Chiphuphu nduna. Pokambiranapo mu ziphuphu. wa Code Wachifwamba

Palibe nkomwe mu Masiku ano, munthu wamkulu amene sanamvepo za ziphuphu. zodabwitsazi chinayang'ana pafupifupi nzika iliyonse, kuwatsogolera ndi mphamvu ya moyo chikhalidwe.

Mwatsoka, nthawi zambiri masiku ano pali zochitika pamene zochita pa nkhani yaikulu mu moyo wa munthu zimadalira nduna ina. Izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa dera la malonda ndi zachuma, malonda, zomangamanga ndi zina zotero. D. Zofooka za malamulo msonkho, malamulo miyambo ya Code Wachifwamba ndi Administrative Code, malamulo magalimoto ntchito kwa anthu onse a m'dzikolo, ndipo nthawi zina kutsatira mosamalitsa ndi lamulo ndi mabvuto. Komanso, pali zochitika pamene akuluakulu Umafuna ziphuphu okha zochita ayenera kutenga mwa lamulo. Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti nthawi zonse izi, chiphuphu kuti akuluakulu abomawo - ponseponse, ndipo chifukwa mfundozi ziphuphu limamasula kwambiri chaka chilichonse. "Musati dzola mafuta manja awo - sudzalowa ..." - adawusa moyo nzika kuzindikira ndi kugwirizana ndi lamulo la boma la. Nthawiyi, kupereka ndi kulandira ziphuphu - upandu zachuma poponyedwa malamulo.

291 Nkhani. ziphuphu Cottage

The chilango Code, mu mphamvu panthawi mu Russian Federation (a Code Wachifwamba) anavomerezedwa mu 1996. Imakhala chilango kwa mitundu iwiri ya zolakwa - ziphuphu ndi boma kulandira ziphuphu. Pansi chiphuphu kuzindikira mphoto ndalama kwa wogwila ndi, anamulonjeza kapena iye adzalandira kukwaniritsidwa kwa udindo wake mwamsanga. A chiphuphu kuti akuluakulu abomawo - ndi mlandu amgwirizano. Wolandira wa ziphuphu amatchedwa ziphuphu tsankho ndi munthu amene amapereka ziphuphu - ndi briber.

Monga tanenera m'nkhani 291 wa Code Wachifwamba, mopereka chiphuphu nduna ntchito m'khalapakati kapena munthu - ndi kukhumudwa chigawenga kuti ndi chilango ndi zabwino kuchuluka kwa nthawi khumi pamaso devyanostokratnoy poyerekezera ndi ziphuphu, kapena kumangidwa kwa zaka ziwiri kwa khumi ndi ziwiri malingana ndi a kulakwa ndipo chiphuphu kukula. zinthu kukulitsa amaonedwa kukhala kwambiri kuchuluka chiphuphu, mopereka chiphuphu nduna chifukwa chakuti iye anachita zochita mwadala oletsedwa (chosalanga). Mu milandu chilango cha mlandu adzakhala wosamalitsa kwambiri. Upandu - msilikali chiphuphu - imatengedwa kukhala angwiro pa nthawi ya kulandira ziphuphu kuyang'ana pa mbali ya chuma ku briber kapena mkhalapakati. Wachifwamba udindo pa chiphuphu zikachitika, kuyambira zaka 16. Nyatwa za upandu ndi milandu zikhoza kupewedwa ngati briber mwaufulu kufuna thandizo la mabungwe yazamalamulo, anathandiza kuthetsa upandu natsimikizira kuti ziphuphu extorted kwa iye. Pankhaniyi, loya amangonena za chiphuphu-tsankho.

