Chemical mgwirizano: mankhwala mgwirizano zonse ndi njira ya Mawu

Mu 1885, French wasayansi sayansi Le Chatelier unayambitsidwa, ndipo mu 1887 ku German sayansi Brown wolungama chilamulo cha mankhwala mgwirizano ndi mankhwala mgwirizano zonse, ndi kuphunzira kudalira awo pa chikoka cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana kunja.

Akamanena za mankhwala mgwirizano

Mgwirizano - boma zazikulu, kutanthauza kuti zinthu tikupita. Zamgululi kuwola ndinso pa reagents ndi reactants amaphatikiza mankhwala. Zinthu ikuyenda, koma woipa kukhala sichinasinthe. Zimene zalembedwa ndi muvi iwiri m'malo ofanana chizindikiro kusonyeza kuti ndi kusintha.

Classic Pantchito

Ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma chatha, akatswiri anapeza malamulo ena amene amasamalira kotheka kusintha malangizo a anachita mu mphamvu yomweyo. Kudziŵa mmene zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimachitikira chichitike, ndi amazipanga zofunika kufufuza onse labotale ndi mafakitale. Pa nthawi yomweyo zofunika kwambiri ndi luso kulamulira zochitika zonsezi. Ndi umunthu kulowerera mu njira zambiri zachilengedwe, makamaka kusintha, ndiye kuti mwayi wawo. Ku chidziwitso cha zochita mankhwala adzakhala zothandiza kwambiri ngati lamulo langwiro la akulamulira.

Lamulo la kanthu misa mu umagwirira ntchito ndi akatswiri kuti molondola kuwerengera liwiro zotani. Iwo amapereka lingaliro bwino tanthauzo la chilichonse ndondomeko mankhwala sadzakhala zidzatha ngati izo udzachitike mu dongosolo chatsekedwa. Mamolekyulu anapanga zinthu ndipo mu zonse mwachisawawa zoyenda, ndipo posakhalitsa kumachitika n'zosiyana anachita zimene mamolekyulu ndi anachira kuyambira zakuthupi.

Mu mafakitale kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito lotseguka dongosolo gwero. Ziwiya, magalimoto, ndipo muli zina, kumene zosiyanasiyana mankhwala kuti ali omasulidwa. Izi ndi kuonetsetsa kuti nthaŵi awa akhoza kuchotsedwa ndi mankhwala adafuna kuchotsa mankhwala achabechabe zotani. Mwachitsanzo, malasha ndi kutenthedwa ng'anjo lotseguka, kilns simenti anapanga lotseguka-mtundu kuphulika ng'anjo opareshoni ndi chakudya zonse mpweya, ndi amoniya ndi apanga ndi kuchotsa mosalekeza wa ammonia.

Kusintha ndipo sizingasinthe mankhwala anachita,

Monga dzina zikusonyeza, mungapereke matanthauzo lolingana: ankaona sizingasinthe anachita anabweretsa mapeto popanda kusintha malangizo ake ndi loyenda pamodzi njira anakonzeratu mosaganizira kusiyana kuthamanga ndi kusinthasintha kutentha. Mbali awo zimasiyanitsa n'chakuti mankhwala ena akhoza kusiya kuchuluka kwa zotani. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, akhoza kulandira mafuta (CaCO ₃ = CaO + NKHA _2), precipitate (Cu (NO _{3) 2} + H ₂ S = CuS + 2HNO _3), kapena mankhwala ena. Zimene adzakhala angaonere sizingasinthe, ngati wambirimbiri kutentha anamasulidwa pa ndondomeko Mwachitsanzo: 4P + 5O ₂ = 2P ₂ O ₅ + Q.

Pafupifupi zochita zonse zimachitika mwachilengedwe kusintha. Kaya zinthu kunja monga kutentha ndi kuthamanga, pafupifupi njira zonse kumachitika nthawi imodzi mu madera osiyana. Monga lamulo la kanthu misa mu zimapangidwira, kuchuluka kwa kutentha odzipereka ndi wofanana ndi chiwerengero allocated, kutanthauza kuti ngati anachita wina anali exothermic, wachiwiri (chigamulocho) bude endothermic.

