Arsenic ndi chiyani? Features, katundu ndi ntchito

Arsenic - mankhwala mchitidwe asafe gulu (Gulu 15 tebulo nthawi). Izi imvi zachitsulo luster Chimaona mankhwala (α-Arsenic) ndi rhombohedral galasi latisi. Pamene usavutike 600 ° C Monga sublimates. Pa yozizira, nthunzi, wakuwonekera latsopano kusinthidwa - Yellow Arsenic. Pamwamba 270 ° C onse Monga ikuyenda chimdima Arsenic.

History of anapeza

chakuti Arsenic izi zinadziwika kale kuzindikira za mankhwala zanyengo. The IV c. BC. e. Aristotle ananena za mankhwala otchedwa "sandarak", omwe tsopano amakhulupirira kuti realgar, kapena sulfide Arsenic. Ndipo mu BC Ine atumwi. e. Pliniy Starshy ndi olemba Pedany Dioscoride anafotokoza auripigment - utoto Monga ₂ S _3. Mu XI mu. N. e. ankasiyana atatu mitundu "Arsenic" woyera (Monga ₄ O _6), chikasu (Monga ₂ S _3), ndi wofiira (Monga ₄ S _4). item lenilenilo mwina anali woyamba olekanitsidwa m'zaka XIII, Albert Wamkulu, yemwe anati maonekedwe a chinthu zitsulo monga pamene Ars, amatchedwanso Monga ₂ S ₃ usavutike ndi sopo ndi madzi. Koma chidaliro chakuti wasayansi zachilengedwe anali wangwiro Arsenic, palibe. Woyamba umboni weniweni wa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa oyera mchitidwe mankhwala unalembedwa 1649. German pharmacist Iogann Shreder anakonza Arsenic, Kutentha mu kukhalapo kwa mpweya monoxide. Kenako Nicolas Lemery, French dokotala ndi sayansi anati mapangidwe elementi mankhwala ndi Kutentha chisakanizo cha okusayidi, ndi potashi sopo. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka XVIII, Arsenic anali kale monga wapadera theka-zitsulo.

kuwanda

Pansi pa dzikoli ndi otsika Arsenic ndende anali 1.5 ppm. Umapezeka nthaka ndi mchere ndi akhoza kulowa mu mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka chifukwa mphepo ndi kukokoloka madzi. Komanso, chinthu akulowa mlengalenga ndi zinthu zina. Chifukwa cha kuphulitsa mapiri mu mlengalenga adzamasulidwa za 3 zikwi. T Arsenic pa chaka, tizilombo kupanga 20 chikwi. T oyaka metilarsina chaka, ndi chifukwa cha moto mafuta okumba pansi mu nthawi yomweyo ndi allocated 80 chikwi. T.

Ngakhale kuti Pamene - ndi ululu wakupha, ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu za mphamvu ya nyama zina komanso mwina anthu, ngakhale mlingo kutero upambana 0.01 mg / tsiku.

Arsenic ndi povuta kuti kumasulira mu madzi sungunuka kapena oyaka boma. The chakuti mafoni ndithu, zikutanthauza kuti ndende lalikulu la thunthu mu malo aliyense akhoza siziwoneka. Pa dzanja limodzi, izi ndi zabwino, koma ena - omasuka ndi amene zimafalikira, ndiye chifukwa chake kuipitsidwa Arsenic kukukhala mavuto akulu. Chifukwa zochita za anthu, makamaka kupyolera migodi ndi kusungunuka, kawirikawiri immobile mankhwala mchitidwe zimachokera, ndipo tsopano angapezeke osati malo a ndende zake zachilengedwe.

Kuchuluka kwa Arsenic mu kutumphuka pafupifupi 5 ga pa tani. Mu mlengalenga, akuti monga ndende maatomu 4 pa miliyoni pakachitsulo maatomu. mchitidwe Izi inafalitsidwa. A pang'ono alipo m'chigawo cha kumeneko. Childs, mapangidwe 90-98% chiyero Arsenic zimachitika pamodzi ndi zitsulo monga antimony ndi siliva. Ambiri Komabe, gawo oposa 150 mchere osiyana - sulphides, arsenides, sulphoarsenides ndi arsenite. Arsenopyrite FeAsS ndi imodzi mwa ambiri Monga wopatsa mchere. Other wamba Arsenic mankhwala - mchere realgar Monga ₄ S _4, auripigment Monga ₂ S _3, loellingite FeAs ndi enargite ₂ Cu ₃ bulu _4. Komanso wamba Arsenic okusayidi. Nkhani za ichi ndi chochokera kwa yadothi zamkuwa, kutsogolera cobalt, ndi golide ores.