kupeza ziphuphu. Article 290 la Code Wachifwamba

Chiphuphu, monga mmene tidaonera, ndi kukhumudwa chigawenga. Chiphuphu kutenga ndi ogwira ntchito ndi chimodzi ya milandu yoopsa kwambiri chuma. Pankhaniyi, mtumiki aboma amalandira chuma nzika, ntchito udindo wake boma la ntchito kapena ntchito sanali mwachindunji mokomera briber lapansi. Mtundu wa kukhumudwa ndi chilango chake chabwino ndi kuti devyanostokratnogo kukula ziphuphu, m'ndende kwa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zakubadwa kapena kuchotsedwa ku ofesi, malinga ndi kukula kwa ziphuphu ndi zina kukulitsa ya upandu. Mwachitsanzo, polandirira msonkho mobwerezabwereza chiphuphu adzalangidwa kwambiri kuposa ndi mlandu lakutali. Mobwerezabwereza kutenga ziphuphu kudziwa kupeza phindu zinthu kuposa kawiri kuti munthu yemweyo. Mulimonsemo, kudzikonda kutumikira molakwika mphamvu nduna ndi chilango mwa lamulo.

kulanda

Kulanda wa ziphuphu ndi mkhalidwe kukulitsa mu kufufuza wa ziphuphu. Ngati mfundo kulanda kutsimikiziridwa briber akhoza asamagwire udindo pa zigawenga ndi chilimbikitso komanso chithandizo kwa akuluakulu kufufuza. Kulanda boma zikutanthauza kuti mtumiki aboma amafuna chipukutamisozi pochita ntchito zawo zofuna za briber, kapena M'malo mwake, chifukwa iye satenga miyeso zofunika kumwedwa monga mwa lamulo. kuopseza The tingasonyezere chakuti boma la anatchula ntchito, kusowa zikalata zofunika kapena zipangizo, chongopeka amalenga onse mavuto kusankha, amene kogwirizana ndi briber. Kapena boma achenjeza kuti kulenga zinthu zimene zingawalepheretse zochita za munthu wokhudzidwa, kapena zinthu zimene kuvulaza briber, amene akhoza kupewedwa ngati khama kulipira owonjezera. Malipiro - izi ndi ziphuphu. The Code Wachifwamba amapereka chilango basi chifukwa chiphuphu-tsankho ndi thandizo zaufulu briber lapansi.

Mbiri ya ziphuphu

Mawu akuti "chivundi" amachokera ku mawu corrumpire - kumwa ofesi, chiphuphu, kusokoneza. mawu koyamba ntchito malamulo a Aroma - ngakhale Yuliy Tsezar anali kumenyana ziphuphu, kuwaletsa akuluakulu kupeza nkhata golide kuchokera m'mizinda kuti adawatengera chitetezo. Pa Ages Middle ku Ulaya, akuluakulu musazengereze kupeza phindu chuma, ntchito udindo wake boma ndi ziphuphu ambiri. Atumiki Russian yapachiweniweni anapatsidwa "kudya" - amalipiritsa ena kuchokera chidwi bwino ntchito anthu awo. Komanso akuluakulu analandira malipiro kwa chuma cha boma. Chiphuphu kulangidwa mafumu a Ivan III wa, Ivan Grozny, Peter Wamkulu. Panali zaka pamene ziphuphu kuphedwa.

Bribery ankakonda paliponse ku East, koma uko makhalidwe daropodnosheniya. Mu Middle Ages ndi East, nayenso, anayamba kumenyana ndi ziphuphu, akuluakulu kudziletsa kutumikira amachotsedwa pa nchitozi ndi chilango.

Kungoyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIX, boma walandira onse a mphamvu zazikulu za ulamuliro boma wakhala ambiri ndi wakafika muzochitika zones za moyo wa nzika. Izi zapangitsa kuti kukukulirakulira wa ziphuphu, akuluakulu ndi andale paliponse akhala pafupifupi poyera ntchito udindo wake boma, osati kokha, komanso akulanda ziphuphu kwa nzika zonse. M'mayiko ena, kulanda ngati natenga maonekedwe a zopereka chipani - kuti si kutenga chiphuphu Akuluakulu ena ndi akapitawo, ndi nthumwi za zipani.

