Athena mu Parthenon, amene kutalika mamita 12. Zikhale za njovu ndi golide. Njira imeneyi ziboliboli dzina lake chrysene-Elephantine.

Mu ziboliboli za mbuye makamaka zimaonekera chakuti milungu Greek - izi ndi zithunzi za munthu abwino. Ku ntchito ya Phidias, zabwino anasunga ya 160-mita mkulu nsangalabwi mpumulo frieze tepi onse, lomwe limasonyeza chionetsero cha mulungu wamkazi Athena, wakuti mu kachisi Parthenon.

Fano la Athena

Kwambiri kuonongeka chosema kachisi. Anataya amakedzana "Athena Parthenos". chiwerengerochi anaima m'kachisi. Phidias analilenga. Ancient Greek chosema wa Athens ali mbali zotsatirazi: mutu wake ndi chibwano kuzungulira ndi yosalala otsika pamphumi ndi manja ndi Khosi zinali za njovu, ndi chisoti, zishango, zovala ndi tsitsi - kuchokera mapepala a golide.

Kuyambira chithunzi ichi chifukwa nkhani zambiri. Choncho wotchuka ndi yaikulu wake umenewu kuti Mwamsanga Phidias, khamu la anthu nsanje amene anali kuyesera kumvutitsa ziboliboli, amene anali kufunafuna chifukwa kumnenera kanthu. mfiti Mwachitsanzo, mlanduyo kuti iye anabisidwa golide anafuna kuti chosema ya Athena. Phidias kutsimikizira wosalakwa anatenga zinthu zonse zagolide kwa fanolo ndi kulemedwa iwo. Mwayankha chinachitikira ndi kulemera kwa golide kwa iye. Ndiye ziboliboli wogwidwa impiety. Chikopa Athena anali chifukwa cha ichi. Iwo akunena zochitika za nkhondo ya Agiriki ndi Amazons. Phidias ankafotokozedwa yekha mwa Agiriki ndi Pericles. Greek pagulu, ngakhale zomwe onse a mbuye, komabe ankatsutsa icho. Wachiwawa kuphedwa inatha moyo wa ziboliboli ndi.

Osati zochuluka kukwaniritsa Phidias ziboliboli zopangidwa mu Parthenon. Choncho, analenga chithunzi cha Athena Promachos zamkuwa, amene inamangidwa mozungulirapo 460 BC. e. ndi Acropolis.

Chifaniziro cha Zeus

Kuti Phidias anabwera mbiri pambuyo polenga mbuye wa fano la Zeus kachisi, limene lili mu Olympia. Kutalika kwa zimakwana anali mamita 13. zolembedwa zambiri mwatsoka sanasunge, anapulumuka mafotokozedwe awo okha ndipo makope. M'mbali zambiri izi analimbikitsa chiwonongeko an'kanthunthumira a ntchito zaluso ndi Akhristu. Sanapulumuke, ndi fano la Zeus. Iwo akhoza anafotokoza motere: 13-mita chithunzi pansi pa mpando wachifumu wa golide. Wokometsedwera mutu mulungu nkhata ya nthambi za azitona, umene unali chizindikiro cha chikondi chake mtendere. Pachifuwa, manja, mapewa ndi nkhope zinali za njovu. Zeus chofunda chinsalu pa dzanja lake lamanzere. Ndevu ndi korona - a wonyezimira golide. Imeneyo ndiyo wakale Greek chosema, mwachidule anafotokoza. Zikuoneka kuti Mulungu, ngati anyamuka ndi lofanana mbali mapewa ake si woyenera mu holo lalikulu - denga kodi otsika.

ulamuliro wa Chihelene

Magawo chitukuko cha chosema wakale Greek anamaliza Girisi. Nthawiyi - nthawi mu mbiri ya Greece wakale 4 kwa 1st m'ma BC. Chosema nthawi linali cholinga chachikulu cha ulemerero wa nyumba zosiyanasiyana mapulani. Koma anapeza chinyezimiro amapezeka kusintha boma.

