Chitaliyana zaumunthu Lorenzo Valla ndi nzeru zapamwamba: yonena, zilandiridwenso

Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) anali ku Italy zaumunthu apamwamba, wokonzanso, mphunzitsi ndi katswiri katswiri zachikhalidwe. Iye kuimba maganizo a anthu a kukonzanso chinenero ndi maphunziro. zinthu zambiri Latin ndi zilankhulo Greek zinamupatsa kuchititsa kusanthula mozama zikalata zina Church ndipo amathandiza kuti chiwonongeko cha nthano ozungulira ndi olakwika. Valla anasonyeza kuti "chopereka cha Constantine" kawirikawiri asonyezedwa chithandizo cha papa wogwirizira, ndi kwenikweni yabodza.

kutsutsidwa

Poganizira kuti mfundo oipa a Aristotle ndi angaletsedwe chitukuko zachilendo ndipo angagwiritsire ntchito nzeru, Valla zambiri amatchedwa scholastics, zotsatirazi Aristotle, mtsutso ndi mikangano. cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kulenga watsopano wa ganizo nzeru zaumunthu, osati bungwe kapena kachitidwe sukulu payekha. Sysytem "Pa zosangalatsa" (1431) mmalo mwa Epikureya ndi wokonda zosangalatsa umene umaoneka Mkhristu lingaliro kuti chikhumbo cha chimwemwe chinthu yolimbikitsa pa kakhalidwe ka munthu. Valla komanso kumbuyo amakhulupirira kuti ufulu wosankha angathe pamodzi ndi tsoka adalosera Koma Mulungu, anatsindika, maganizo amenewa ndi kupitirira nzeru za anthu choncho nkhani ya chikhulupiriro mmalo mwa sayansi. Ambiri a maganizo a nzeru zapamwamba kenako anabwereka ndipo anayamba ndi anzeru ena wa Kukonzanso.

Open kutsutsa zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa adani ambiri; kangapo nzeru zapamwamba Lorenzo Valla anali pangozi. ziphunzitso zake Latin pang'onopang'ono chidwi ndi apatsidwe udindo pa Vatican - ". chipambane anthu pa ziphunzitso ndi miyambo" chochitika amatchedwa

Moyo ndi Works

Lorenzo anabadwa pafupifupi 1407 ku Rome, Italy. atate wake, Luca Della Valle, anali wazamalamulo ku tawuni ya Piacenza. Lorenzo anali ku Roma kuphunzira Latin motsogozedwa ndi mphunzitsi waluso - Professor Leonardo Bruni (Aretino). Komanso iwo anakhala nawo makalasi pa University amapemphera. Mu 1428, nzeru zapamwamba m'tsogolo, anayesa kuti apeze ntchito papa nthumwi, koma candidacy wake anakanidwa chifukwa cha m'badwo wamng'ono. Mu 1429 anaitanidwa kuphunzitsa apamwamba pa amapemphera ndipo anavomera. Mu 1431 ndinaona kutulutsidwa kwa lonena "Pa kusangalala." Patapita nthawi, ntchito linasindikizidwa, chifukwa chimene ngakhale tsopano akuphunzira pa yunivesite ya zilandiridwenso Lorenzo Valla - ". Choona ndi chabwino onyenga" Mu 1433 iye anakakamizidwa kupereka digiri professorial: Valla linatulutsa kalata lotseguka limene poyera ananyoza loya Bartolo mbakham'menya ankaonetsetsa dongosolo jurisprudence.

nthawi yovuta

Valla kumanzere Milan, ndiye mu Genoa; anayesanso ntchito ku Rome, ndipo potsiriza iwo anapita ku Naples, kumene tinapeza malo abwino wopanda pa bwalo la Alfonso ndi V, woyang'anira, olamulira chabwino cha cholembera ndi amadziwika chifukwa cha chikondi chake cha kusadziletsa. Alfonso anamuika kukhala mlembi wake ndi Lorenzo kumbuyo kwa matenda adani ake ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1444 Valla anawatsimikizira wozengedwa khoti ya kusaka, monga poyera kuti anenepo maganizo awo malemba a "Atumwi" sizinalembedwe ndi ndondomeko ya aliyense wa atumwi khumi ndi awiri. Patapita nthawi, Alfonso anakwanitsa asiye mlandu ndi kupulumutsidwa ku ukapolo wa mlembi wake.

Mu 1439 nkhondo inayambika pakati Alfonso ndi papa - vuto linali amayanjana m'zigawozo Naples. Lorenzo Valla analemba nkhani makani zothandiza ulamuliro wa upapa "chopereka cha Constantine" kwenikweni mawu abodza. Mu ntchito yake Vallat anaitana zipolowe wa Aroma, ndipo atsogoleri awo - kuukira papa kumana mphamvu, chifukwa wamphamvuzonse waupapa, mu maganizo ake, ndi Gwero la zoipa zonse, kumene nthawi anavutika Italy. Lofalitsidwa mu 1440 nkhani, izo zinali zimenezo khalidwe akhutire kuti dera lonse posachedwapa kuzindikira chiyambi cha onyenga "mphatso Konstantinova".