Mu chikhalidwe, pali m'modzi yekha khola isotope wa Arsenic - ⁷⁵ Monga. Pakati isotopes yokumba nyukiliya anamasulidwa ⁷⁶ Monga m'ma hafu moyo wa maola 26,4. Arsenic 72, -74 ndi -76 ntchito diagnostics zachipatala.

Industrial kupanga ndi ntchito

Zitsulo Arsenic arsenopyrite anawakonzera Kutentha kwa 650-700 ° C popanda mwayi wa mpweya. Ngati arsenopyrite ndi zitsulo zina ores usavutike ndi mpweya, monga mosavuta amachitira nawo mawonekedwe pawiri mosavuta sublimes Monga ₄ O _6, amatchedwanso "Arsenic woyera". okusayidi nthunzi anasonkhana ndi Zachepetsedwa, ndipo kenako kachiwiri lidzayeretsedwa ndi sublimation. Ambiri Monga opangidwa ndi kuchepetsa mpweya wa Arsenic woyera Choncho analandira.

World kumwa Arsenic zachitsulo ndi ochepa - mahandiredi ochepa okha matani pa chaka. Zambiri zimene chimadyedwa, amachokera Sweden. Ndi ntchito zitsulo chifukwa cha katundu metalloid. 1% ya Arsenic ntchito mu kupanga kuwombera patsogolo, monga bwino roundness wa m'malovu chosungunula. The katundu wa aloyi zimakhudza zochokera patsogolo zabwino zonse mu matenthedwe ndi makina makhalidwe pamene ali pafupi 3% ya Arsenic. Pamaso pa wochepa izi amafotokozera mankhwala kutsogolera kasakaniza wazitsulo chimachepetsa iwo ntchito mabatire ndi zida chingwe. zosafunika zazing'ono Arsenic kukana kuwonjezeka dzimbiri ndi katundu matenthedwe zamkuwa ndi mkuwa. Oyera elemental mankhwala Monga mkuwa ntchito kutsatira zokutira ndi pyrotechnics. Kwambiri Arsenic wapeza ntchito sayansi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi, kumene ntchito ndi pakachitsulo ndi germanium, komanso mu mawonekedwe a gallium arsenide (GaAs) mu diodes, lasers ndi transistors.

monga mankhwala

Popeza Arsenic valence ndi 3 ndi 5, ndipo ali limati makutidwe ndi okosijeni angapo kuchokera -3 kuti +5, chinthu akhoza kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala. Zofunika kwambiri tanthauzo malonda ake oxides, zofunika mitundu ya ndiwo Monga ₄ O ₆ Monga ₂ O _5. Arsenous okusayidi, lodziwika bwino ndi dzina Arsenic woyera, - chochokera Kukuwotcha ores zamkuwa, otsogolera ena miyala ina, komanso sulfide ores ndi arsenopyrite. Iye ndi choyambira cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ena. Komanso, ntchito mankhwala, ntchito decolorizing wothandizila mu kupanga galasi ndi usawonongeke kwa chikopa. Arsenic pentoxide aumbike atadziŵa kwa oxidant (mwachitsanzo, asidi nitric) kuti Arsenic woyera. Ndi pophika chachikulu cha tizirombo, herbicides ndi zomatira chifukwa zitsulo.

Arsine (phulusa _{3) poizoni} colorless mpweya ongokhala hydrogen ndi Arsenic, - ndi chikhazikitso wina wodziwika. thunthu umatchedwanso arsenical wa hydrogen amakonzedwa mwa hydrolysis wa arsenides zitsulo ndi zitsulo kumasuka ku mankhwala Arsenic mu njira acid. Iye anapeza ntchito ngati dopant mu semiconductors ndi asilikali mpweya wa poizoni. Mu ulimi, zofunika kwambiri Arsenic asidi (H ₃ AsO _4), kutsogolera arsenate (PbHAsO ₄₎ na calcium arsenate [Ca ₃ (AsO _{4) 2],} amene ntchito samatenthetsa nthaka ndi tizilombo kulamulira.

