Brand a mafuta a magalimoto

Mafuta - pafupifupi colorless madzi ndi fungo khalidwe, ndilo gulu zovuta unyolo hydrocarbon kuti amasiyana dongosolo lawo. Kuyambira maunyolo awa, wotchedwa tuzigawo twa yozungulira makhalidwe mafuta: kuwira mfundo ndi mfundo yozizira koopsa, osakhalitsa ndi zina.

kupanga mafuta

Mafuta ndi mankhwala a mafuta kuyenga. The octeni chiwerengero, komanso ukhondo, ndiyo mtundu wa mafuta. Njira yaikulu yopangira mtundu wa mafuta - ndi kukonzanso, akulimbana ndi sublimation mwachindunji.

Mafuta akhoza kukhala okonzekera ku mipweya zachilengedwe ndi kugwirizana, malasha ndi shale. Izo ntchito monga mafuta komanso zosungunulira, ndi wosambitsa Sola, zipangizo makampani petrochemical.

Ngakhale osiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana ofunsira, oposa 90% ya mafuta dziko ntchito monga mafuta injini kuyaka mkati. Pali mitundu iwiri chachikulu cha mafuta: ndege ndi magalimoto.

Brand mafuta zosiyanasiyana malinga mlingo wa khalidwe: apamwamba ndi, mavuto zochepa ndi ntchito ndi kukonza galimoto.

The ndondomeko zofunika yopangira mafuta - akulimbana ndondomeko, umene ndi sekondale yoyenga mafuta. Pa akulimbana chimasanduka katundu unagwa kuwonjezeka buku la madzimadzi yomalizidwa ndi 60%. Matenthedwe akulimbana ikuchitika pa kutentha pa 500 ^{° C,} choncho ndi mtundu wa mafuta ndi octeni mlingo 70.

Lero, mafuta a ndege ndi zida magalimoto opangidwa ku ayenga zida ndi zipangizo yodzichitira. The mafuta ukubwera ndi wothira mwa iwo, ankateteza ndi kusungidwa akasinja wapadera. Kenako pansi kutsuka madzi m'thupi ndi distillation. Chifukwa cha izo ndi owongoka kuthamanga mafuta, yodziwika ndi kukhazikika mkulu mankhwala. Zakumwa amayeretsedwa, sulfure atachotsedwa zikuchokera awo, kumaonjezera octeni ntchito.

Ntchito yoyamba ya petulo owongoka kuthamanga analola kuonjezera injini mphamvu ndi dzuwa, koma akupeza anali mwachidule mafuta osakaniza ndi linaphulika mu chipinda kuyaka pamene usavutike ndi psinjika. Detonation wa linanena bungwe kukhala chifukwa cha kulephera galimoto. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi ntchito zinthu zapadera - odana ndi kugogoda. Ogwira ambiri a iwo ndi tetraethyl patsogolo. Chifukwa, kukana kuti detonation a mafuta anayamba ayesedwa octeni, ndi amene analandira dzina mtundu. Amaonekera mu njira zingapo - kafukufuku, galimoto ndi kutentha.

Zimafunika khalidwe la petulo

Monga ndege ndi galimoto amafunika anakhazikitsa alendo pofuna ntchito yapamwamba. Pakati akwaniritsa zimenezi ndi akuluakulu asanu:

1. Fractional zikuchokera.
2. Mtendere wa mipweya.
3. Osakhalitsa.
4. Kukana kuti detonation.
5. Chizolowezi mapangidwe mwaye.

fractional zikuchokera

Fractional zikuchokera ochitachita zotsatira pa galimoto magwiridwe, yodziwika ndi katundu angapo. The woyamba - kutentha yozungulira. Zingamvekere kuchuluka kwa malekezero kuwala. M'munsi ndi, m'pamenenso ndi tuzigawo twa ayenera zili mafuta. Pankhaniyi lalikulu zedi kwambiri kungachititse kuti nthunzi loko.

Wachiwiri ndi wachitatu - pa nthawi imene alikuwotha moto mpaka injini, ndi digiri ya avale wa zonenepa ndi pistons. The yozungulira kutentha komanso amakhudza kwambiri pa magawo izi zikuchokera fractional losiyana mu dzinja ndi chirimwe sukulu ya mafuta. Osauka mafuta osakhalitsa zingachititse ingress m'chipinda kuyaka ndi crankcase kachigawo ake madzi imbaenda dilution wa injini mafuta ndi injini kulephera.