Kubadwa zotsutsa mbiri

Mu Naples Valla, amene ndi ntchito lipitirize kugwirizana ndi researches philological, iye zakwiyitsa wokhulupirika amakayikira kudalirika kwa malemba ena achipembedzo chiyambi wosadziwika, ndiponso kufunsidwa nuzhnost moyo kumene kumakhala Amonke. Mu 1444, iye pang'onong'ono ya kusaka kuweruza, koma ngozi alibe lidatonthola nzeru za anthu. Iye anapitiriza kuwatonza "zachabechabe" (pulaimale) chinenero Latin ndi mlandu wotsutsana ndi tchalitchi St. Augustine. Posachedwapa, lofalitsidwa ntchito yake "Ulemerero wa chinenero Latin." Lemba ili woyamba weniweni ntchito ya sayansi, kwathunthu lolunjika pa zilankhulo Latin, natuluka mothandizidwa ndi mphunzitsi wakale Lorenzo. Ambiri kanjedza zolembalemba ankaona ntchito akatiputa ndiponso kunyozana chikuchitidwa philologist. Valla Chatuluka mayankho ake zoseketsa kwa ndemanga kwambiri molapitsa pa ntchito yatsopano zolembalemba, koma invectives ambiri zinachititsa kuti kuwonongeka kwa mbiri yake ku Rome.

A chiyambi chatsopano

Atafa Papa Eugene IV mu February 1447 Lorenzo kamodzinso anapita ku likulu, pamene iye anali mwansangala Papa Nicholas ndi V, anatenga ntchito zaumunthu mlembi wa utumwi ndipo anamulamula kuti amasulire ku Latin ntchito ya olemba zosiyanasiyana Greek, kuphatikizapo Herodotus ndi Thucydides. Kukhazikitsidwa Valley ku Roma m'nthawi amatchedwa "kupambana kwa anthu pa ziphunzitso ndi miyambo ya anthu."

Malingaliro ndi ntchito

Lorenzo Valla, amene yonena kwambiri ngati ulendo buku, anapita mpaka mu mbiri osati monga wasayansi ndi katswiri, koma ngati E njira zolembalemba kutsutsa. Iye Chili mbali ya zaumunthu tcheru, wozindikira wotsutsa ndiponso analemba poizoni. Ntchito Valla lolunjika makamaka pa chitukuko cha malingaliro nzeru ndi mafunde ndigwira osadziwika nzeru zaumunthu ganizo - iye sankapatsa aliyense machitidwe enieni aumunthu. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri Latin ndi zilankhulo Greek, kuti bwinobwino malemba a Chipangano Chatsopano ndi mabuku ena achipembedzo, ambiri ntchito ndi mpingo kuthandizira ziphunzitso zawo. Choncho, Valla koyamba kayendedwe zaumunthu ukasintha gawo latsopano - sayansi. Ambiri a maganizo ake akatswiri anatenga Reformation, makamaka Martin Luther King wofunika kwambiri zomwe wa philological Valle.

ntchito

The ntchito otchuka zaumunthu ndi mosakayikira, ndi phunziro la sayansi "kukongola chinenero Latin" amene ankaimira Mabaibulo pafupifupi makumi asanu mu nthawi ya pakati pa zaka 1471 ndi 1536. The lonena "Pa wosangalatsa", lofalitsidwa mu 1431, ndi kuphunzira wodziŵa ya Asitoiki, Epikureya ndi chikhalidwe wokonda zosangalatsa umene umaoneka. "Nkhani pa chinyengo Konstantinova Mphatso" (1440) Anakhalanso maziko a chikhulupiriro cha konsekonse mu lemba zipembedzo chinyengo. Ambiri ntchito philologist zinasindikizidwa mu ntchito pamodzi 1592 ku Venice.

chikhalidwe

The lonena "Pa Free Kodi" zalembedwa mu mabuku atatu monga polylogue pakati Leonardo Bruni (Arentino), Antonio Beccadelli ndi Nikkolo Nikkoli pa kwambiri. Arentino ananena kuti choyamba kofunika mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe. Bekkadelli amathandiza Epicureanism, kukangana kuti kudziletsa ndiye mosemphana ndi chilengedwe, ndi kuti kukhumba zinthu zosangalatsa ayenera adzamangidwa kokha ngati zina ndi kukhazikitsa zosangalatsa kwambiri. Niccoli amachitikira okamba nkhani, kulengeza zolinga za Mkhristu Hedonism, malinga ndi zimene kwambiri - chimwemwe chosatha kuti alipo yekha mu mphamvu (mwa kulankhula kwina, njira zopezera chimwemwe - izi ndi mtendere). Niccoli wotchedwa wopambana awiri, koma Bekkadelli kumayambitsa mkangano woyankhula mwanzeru kuti mfundo yake ya view - ndi chifukwa bwinobwino zimene ya okangana ankapeza yekha Lorenzo Valla. buku limeneli lili kutsutsa aukali wa scholasticism ndi kumene kumakhala Amonke moyo wosasangalala, choncho amatchedwa maganizo kamodzi ankhanza kwambiri kwa wolemba.

stylistics Latin

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma cinai humanists anayamba kuphunzira chakale malemba wakale, kuyesera kutsitsimutsa mzimu wa nthawi Agiriki ndi Aroma. Lorenzo Valla, amene umunthu umaonekera m'ntchito zake yovuta, anaika kwambiri khama mu ntchito kudzayambitsa "za kukongola chinenero Latin" umene kusanthula mitundu ya Latin galamala, pamodzi ndi malamulo stylistic ndi malamulo a apamwamba. Mu ntchito iyi Valla anasiyanitsa kalembedwe kaso wa olemba akale (monga Cicero ndi Quintilian) clumsiness wa akale ndi zampingo Latin.

Ambiri a m'nthawi Valley, wodziwika kanjedza zolembalemba, anatenga ntchitoyi kutsutsa munthu, ngakhale philologist sanatchule mayina apadera mabuku ake. Chifukwa cha ichi, Lorenzo Valla anapanga kwambiri ndi adani, koma nkhani "Pa kukongola ..." wakhala anayambitsa gulu la kuwongolera kalembedwe Latin. Mosakayikira, ntchito yake kwambiri; m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, iwo ali kutali pasadakhale ndiponso kutumikira monga maziko chitukuko cha nzeru kwakukulu latsopano ndi njira zolembalemba.