CHITSANZO ofunika Kusankha ndi kusankha zazikulu. Zitsanzo za ofunika njira yosankhira

Chitsanzo chabwino cha kusankha wosasunthika - ndi masoka kusankha, kugwirizana ndi anthu ofuna waukulu kuchimwa makhalidwe poyerekeza ndi ndalama pafupifupi.

Features kusankha

Mbadwo uliwonse kamakhala kuchotsa nyama, zomwe ziri zosiyana ndi mulingo woyenera pafupifupi chizindikiro pa malo ena. Chitsanzo cha kugwirizanitsa kusankha m'chilengedwe m'pamene ndi kuteteza udindo wa anthu. Pakuti kuli zonse oimira ake akuyesetsa kukatenga zinthu pazipita kwa anatengera kwa zinthu zina.

Mitundu m'chilengedwe

Zitsanzo za ofunika kusankha zamoyo m'chilengedwe - chopereka pazipita kuti dziwe jini mibadwo atsopano ndi anthu ambiri ochuluka. Koma asayansi anatha kutsimikizira mwa kuzipenya yambiri ya anthu zachilengedwe nyama ndi mbalame, kumumvera zinthu yosiyana. Pamaso pa ambiri anapiye chisa chakudya kovuta kwambiri, kotero iwo ali ang'onoang'ono kwambiri ndi ofooka kuposa amene kukula mu pafupifupi. Choncho ofufuza adakhoza molondola kukhazikitsa zitsanzo za zimene wosasunthika kusankha, atsimikizire kusinthasintha kupulumuka mu mbalame, kukhala ndi digiri pafupifupi wobereketsa.

Chisankho mokomera ndi zaka

Pamene akuyerekeza mbalame ndi manambala osiyanasiyana a ana chinapezeka kuti pali zizindikiro zingapo zomwe zitsanzo za ofunika mawonekedwe kusankha. Nyama Newborn ndi otsika kulemera, komanso thupi kwambiri, makamaka anaphedwa ndi masabata 1-2 zakubadwa. Monga kwa achinyamata ndi magawo ambiri, iwo mosavuta kunditumiza ku woyamba masabata angapo linakhalapo, anayamba, anafa pa mlingo osachepera.

Tiyeni tione chitsanzo china cha kugwirizanitsa kusankha kugwirizana ndi mbalame. Pamene, pa zimenezo, anaganiza kudziwa kukula kwa mapiko a mbalame imene anamwalira pambuyo pa chimvula cha mphepo, chinapezeka kuti ambiri a iwo anali ngakhale kochepa kwambiri, kapena, Tikawonetsetsa mapiko yaitali kwambiri. chitsanzo cha kugwirizanitsa kusankha limasonyezanso bwino kupulumuka kwa anthu ndi zinthu pafupifupi.

Zimayambitsa olimba otsika

Chitsanzo cha mphamvu ya ofunika mawonekedwe kusankha zamoyo, yesani kuona zimene zimayambitsa waukulu olimba otsika a anthu zinthu amuyaya. Chifukwa ntchito zamphamvu zokhazokha sangathe kutsukidwa ndi anthu ena kupewa njira osafunika? chifukwa chagona pa mfundo yakuti monga kubadwa kwa mwana watsopano zimachitika masinthidwe zosiyanasiyana, komanso chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri anthu Zamphamvu ndi heterozygous genotypes. Pa mating amaika akuwaza a ana, ndipo pali mibadwo watsopano homozygous, yomwe zayamba yafupika kusinthasintha kwa zinthu kupulumuka. chodabwitsa oterowo amatchedwa polymorphism moyenera.

zitsanzo polymorphism

Zitsanzo yaikulu ya ofunika mawonekedwe kusankha zamoyo (polymorphism) - zenga selo magazi m'thupi. Izi woopsa matenda magazi m'zimene anthu homozygous kwa alleles ZOOPSA ndi hemoglobin (HbS), Umapha ali aang'ono. Koma ambiri anthu ali pafupipafupi otsika allele ichi, amagwirizana ndi masinthidwe ena. Koma asayansi anatha kukhazikitsa ubale pakati kukhalapo kwa thupi la jini ndi kukhalapo kwa malungo m'deralo. Zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti HbS heterozygote mtundu ndi kukana apamwamba matenda monga malungo, kuposa ndi wabwinobwino homozygote allele.

limagwirira masiyanidwe

Zitsanzo za ofunika zokwawa kusankha njira ena kudzikundikira masiyanidwe mu anthu achilengedwe. Kwa nthawi yoyamba chizindikiro cha ofunika kusankha zinali zodzaza ndi wasayansi kwambiri I. I. Shmalgauzenom. Iye anali wokhoza kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale atakumana khola aliko kwa miniti sasiya kusankha zamoyo, kusanduka akupitiriza. Ngakhale pa zonse anthu fenotayipi akupitiriza kusintha. Amaona chitsanzo cha ofunika mawonekedwe kusankha watsimikizira kusintha mpaka kalekale zikuchokera chibadwa. Chifukwa ofunika kusankha wotere majini wadera umene amaperekedwa kudzera chilengedwe zosiyanasiyana genotypes mulingo woyenera phenotypes.

Cholinga cha ofunika mawonekedwe kusankha zamoyo

Iwo akhoza kuteteza genotype anapanga ku mavuto obwera chifukwa cha ndondomeko kusintha. Chitsanzo ofunika mawonekedwe kusankha ndi kukhalapo kwa mitundu yakale monga Ginkgo, Tuatara. Iwo ofunika kusankha wateteza masiku ano kuti kukhala ndi khola chilengedwe "mafupawa wamoyo":

1. Tuatara, omwe ali ndi maonekedwe a nyama zokwawa zinalili m'nyengo Mesozoic.
2. Coelacanth ndi mbadwa Crossopterygii, bwino ku Paleozoic nyengo.
3. North America Posamu, marsupial amene wakhalapo kuyambira nthawi Cretaceous.
4. Gymnosperms zomera ginkgo, ofanana ndi maonekedwe nkhuni, zinatha mu nthawi Jurassic wa nyengo Mesozoic.