Arsenic - mankhwala mchitidwe kupanga kuchuluka kwa mankhwala organic. Kakodin (CH _{3) 2} Monga Monga _{(CH3) 2 Mwachitsanzo,} ntchito yokonza ndi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito desiccant (kuyanika wothandizila) - asidi cacodylic. Zovuta organic pawiri la mchitidwe ntchito mankhwala a matenda ena monga kamwazi amoebic chifukwa cha tizilombo.

thupi katundu

Arsenic mawu a katundu thupi ndi chiyani? Uliri khola kwambiri, ndi Chimaona olimba zitsulo imvi mtundu ndi otsika madutsidwe matenthedwe ndi magetsi. Ngakhale njira zina Monga ali zitsulo ngati utumiki wake osakhala zitsulo - ndi mapangidwe bwino kwambiri Arsenic. Pali mitundu ina ya Arsenic, koma sikuti bwino kuphunzira, makamaka chikasu metastable mawonekedwe, wopangidwa mwa mamolekyulu Monga _4, ngati woyera phosphorous P _4. sublimes Arsenic pa kutentha 613 ° C, ndipo monga nthunzi ndi lilili monga mamolekyulu Monga _4, amene si dissociate ndi kutentha pafupifupi 800 ° C. Complete dissociation la tinthu pa Monga ₂ zikuchitika pa 1700 ° C.

Atomiki kapangidwe ndi luso kupanga nsinga

Pakompyuta Arsenic chilinganizo - 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3s ² 3p ⁶ 3D ¹⁰ 4S ² 4p ^{3 -} ngati asafe ndi phosphorous kuti ali ma elekitironi asanu mu mthunzi wa kunja, koma kumasiyana ndi pamaso pa 18 ma elekitironi mu chipolopolo penultimate m'malo awiri kapena eyiti. Kuwonjezera pa milandu 10 HIV pakati pa kudzaza asanu 3D-orbitals zimayambitsa kuchepa wamkulu wa elekitironi mtambo ndi kukula zinthu electronegativity. Arsenic mu tebulo nthawi angayerekezedwe ndi magulu ena, amene anasonyeza chitsanzo ichi. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti nthaka ndi electronegative kuposa magnesium ndi gallium - kuposa zotayidwa. Komabe, mu gulu zotsatirazi, kusiyana amachepetsa, ndipo ambiri samagwirizana ndi chakuti Germany electronegativity wa pakachitsulo, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa umboni mankhwala. kusintha kwa 8- kuti Kakhungu 18-selo kwa phosphorous Arsenic angathe kuonjezera electronegativity, koma amakhalabe maganizo.

Kufanana Monga chipolopolo lakunja ndi P amasonyeza kuti akhoza kupanga atatu nsinga covalent pa atomu pamaso pa zina unbound awiri elekitironi. The makutidwe ndi okosijeni ayenera kukhala +3 kapena -3, malingana mwagwirizana electronegativity wachibale. Kapangidwe ka Arsenic akutinso kuthekera ntchito kunja D-orbitals chifukwa cha kukula kwa octet kuti amalola zinthu kupanga zikulumikizana 5. Iwo anazindikira okha anachita ndi fluorine. Pamaso pa ufulu awiri elekitironi mapangidwe mankhwala zovuta (kudzera chopereka elekitironi) Monga mu atomu limapezeka laling'ono kwambiri kuposa phosphorous ndi asafe.

Arsenic ndi khola mu mpweya youma koma lonyowa yokutidwa ndi wakuda okusayidi. nthunzi ake combusted mosavuta kupanga Monga ₂ O _3. Arsenic m'chigawo ufulu ndi chiyani? Iwo pafupifupi si poyera kuti madzi, alkalis ndi zidulo sanali oxidizing, koma oxidized acid nitric ku mkhalidwe +5. Popeza Arsenic anatani halogens, sulfure, ndi zitsulo ambiri amapanga arsenides.

umagwirira mawunikidwe

thunthu angathe kuonedwa qualitatively Arsenic monga orpiment chikasu precipitates pansi kanthu pa 25% hydrochloric asidi njira. Kuda Monga, kawirikawiri anatsimikiza ndi kutembenuka ake arsine, sipangakhalenso wapezeka ndi March mayeso. Arsine ndi thermally linakwiriridwa kupanga galasi wakuda wa Arsenic mwa chubu yopapatiza. Mwa njira Gutzeit kafukufuku impregnated ndi Mercury mankhwala enaake pansi zochita za arsine zinada chifukwa mpweya wa mankhwala enaake.