Corruption posachedwapa ndi amodzi mwa malo oyamba m'munda wa upandu zachuma padziko lonse. akuluakulu onse achinyengo ndi maboma nkhondo yotere zikuluzikulu dziko lililonse, monga choopsa chitukuko cha dziko ndi kunyoza ulamuliro wa boma, ndi zina kusokoneza chitetezo wa nzika zake. Choncho, mu 70s Mu zaka zapitazo panali manyazi chifukwa cha kampani American "Lockheed" omwe amagulitsidwa zosaoneka ndege la Germany ndi Japan. Akuluakulu a awa mayiko madalitso ndalama kampani.

Chodabwitsa chivundi mwachuluka amadalira muyezo wa moyo uliwonse dziko ndi chikhalidwe chake cha dziko. Mwachitsanzo, imatsimikizirika kuti Japan ndi China, kumene nakulitsa nzeru komanso khama akuluakulu ndi atsogoleri a boma, ziphuphu kufalitsa pang'ono zosakwana m'mayiko ena. Ichi ndi chifukwa kwa malamulo a maiko - pali chilango chifukwa chopatula ziphuphu wosamalitsa.

pokambiranapo

Intermediation mu ziphuphu - ndi zochita za lachitatu maphwando zimene zimachititsa kukwaniritsa pangano pakati pa briber ndi ziphuphu tsankho kapena chiphuphu kulengeza kwa ophunzira wina umbanda wina. Akukhulupirira kuti kukwatira kapena kupereka ziphuphu kudzera mkhalapakati kosavuta - chiphuphu tsankho ndi briber si nthawi zonse bwino ndi mzake, ndipo mu nkhani iyi, mkhalapakati kumatanthauza kuti chitetezo wamkulu komanso wodalirika. Nthawi zambiri, mkhalapakati komanso ali ndi mphoto ndalama mautumiki awo - zina ngakhale kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero anasamutsa ziphuphu.

Intermediation mu ziphuphu ndi chilango ndi malamulo okha pamaso pa ziphuphu lalikulu (Article 291,1 wa Code Wachifwamba). kukula chidwi akuti ndi ofunika kwambiri kuposa 25 000 rubles. Pokambiranapo ndi chilango chake chabwino ndi kuti sorokakratnogo kukula ziphuphu, kapena kumangidwa kwa zaka zisanu. Chilango chimadaliranso kukula kwa ziphuphu ndi zina kukulitsa - mwachitsanzo, ntchito ndi akuluakulu a mkhalapakati kapena ndalama makamaka lalikulu kupeza phindu.

Komanso thandizo kapena mogwirizana ndi upandu angathe kulandira chilango mogwirizana ndi chilamulo, osati pamene mlandu wachitika ndipo Ndakwaniritsa, koma panthawi imene m'khalapakati ali ankagwira ntchito yake magulu ziphuphu. The chabe lonjezo la pokambiranapo ndi kale upandu zachuma.

The mavuto waukulu mu kufufuza za ziphuphu

Kufufuza za ziphuphu si kophweka. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri kulepheretsa kufufuza milandu, ndi yakuti pa nkhani ya ziphuphu si akuvutika otchedwa - onse ophunzira chidwi ziphuphu kuti mfundo imeneyi si kuzindikirike yazamalamulo. Corruption ndi kuchita zosiyana kwambiri ndipo anaipitsa nthawi zambiri, alibe chidwi ndi chakuti upandu zidavumbulutsidwa - ndi chifukwa chidwi za munthu nawo upandu ndi kuyimbidwa kwa zofuna zake zokha. Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri makamaka pa nthawi imene chiphuphu Wopereka ndi violator la chilamulo, malamulo msonkho, malamulo magalimoto, chigawenga kapena utsogoleri Code.

Mmodzi wa owopsa kwa maganizo a anthu, ndi makonzedwe okhazikika pakati pa briber ndi ziphuphu tsankho, lomwe likutuluka pa nkhani ya boma zothandizira mipingo yawo, pang'onopang'ono anagwira ophwanya malamulo.

milandu onse ambiri komwe akuluakulu, kuwonjezera pa malo ake, ndi mabungwe awo azachuma komanso mabungwe ang'onoang'ono. chidwi ndalama awiriawiri awo ndipo amapereka mwa akuluakulu a ulamuliro ndi mphamvu.