The chosema ndi pa nthawi imodzi mitundu zikuluzikulu za luso, kuwonjezera, panali mndandanda wa malangizo ndi sukulu. Zonsezi zidalipodi Rhodes, Pegamo, Alexandria. Ntchito yabwino kuperekedwa ndi sukulu izi, ganizirani mavuto amene nkhawa pamene maganizo a anthu a chi. Zithunzi izi, mosiyana ndi tingachipeze powerenga mtima chete, kunyamula pathos mokhudza ndi maganizo, mphamvu.

The mphamvu ya East luso lonse zambiri yodziwika ndi mochedwa amakedzana Greek. Pali zinthu zatsopano za ziboliboli wakale Greek, mfundo zambiri, drapes zabwino kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino zovuta. Kukongola ndi kupanda mantha likulowerera zapamwamba mtima ndi emotionality wa East.

Thermes ili mu m'nyumbayi Roma "Afrodita Kirenskaya" wodzala zimamvekera, ndi coquetry ena.

"Laocoön ndi ana ake"

Ambiri amadziwika chosema zokhudza kuti lothandiza makamaka - "Laokoon ndi Ana", anapanga Agesander cha Rhodes Rhodes. chaluso ichi tsopano anali mu Vatican Museum. Polya modabwitsa zikuchokera, ndi chiwembu zikusonyeza emotionality. The ngwazi ndi ana ake, mwaukali Kupewa anatumiza Athena njoka ngati amadziwa za zotsatira zawo zoopsa. Ndi chachilendo chosema mwatsatanetsatane anapanga. Zosatheka ndi pulasitiki kanjedza. A mumaona opangidwa ndi Makhalidwe nkhope.

Atatu ziboliboli kwambiri

Mu ntchito za ziboliboli a 4 m'ma BC. e., abwino a anthu ukhale, kusiyiratu nthawi yomweyo mgwirizano wa ndodo wamba. Amataya tanthauzo la chidzalo cha moyo ndi kukhulupirika kwa amaonera dziko la chosema wakale Greek ndi olemba awo. ambuye Great akukhala mu 4 m'ma BC. e., kupereka kuulula mbali latsopano luso la dziko lauzimu. Izi bwino kwambiri anasonyeza zimenezi Pofunafuna olemba atatu - Lysippos, Praxiteles ndi Scopas.

Scopas

Scopas anali kwambiri wotchuka pakati pa Osema ena amene ankagwira ntchito panthawiyo. Mu luso lake kupuma kukayikira kwambiri, kulimbana, nkhawa mukamva ndi chilakolako. Izi chilumba mbadwa ya Paros ntchito m'mizinda yambiri pa dera la Greece. Katswiri wa Mlembi izi zili mu fano lotchedwa "Nika Samofrakiyskaya". dzinali analandira okumbukira chigonjetso mu 306 BC. e. Rhodes zombo. chiwerengerochi yakwera pedestal ndi, amatikumbutsa mphuno kapangidwe sitimayo.

"Kuvina maenad" Scopas kuperekedwa mu maganizo zazikulu ndi zovuta.

Praxiteles

Apo ayi zilandiridwenso anali Praxiteles chosema. Ine anaimba izi wolemba matupi kukongola kwa thupi ndi chimwemwe cha moyo. Praxiteles kutchuka kwambiri, adali wachuma. The ziboliboli wotchuka anabweretsa fano ili la Aphrodite, kulipanga ilo ku chilumba cha Knidos. Iye anali woyamba mu Greek luso fano la mulungu wamkazi wamaliseche. Kukongola Phryne, wotchuka Thais, mbuye wa Praxiteles, anali chitsanzo fano la Aphrodite. Mtsikana ameneyu wakhala wochitira Mulungu mwano, kenako wolungama izo ndi akutama kukongola kwa oweruza. Praxiteles ndi woimba wa kukongola wamkazi, amene amalemekezedwa Agriki. Mwatsoka, mabaibulo ndi kudziwika kwa ife Aphrodite wa Kinido.