Arsenic makhalidwe toxicological

selo kawopsedwe ndi ena ofanana ndi ambiri zimasiyanasiyana mkati osiyanasiyana, kuyambira arsine poizoni kwambiri ndi ena ofanana organic chabe Monga, tingati ndi inert. Kuti ndi Arsenic, anati kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ake organic oimira nkhondo mankhwala (Lewisite) ndi defoliant chithuza wothandizila ( "wothandizila buluu" potengera osakaniza amadzimadzi 5% asidi cacodylic, 26% ndi sodium mchere Hud).

Ambiri, opangidwa kuchokera elementi mankhwala limakhumudwitsa khungu ndi chifukwa dermatitis. Analimbikitsanso kutetezedwa inhalation fumbi Arsenic munali, koma ambiri poyizoni kumachitika pamene ingested. Pazipita chovomerezeka ndende ya ku fumbi patsiku maola asanu ndi atatu ndi 0.5 mg / mamita ^3. Pakuti arsine mlingo yafupika mbali 0,05 pa miliyoni. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito mankhwala a amafotokozera mankhwala monga herbicides ndi mankhwala, Arsenic ntchito mu mankhwala zidapatsa salvarsan - woyamba bwino mankhwala ndi chindoko.

Impact thanzi

Arsenic ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zambiri poizoni. mankhwala Mankwala a mankhwala opezeka mwachibadwa zochepa. Ogwiritsa akhoza poyera kuti Arsenic kudzera chakudya, madzi ndi mpweya. Padzuwa zingachitikenso pa kukhudzana wa khungu ndi dothi kapena madzi zakhudzana.

okhutira Arsenic ndi otsika kwambiri zakudya. Komabe, milingo yake nsomba ndi nkhono akhoza kukhala apamwamba kwambiri, chifukwa kuyamwa mankhwala yogwira mchitidwe madzi imene moyo. Kwambiri kuchuluka kwa Arsenic zochita kupanga nsomba kungakhale ngozi kuti thanzi la munthu.

Zotsatira za zinthu komanso imvera anthu amene amagwira ntchito ndi iwo, moyo mu nyumba zomangidwa nkhuni ankachitira ndi iwo, ndipo mayiko ulimi, umene kale ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.

Mankwala Arsenic angathe kuyambitsa zotsatira zosiyanasiyana umoyo monga kuyabwa kwa m'mimba ndipo matumbo, utachepa yopanga maselo ofiira ndi oyera, kusintha khungu, m'mapapo mkwiyo. Amaganiza kuti mayamwidwe kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mankhwala akhoza kuwonjezera mwayi wakuti khansa, makamaka khansa ya pakhungu, m'mapapo, chiwindi ndi dongosolo lymphatic.

woipa kwambiri wa Arsenic zochita kupanga ndi chifukwa osabereka ndi padera akazi, dermatitis, kutsitsa kukana matenda, matenda a mtima ndiponso kuwonongeka ubongo. Ndiponso, izi amafotokozera mankhwala angathe kuwononga DNA.

Woopsa mlingo woyera Arsenic ndi 100 mg.

Pawiri organic cha mchitidwe kapena khansara, kapena kuwononga kachidindo majini musati chifukwa, koma Mlingo aatali kuvutitsa anthu thanzi, monga kupangitsa matenda mantha kapena ululu pamimba.

monga katundu

Kuweta mankhwala ndi thupi katundu wa Arsenic zotsatirazi:

• Atomic number - 33.
• Atomiki kulemera - 74,9216.
• Limatsogolera mfundo imvi nkhungu - 814 ° C pa mavuto atmospheres 36.
• Kachulukidwe imvi nkhungu - 5,73 g / masentimita ³ pa 14 ° C.
• The kachulukidwe ya chikasu mtundu - 2,03 g / masentimita ³ pa 18 ° C.
• Pakompyuta Arsenic chilinganizo - 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 3D ¹⁰ 4S ² 4p _^3.
• makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma - -3, +3, +5.
• Valency wa Arsenic - 3, 5.