Kufala kwa katangale mu muzochitika zosiyana

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, kufalitsidwa amphamvu kwambiri walandira ziphuphu yazamalamulo. Nthawi zambiri apolisi ndi wozenga mlandu Nthumwi ofesi ali okha achinyengo, monga ziphuphu anazindikira ngati malipiro a ntchito mwakhama, osati mkulu zokwanira lolipiridwa ndi boma. Chiphuphu apolisi, komanso wapolisi wina aliyense - ndi kukhumudwa chigawenga. Magalimoto apolisi zambiri osati ziphuphu, koma akulanda iwo. M'zaka zaposachedwapa zodabwitsazi wakhala bwino ndipo pafupifupi yachibadwa - ngakhale akuyesetsa ndi boma, umalimbana kuthetsa ziphuphu. Mwatsoka, ambiri nzika kuvomereza mfundo za nduna ndi saletsa ndi kutenga ziphuphu.

Oyimira a boma, ogwira ntchito za maboma osiyanasiyana ndi madipatimenti kawirikawiri amakhala ndi mwayi kulandira ziphuphu. Akuluakulu a boma ambiri, ndi mavuto ena sangathe kuthetsedwa popanda mgwirizano wawo ndi kutengapo mbali ndi ogwira ntchito ena oipa ntchito.

Nthawi zina pali milandu ziphuphu ndi zaumoyo antchito. Mphatso kwa anthu odwala oyamikira zambiri kutenga maonekedwe a ziphuphu, makamaka pa nkhani ya mogwirizana ndi zachipatala ntchito apamwamba - madokotala mutu, atsogoleri a zipatala ndi zipatala, etc. Ndi palibe chinsinsi kuti ndi mphatso yaing'ono kapena mphotho mukhoza kupeza zambiri .. mkulu mlingo wa utumiki, chisamaliro ndi chithandizo ku chipatala chilichonse kapena malo zachipatala.

Oimira gawo maphunziro, nawonso, ndi kulowerera ziphuphu ndipo ndinawona. Kupeza Kuyamikira ndi magawo, chikuonetseratu kuti bungwe maphunziro, ndiponso anamalizidwa bwino ndondomeko maphunziro - izi zonse mitengo yake pamalo munthu aphunzitsi.

Mwachidule, pali nkomwe dera lililonse ya utumiki wothandiza, amene sibwenzi anakumana ndodo amene ziphuphu. Mwatsoka, Zimene State poyerekezera ndi akuluakulu achinyengo si nthawi zonse kubala zotsatira kuyembekezera.

Nkhondo yolimbana ndi ziphuphu

Wakumvera lamulo, polimbana ndi ziphuphu azisunga makomiti a boma ndi kuzisamalira. malamulo olemera ndi zoikika kupewa ziphuphu. Pali yapadera yothandiza, amene angakhoze kumutcha mosadziwika ndi kusiya mfundo za akuluakulu onse achinyengo kapena kulanda. Pofuna kulimbana ndi ziphuphu, atumiki a boma nthawi zonse anawonjezera kuti malipiro, ulamuliro pa anthu awa ikuchitika m'njira zonse zitheka. Mwachitsanzo, makamera kanema amene anaika, zomwe zimathandiza kuteteza chiphuphu kutenga mu magalimoto ambiri ochita chipikisheni. Pempho amauzidwa kuti anthu akuluakulu yazamalamulo mogwirizana ndi ziphuphu. Chaka ndi chaka, wowawa kusankha anthu ankatha kuonana ndi yothandiza anthu, makamaka maudindo akuluakulu. Mu ena boma mosamalitsa limaletsa mwayi nchito achibale ndi mabwenzi, mpaka kulephera kwa ntchito chifukwa cha chibale.