Chemical kukhazikika

Iwo imasiyana malingana ndi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni zigawo zikuluzikulu mafuta, ndipo zikhoza kuoneka pa mapulagi, mavavu ndi mayunitsi ena injini mwaye. Chemical mtendere wa mafuta - umatha kukhala katundu wake, mosasamala kanthu za chilengedwe.

evaporability

Imalongosola luso mafuta yakubuluka madzi kuti boma gaseous ndi kusakaniza mpweya kupanga osakaniza kuyaka. Osakhalitsa amakhudza chiyambi cha injini, malingana zikuchokera fractional a mafuta.

katundu detonation

Luso la mafuta osati azinyadira pamene wothinikizidwa. Chodabwitsa detonation - osati osangalatsa ndi wowona, chifukwa kungachititse kuti kutenthedwa a galimoto ndi kuononga. chizindikiro ichi kumadalira osati kokha pa mafuta zikuchokera, komanso injini kamangidwe.

fouling

Alipo utomoni zikuchokera mafuta akhale chifukwa cha fouling. Nthawi zambiri izo unayikidwa pa carburetor, amene amatsogolera chinawonjezeka mafuta, yafupika mphamvu ndi mavuto ena. Kuteteza zosayembekezereka wa madipoziti chingapezeke powonjezera zina zapadera.

mafuta

Mafuta ikusonyezedwa malinga ndi chiwerengero octeni: apamwamba ndi kwambiri, kulimbikira kwa detonation ya mafuta, motero, kuti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito injini ena kuposa mkulu psinjika chiŵerengero cha kusakaniza mafuta. Mwachitsanzo:

• Mafuta A 76 - Njinga octeni chiwerengero, njira ya osachepera 76.
• Mafuta 80 - octeni mlingo wa osachepera 80.
• Mafuta 92 - octeni chiwerengero cha osachepera 92.
• Mafuta AI-95 - octeni, motero, osachepera 95.

Njinga mafuta ikusonyezedwa ndi kalata "A" ndege - kalata "B", manambala ndi ankalemekeza index ake nambala kapena octeni. Ngati, pamaso pa index ndi kalata "Ine", ndiye kuti kafukufuku octeni chiwerengero anayeza njira. Pakalibe kalata likunena za ntchito njira galimoto.

Othandiza ntchito ya mafuta zimadalira katundu zofunika - kukana kuti detonation. Nambala octeni akufotokoza njirayi kuti galimoto mafuta. Ndege mafuta kalasi ndi chinyezimiro cha ake katundu odana ndi kugogoda.

Brand a galimoto mafuta anawagawira ndendende chuma ichi. Pakuti ndege mafuta pambuyo kalata "B" - mwachitsanzo, B / -100 / 130 - anasonyeza octeni kalasi ya mafuta amene amachita monga chimene chachititsa munthu. Kuonjezera kukana kuti mafuta detonation zikhoza kuwonjezera kapangidwe kake zina yeniyeni - tetraethyl patsogolo.

mafuta chodetsa

Pakali pano, mayiko CIS anapanga zopangidwa angapo a mafuta a sukulu zosiyanasiyana: chilimwe, yozizira, leaded, wopanda ledi ndi maloetilirovannyh.

zizindikiro Leaded mafuta utoto ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, A-72 pinki, AI-93 - red-lalanje, AI-98 - buluu.

M'mayiko ena, mafuta akupezeka zopangidwa kuwiri: "umafunika" sitandade Ron 97-98 ndi "nthawi zonse" chachiwiri kalasi Ron 90-94. Mu United States, Britain ndi mayiko ena zopangira mafuta "Super", ndi octeni nambala imene ndi 99-102.

Pa funso la mtundu wanji wa mafuta bwino, sangayankhe mosapita m'mbali kuti: lililonse Galimoto ntchito ndi kalasi makamaka a mafuta. Magalimoto kunja Mlengi akuonetsa ntchito mafuta, ndi octeni nambala osachepera 91-92, magalimoto anamanga mu 90s wa - ndi octeni mlingo wa osachepera 94.

mafuta khalidwe la mtundu mafuta ndi ubwino wake kumatsimikizika ndi zomwe zili mu zikuchokera alkalis, zidulo, sulfure ndi mankhwala organic ndi mlingo wa poizoni. Mobwerezabwereza, mafuta CIS akhoza anakumana ndi mafuta otsika kalasi, ntchito kungachititse kuti avale msanga ndiponso kulephera kwa galimoto.

Modern mkati injini kuyaka womuuza kwambiri ndi malangizo a opanga galimotoyo pa mafuta ntchito: lembani Only mafuta kalasi mwachindunji ndi Mlengi wa unit mphamvu. Izi ndi chifukwa digiri ya psinjika a kusakaniza mafuta, injini kapangidwe ndi yamphamvu mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, zazikulu psinjika ndi kuyaka chipinda voliyumu, ndi apamwamba a mafuta octeni mlingo. Per nawo hundredths twente-faifi a psinjika n'kofunika, malinga okonza, ndi botolo la nambala octeni.