Machitidwe amenewa ofunika mawonekedwe kusankha zamoyo mpaka nthawi monga pali mavuto mbali makamaka kapena katundu unakhazikitsidwa.

Mmene masiyanidwe zachilengedwe

zinthu zonse sikuti chimodzimodzi kwa nthawi yaitali. Chifukwa kusintha nthawi zonse mmene chilengedwe anatengera mwa wosasunthika kusankha kwa iwo la anthu ena. Pali kusintha m'zinthu kubalana kuonekera achinyamata yapangidwa nthawi pamene pali okwanira kuchuluka kwa chuma chakudya kuchirikiza moyo. Ngati ana amabadwa kale kapena mochedwa kuposa nthawi anayembekezera, zidzachotsedwa ndi wosasunthika kusankha. Kodi zomera ndi nyama "kudziwa" za isanayambike yozizira? Yochepa kutsitsa kutentha ndi wonyenga kwambiri. Komanso, chaka chilichonse, kusintha kosangalatsa malire chilimwe ndi chisanu. Nyama mwamsanga anatani zizindikiro mwina opanda ana. Choncho, mbalame zambiri ndi nyama akutsogoleredwa ndi nthawi ya masana. Icho chinali chizindikiro kwa mitundu ya nyama ndi kuwalimbikitsa kuyamba ntchito zofunika: molting, kusamuka, kubalana. I. I. Shmalgauzenu kusonyeza kugwirizana ndi anatengera chilengedwe cha ofunika kusankha.

Mungasankhe kuvutika

Olimba kusankha kwathunthu akana zolakwika zonse ku ponseponse unakhazikitsidwa, amalimbikitsa mapangidwe zimagwirira majini kuti kuonetsetsa kutukula ndi mapangidwe phenotypes yabwino yochokera genotypes osiyana. Ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala chamoyo zonse kunachitika cha thupi ngakhale pamene kunja kusinthasintha malo.

Chiphunzitso cha A. Wallace ndi Charles Darwin

A chiphunzitso cha kusankha zamoyo akhala ngati gulu lalikulu kulenga kuti amatsogolera njira ya kusinthika kwa zinthu ndi Mzimuyo mawonekedwe ake. Natural kusankha anayamba kuganizira njira imene kupulumuka ndi kukhala ndi ana okha anthu amene adzalandira lipindulitsa pa zinthu zenizeni malo cholowa makhalidwe. Pamene potaya kusankha zamoyo mawu a chibadwa, tinganene za kufunika kwake kusankha cha masinthidwe zabwino ndi ma chibadwa. Iwo akhoza zimapezeka kupyolera kubereka, komanso kuli anthu kuli bwino ndi culling ma zoipa ndipo masinthidwe.

Anthu zamoyo amene si chibadwa sangathe kupulumuka mu zinthu zina, akuphedwa. Natural kusankha angathe "ntchito" pamaziko a kubalana wa zamoyo, ngati wofooka anthu sali okonzekera mbewu zonse kunachitika, kapena musatisiye kumbuyo ana. Pankhaniyi, osati ndi kusankha ndi kukana makhalidwe ena obwera chifukwa cha zamoyo, ndipo anawononga genotypes kuti kunyamula zizindikiro zofanana.

Pa mitundu ya kusankha zamoyo

Pa nthawi, izo anaganiza kuonetsetsa mitundu zotsatirazi kusankha zimenezi, ndi za iwo, amene amatchulidwa mu sayansi mabuku sukulu.

1. Olimba kusankha zamoyo.
2. Mphamvu kusankha.
3. Akugwera kusankha.

Mphamvu kusankha Ndi mmene ya kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, umene ndi chinthu, omwe anakhala kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, mafakitale melaninogenez khalidwe gulugufe pamaphulikaphulika njenjete, zogwirizana asiyane chifukwa mafakitale makungwa mwaye birch. Popeza tizilombo ankatha kuona ndi maziko a mitengo "watsopano", iwo mwamsanga anawononga mbalame. Mdima agulugufe ZOOPSA kupulumuka kubereka, ndipo pang'onopang'ono mdima gulugufe osinthika kukhala lalikulu Fomu anthu anapatsidwa.

Chifukwa pafupifupi mtengo amasinthira ku chinthu panopa chafotokozedwa yatsoka psychrophilic ndi nyama thermophilic ndi zomera. Kuthamangitsa kusankha chipangizo zinachititsa kuti mabakiteriya, nkhungu, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ena anthu nyama zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ulimi ndi mankhwala. Mphamvu kusankha akhoza kufotokoza kwa mawu kuchepetsa maso pa anthu okhala phanga ndi timadontho-timadontho, komanso kumwalira kwa ena mapiko a mbalame. Zoterezi chimake, kusankha ndi zizindikiro za nthambi, chifukwa mu genotypes Kunyamula pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi ena, osati kupanga kupatukira ndi mitundu Transitional.

Akugwera kusankha umabala mitundu kwambiri zipangizo mtundu uliwonse wapakatikati akufa kunja. Chifukwa zosokoneza kusankha aumbike njira ziwiri kapena zambiri masiyanidwe zomwe zimadzetsa polymorphism. Ndi kulimbana kuli ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri, chimene chiri limagwirira waukulu kusankha lachibadwa. Mpikisano, predation, amensalizm ankaona zitatu zazikulu za kulimbana kwa kukhalapo.