Chemical mgwirizano: mankhwala mgwirizano zonse

Chisoni - ndi "Mawu akuti" Chemistry - zinthu zimene tione akatswiri. zochita ambiri amapita ku akamaliza, ndiyeno amayima, kutanthauza kuti reactants kwathunthu n'kukhala mankhwala popanda kubwerera kwa boma wapachiyambi. Nthawi zina, zimene kwenikweni sizingasinthe, monga kuyatsa kusintha mwakuthupi komanso mankhwala katundu wa thunthu. Komabe, pali zinthu zina zambiri zimene anthuwo kuvutika n'zotheka osati kokha, komanso mosalekeza komanso katundu wa zimene yoyamba reagents kwa wachiwiri.

boma Mphamvu imene ndende za reactants ndi mankhwala sizisintha, amatchedwa mgwirizano. N'zotheka kulosera khalidwe la zipangizo ndi malamulo ena kuti ntchito zamanja, kufunafuna kuchepetsa ndalama yopanga mankhwala enieni. Kumvetsa zomwe kukhalabe kapena zimene zikhoza kusokoneza thanzi la anthu, komanso chofunika ndicho lingaliro la mankhwala mgwirizano. Chemical mgwirizano zonse ndi mtengo wa chinthu zotani, amene amadalira mphamvu amaayoni ndi kutentha, ndipo sikudalira pa woipa wa reactants ndi mankhwala mu njira.

Mawerengedwe a mgwirizano zonse

kuchuluka Izi dimensionless, i.e. alibe nambala inayake mayunitsi. Ngakhale mawerengedwe a nthawi olembedwa kwa reactants awiri ndi mankhwala ziwiri, ntchito chiwerengero cha ophunzira mu zotani. Yowerengera ndi kutanthauzira kwa mgwirizano zonse zikudalira ndi mankhwala anachita amagwirizana ndi homogeneous kapena sakanikira mgwirizano. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zigawo zikuluzikulu tonsefe kungakhale zakumwa choyera kapena mpweya. Pakuti zochita kuti akafike sakanikira mgwirizano, pali gawo zambiri kuposa wina, ndi osachepera awiri. Mwachitsanzo, zakumwa ndi mpweya kapena zolimba ndi zakumwa.

Kufunika kwa mgwirizano zonse

Pakuti kutentha iliyonse ya mgwirizano zonse, pali phindu chimodzi chokha chimene chingasinthe pokhapokha ngati kutentha pa zimene anachita kumachitika m'njira zosiyana mu dera kapena. N'zotheka kuti ena zolosera za mankhwala anachita, zochokera ngati mgwirizano zonse ndi laling'ono kapena lalikulu. Ngati mtengo waukulu kwambiri, mgwirizano amakonda zimene lamanja ndi kutembenukira mankhwala kuposa akanatero reagents. Zimene Pankhaniyi akhoza kutchedwa "zonse" kapena "kachulukidwe".

Ngati kufunika kwa mgwirizano zonse zazing'ono, ndi yabwino anachita lamanzere, kumene kuchuluka kwa reagents anali kuposa mankhwala anapanga. Ngati wakudza mtengo uwu ziro, zikhoza kapadera kuti anachita zimachokeradi. Ngati mfundo za mgwirizano zokhazikika kwa patsogolo ndi chigamulocho zochita ali pafupi ofanana, kuchuluka kwa reactants ndi mankhwala nayonso pafupifupi ofanana. Mtundu wa anachita akuti ndi kusintha.

Taonani kusintha anachita yeniyeni

Tengani zinthu ziwiri mankhwala monga ayodini ndi wa hydrogen, chimene osokonezeka kupereka mankhwala atsopano - iodide wa hydrogen.

H ₂ + Ine ₂ = 2HI

Pa kudzachitika mathamangidwe ndime ₁ anachita mwachindunji, ndi v ₂ - mlingo n'zosiyana anachita, K - mgwirizano zonse. Pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la misa kanthu, mawu otsatirawa:

ndime ₁ = K ₁ * C (H ₂₎ * m'ma (I _2),

v ₂ = K ₂ * m'ma ² (Hi).

Pamene kusakaniza ayodini maselo (I ₂₎ ndi wa hydrogen (H ₂₎ mogwirizana awo amayamba. Pa siteji koyamba, ndende pazipita zinthu izi, koma mapeto mmene pazipita ndi ndende ya mankhwala atsopano - iodide wa hydrogen (Hi). Choncho, kudzakhala osiyana mitengo anachita. Pachiyambi, iwo adzakhala maximized. M'kupita apo pakubwera nthawi pamene makhalidwe amenewa ndi ofanana ndipo ndi chikhalidwe wotchedwa mankhwala mgwirizano.