Onse njira izi chifukwa ena, koma zimakula bwino m'madera ambiri ziphuphu. Chiphuphu kumachitika m'njira zobisika kwambiri. Revenues Akuluakulu aboma kubisala, ndi kutsimikizira kuti mlandu wayamba kuvuta. Kodi kusintha njira imene kupereka kulandira ziphuphu amapangidwira.

Ubale wa ziphuphu zolakwa zina

Kodi kawirikawiri zambiri kumezanitsa amapezeka palokha - zambiri, mfundo ya ziphuphu kumagwirizana ndi umbanda wina anachita ziphuphu. Chiphuphu nduna nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi machimo ena. Kuba zinthu zopindulitsa - Article 164 la Code Wachifwamba, nkhanza za mphamvu - Article. 286 wa Code Wachifwamba, nkhanza za ulamuliro - Art. 285 wa Code Wachifwamba nawo oletsedwa zinthu entrepreneurial - luso. 289 wa Code Wachifwamba, malonda ziphuphu - luso. 204 wa Code Wachifwamba. Nkhani zonsezi inakwaniritsidwa mmodzi yemweyo pa kufufuza mfundo za ziphuphu. Iwo ankadziwa kuti chilango cha ziphuphu si kukusalani chilango milandu nkhani ina ya pamwamba, ngati kulakwa zinachitika.

Kodi kuchita ngati inu tikupempha ziphuphu?

Kumatetezera zofuna za aliyense nzika ayenera Wachifwamba Code. Chiphuphu kwa nduna ayenera kukhala chizolowezi. Ngati zinthu zimenezi zinafunika, titha kuchita zinthu m'njira zitatu:

- Ngati mukuvomera, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti udindo chigawenga chiphuphu zinachitikira Kuwulura mfundo imeneyi zidzakhudza osati wolandira komanso inuyo panokha.

- kukana kukhoma ziphuphu anachenjeza oipa wantchito wa cholinga chake, osati sikungathetse vutolo, komanso kukulitsa asapita zoipa - boma ali ndi mphamvu zina, mwinamwake zinthu izi sitingazipeze pena chikanachitika. A zochita zabwino Pankhaniyi Musadikire, m'malo pandunji - wogwira ntchito adzakhala kuyesetsa kuthetsa nkhani yanu, inali yovuta kwambiri. N'zotheka kuti pa inu monga kuseka ndipo anapita kunyumba.

- The lanzeru - kuti bwino kwa boma kuti mukuvomereza kulipira ziphuphu. Yesani pamene polochit mmene ndingathere zimatsimikizira kuti vuto lanu adzathetsedwa ndi thandizo wagwira. Pambuyo pake, m'pofunika kuti anthu amvetse mtundu wa kuchuluka nawo, mmene muli kulipira misonkhano, amene amatenga chiphuphu inu, pa nthawi zimene ndi kumene. Ndiye muyenera kulankhula ndi apolisi kulemba mawu za mfundo kulanda. Mungathe kupempha FSB, Utumiki Mkati, Komiti ya Office khoti linalamula, Customs, etc. Mu lamulo Investigative, zopempha amenewa amalamulidwa kukonza chilichonse thupi pagulu - .. Up akaonekere kwa boma kapena mutsogoleli wa Russia. ntchito ayenera kulemba mpukutu wina amakhalabe manja anu. Bwino kupeza ndipo kumbukirani, amene adzachitira ndi ntchito yanu ndi zimene adzakumane nazo. The zambiri zinthu adzakhala anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, wamkulu mwayi kuti nkhani zithetsedwe mu mtima wanu.

Corruption - matenda a anthu masiku ano. Pezani njira m'pofunika osati matupi boma, komanso nzika wamba, chifukwa amadwala akuluakulu onse achinyengo, anthu wamba. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, mpata kuti adzagwire akuononga dziko makamaka 1: 250, ndipo ngati miyezo yoyenera ali zikutengedwa M'mayiko ambiri, mwayi ndi kuchuluka - 1:23. Choncho, vuto ili bwino anathana pamodzi, "dziko lonse".