Leochares

Leochares - Aatene mbuye, yaikulu ya Praxiteles m'nthawi. ziboliboli ichi, ntchito mu Agiriki polis zosiyanasiyana, analenga zithunzi m'nthano ndi zifanizo za milungu. Iye anapha zithunzi zingapo ziboliboli mu njira chrysene-Elephantine, chosonyeza anthu a m'banja la Filipo, Chimakedoniya mfumu. Kenako anakhala bwalo ziboliboli Aleksandra Makedonskogo, mwana wake. Panthawi imeneyi Leochares Apollo fano analengedwa, ndi otchuka kwambiri masiku amakedzana. Waliteteza m'mabaibulo nsangalabwi anapanga ndi Aroma, ndipo anapatsidwa dzina Apollona Belvederskogo dziko kutchuka. Leochares m'ntchito zake zonse chimasonyeza njira virtuosic.

Pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa Aleksandra Makedonskogo Agiriki nyengo inali nthawi ya maluwa mofulumira portraiture. Akuika ziboliboli m'mabwalo a mizinda ya osiyana okamba, alakatuli nzeru ena, akazembe, mayiko. Ambuye ankafuna kufanana pafupi ndi nkhawa mu mawonekedwe a mizere, kwasanduka fano lililonse ya chithunzi ndi.

Osema zina ndi ntchito zawo

ziboliboli chakale anakhala zitsanzo za ntchito zosiyanasiyana aluso amene ankagwira ntchito mu m'badwo Girisi. Akuonekera bwino ntchito za nthawi megalomania, ndiye chilakolako kubweretsa fano adafuna kukula kwa fano yaikulu. Makamaka zambiri kumachitika pamene kulenga ziboliboli Greek milungu. Chifaniziro mulungu Helios ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Chopangidwa kuchokera ku mkuwa gilded, anaima pakhomo pa gombe la Rhodes. The chosema - mamita 32. Ndinkagwira ntchito kwa zaka 12, osatopa Hares, ndi mwana wa Lysippos. ntchito imeneyi luso watenga pa malo oyenera ulemu mu zodabwitsa za mndandanda dziko.

Ambiri a mafano pambuyo adani a anagonjetsa Roma cha Greece akale zimagulitsidwa kunja kwa dzikoli. Sikuti ziboliboli, komanso katswiri wa kupenta khamu lachifumu malaibulale komanso zinthu zina chikhalidwe zowawa tsoka chomwecho. anthu ambiri akugwira ntchito m'munda wa maphunziro ndi sayansi, anagwidwa. Mu Roma chikhalidwe chotero zapiringizana, kukhudzanso pa chitukuko, zinthu zosiyanasiyana za Greek.

Pomaliza

Kumene, nthawi zosiyana za chitukuko wopyoza Ancient Greece, mwasintha awo mu mapangidwe chosema, koma chinthu chimodzi zimalunzanitsa pamodzi ojambula zithunzi za thupi Nthawi osiyana - chilakolako kumvetsa luso spatiality, chikondi cha mawu mwa njira zosiyanasiyana za anthu chosema thupi. Ancient Greek chosema, chithunzi lopatsidwa pamwamba, mwatsoka, anapulumuka pang'ono chabe. Nthawi zambiri amadyera mfundo kanjedza nsangalabwi, ngakhale fragility ake. Mwa njira iyi kotheka kupereka kukongola ndi kukongola kwa thupi. Mkuwa, ngakhale ndi zambiri odalirika komanso wolemekezeka zakuthupi, kuli ntchito.

Ancient Greek chosema ndi kupenta oyambirira ndi chidwi. Zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za luso kupereka lingaliro la moyo wauzimu wa dziko.