The zokhazikika akuti mankhwala mgwirizano ambiri anasankha ndi m'mabokosi kuti: [H _2], [Ine _2], [Moni]. Popeza ofanana, ndiye liwiro mgwirizano:

K ₁ [H _2] [I _2] = K ₂ [Moni] ^2,

kotero ife tifike anthu aone kuti pali mankhwala zokhazikika mgwirizano:

a k ₁ / K ₂ = [Moni] ² / [H _2] [I _2] = K.

Mfundo Le Chatelier-Brown

Pali ulamuliro zotsatirazi: ngati dongosolo kuti ali mu mgwirizano, kutulutsa zotsatira zina (kusintha kwa zinthu mankhwala mgwirizano ndi kusintha kutentha kapena chipsyinjo Mwachitsanzo), muyezo kudzasiya kuti pang'ono kutsutsa zotsatira za kusintha. Kuwonjezera zimapangidwira, mfundo imeneyi imagwiranso ntchito zingapo zosiyanasiyana m'minda ya mankhwala ndi zachuma.

Chemical mgwirizano zonse ndi njira ya Mawu

The mgwirizano akuti lofotokozeredwa m'njira mawu a ndende ya mankhwala reactants. mankhwala Only mu magawo amadzimadzi ndi gaseous aphatikizidwa chilinganizo cha mgwirizano, kuyambira ndende zakumwa ndi zolimba sidzasinthika. Kodi kuganizira zinthu bwino mankhwala? Ngati kumaphatikizapo madzi woyera kapena olimba, amaona kuti ali K = 1, ndipo mogwirizana sapitiriza n'komwe, kupatulapo njira kwambiri anaikira. Mwachitsanzo, madzi oyera ali ndi ntchito 1.

Chitsanzo china ndi mpweya olimba, sipangakhalenso popangidwa ndi zimene tinthu awiri a carbon monoxide kupanga mpweya woipa ndi mpweya. Zinthu zimene zingakhudze muyezo, monga Kuwonjezera reactant kapena mankhwala (kusintha ndende amakhudza muyezo). Kuwonjezera reagent kungayambitse abwino mgwirizano mankhwala aone kuti pali pamene pali njira zambiri za mankhwala. Kuwonjezera mankhwala kungachititse kuti mgwirizano kumanzere, monga m'pamenenso mitundu reagents.

Mgwirizano kumachitika pamene zimene zikuchitika malangizo onse, ali chiŵerengero zonse reactants ndi mankhwala. Ambiri, mankhwala mgwirizano ndi malo amodzi, kuyambira chiwerengero cha mankhwala ndi reagents akupitiriza. Komabe, tione limasonyeza kuti muyezo kwenikweni ndi ndikofunikira kwambiri, monga mmene amasuntha malangizo onse pa mlingo chomwecho.

Mphamvu mgwirizano ndi chitsanzo cha ntchito za khazikika. Pakuti kachitidwe mu khazikika anaona pa nthawi ino, khalidwe akupitiriza m'tsogolo. Choncho, kamodzi anachita ukufika mgwirizano, chiŵerengero cha reactant ndi mankhwala magawanidwe kukhalabe chomwecho, ngakhale chimaposa anachita.

Ngati kumuuza za zovuta bwanji?

Mfundo monga mankhwala mgwirizano ndi mankhwala mgwirizano zonse, ndi kovuta kumvetsa. Tengani chitsanzo cha moyo. Kodi inu munayamba mwaima pa mlatho pakati pa mizinda iwiri, ndipo tchera khutu chakuti kayendedwe mu njira zina bwino ndi kuyeza, pamene inu chiyembekezo Anapitirizabe mu magalimoto? Ichi sichabwino ayi.

Kodi ngati makina anayeza ndipo anasamukira pa liwiro mbali zonse? Unakhalabe chiwerengero cha magalimoto m'mizinda onse wakhululuka? Pamene ankalowa ndi kuchoka liwiro m'mizinda onse ali yemweyo, koma chiwerengero cha magalimoto mzinda uliwonse ndi khola nthawi, kutanthauza kuti ndondomeko wonse uli wamphamvu mgwirizano.