Chitukuko sitipereka ndi khalidwe la ... sitipereka Postembryonic Development: Zitsanzo

Development ndi zinthu zofunika pa moyo. Imayamba ndi dzira ndipo itha ndi kutha msinkhu. Pakuti nthawi pambuyo embryonic amakhala ndi chitukuko mwachindunji kapena kudzera m'njira zina. Direct chitukuko - ndiyo njira kwachilengedwenso womwe multicellular chamoyo limakula ndi kumakula, complicating bungwe lawo. chodabwitsa ndi zina kwa anthu, nsomba, mbalame ndi nyama.

Sitipereka chitukuko - njira imene Ndisanaumbidwe akufotokozera n'kukhala munthu wachikulire okhudzidwa munthu ndi gawo larval limodzi metamorphosis. chodabwitsa Izi zimachitika Mwachitsanzo, invertebrates kwambiri ndipo achule.

Makamaka pambuyo embryonic nthawi

Nthawi chitukuko pambuyo embryonic limodzi ndi kusintha makhalidwe morphological, makhalidwe ndi zinyama. Kulongosola chitukuko cha mbali khalidwe ndi atabadwa mwana wosabadwayo ndi buku kakang'ono wa wamkulu, kumasiyana okha kukula ndiponso kusapezeka kwa makhalidwe ena amene anagula okha ndi nthawi. Chitsanzo adzakhala chitukuko cha munthu, nyama ndi ena zokwawa. chitukuko sitipereka ndi zina mwa invertebrates, mollusks ndipo achule. Mu nkhani iyi, mwana wosabadwayo ali kusiyana kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nyama wamkulu. Chitsanzo cha abwino gulugufe wamba. Pokhapo zikakwaniritsidwa magawo angapo a chitukuko, ndi larva yaing'ono kusandulika kupitirira kuzindikira.

nthawi chitukuko

Nthawi chitukuko pambuyo embryonic monga zaumbanda siteji, kukhwima ndi ukalamba.

• Zaumbanda nthawi chimakwirira nthawi chibadwire kuti kutha msinkhu. Sitepe kenako anatengera kwa chilengedwe chatsopano. Dziwani kuti nyama zambiri ndi zokwawa, amene yodziwika ndi njira yolunjika kukula pambuyo embryonic, anayamba chimodzimodzi. kusiyana yekha munthawi. Zikuthera nyengo ya kutha msinkhu.

• kukhwima nyengo otchedwa gawo ubereki, yodziwika ndi kukatseka kukula. Mu thupi pali kudziona watsopano wa nyumba zina ndi matenda awowo pang'onopang'ono.
• okalamba nthawi deceleration anatsatira mwa njira kuchepetsa. Childs, kuchepa thupi anati. Ngati pakhala alowererepo amphamvu, imfa zachilengedwe kumachitika pamene kachitidwe yofunika chifukwa cha liwiro njira zonse Kusiya ntchito.

Sitipereka chitukuko: Zitsanzo ndi masiteji

Tiyeni tione mmene moyo ikutuluka munthu watsopano. Direct ndi mosadziwika chitukuko - liwu kufotokoza njira zosiyanasiyana nyama zinyalala, limene limayamba ndi dzira. Pa chitukuko pambuyo embryonic ali potsiriza anapanga machitidwe limba, pali kukula, kusasitsa kugonana , kenakonso yotsatira osiyanasiyana. Chotsatira ndi ukalamba, ndipo pakalibe alowererepo kunja amabwera imfa yachibadwa.

• Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kubadwa akuyamba angapo kusinthika. Panthawi imeneyi chosiyana ndi thupi wamkulu onse kunja ndi mkati.
• Gawo lachiwiri - kusintha mu thupi zatsopano. Metamorphosis - ndi kusintha postembryonic mu mawonekedwe thupi ndi alternating magawo angapo.
• Mbali yachitatu - chomaliza, amene umatha ndi kutha msinkhu ndi kubereka ana.

Zochita za tikupanga

chitukuko sitipereka ndi khalidwe la zamoyo multicellular. A mtsogolo dzira larva, lomwe mkati ndi kunja sali ngati munthu wamkulu. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ndi wosavuta mankhwala, kawirikawiri ndi chikalata ang'onoang'ono. maonekedwe awo, zingakhale chosonyeza ofanana ndi makolo awo lakutali. Chitsanzo adzakhala larva amphibian monga chule.

Kunja, ndi namchidwe ndi amatikumbutsa kwambiri nsomba yaing'ono. Chifukwa ziwalo wapadera larval, sakhoza kukhala moyo chosiyana kuposa toyesa okhwima. Ngakhale achikalekale kusiyana zoberekera, kotero theka mphutsi sangathe ayesedwa. Mu nambala inayake mitundu, nthawi imeneyi chitukuko ali ndi mbali yaikulu ya moyo wawo.

The kwakukulu metamorphosis

Mu chitukuko zotsalira za nyama wakhanda ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe okhwima a zingapo zochititsa anatomical. Ndisanaumbidwe zimaswa mazira mu mawonekedwe mphutsi zimene amaloŵamo metamorphosis kwakukulu patsogolo akafika siteji wake wamkulu. chitukuko sitipereka ndi khalidwe la nyama kuikira mazira ambiri. Izi ndi zina echinoderms, achule ndi tizilombo (agulugufe, dragonflies, achule ndi zina zotero). Mphutsi angelo amenewa kawirikawiri mu malo osiyana kwambiri zachilengedwe kuposa nyama wamkulu. Iwo amadya, kukula ndi panthawi ina lidzasanduke nyama wamkulu. Izi metamorphosis lonse limodzi ndi kusintha zambiri zokhudza thupi.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa chitukuko mwachindunji

Plus chitukuko mwachindunji ndi kukula ayenera kuli mphamvu ndi zosakaniza, popeza palibe rearrangement lonse zimachokeradi mu thupi. The downside ndi chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo ukusowa nkhokwe yaikulu ya zakudya mazira kapena kufungatira m'mimba.

Mbali zoipa n'chakuti pakati pa nyama ndi munthu wamkulu akhoza kukhala mpikisano mwa mitundu monga malo awo ndi zakudya ali yemweyo.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa tikupanga

Chifukwa chakuti zamoyo za mtundu zotsalira za moyo yosiyana niches zachilengedwe, mpikisano pakati pa mphutsi ndi kawirikawiri akuluakulu sanalembedwepo. Ubwino ndi chakuti mphutsi za zolengedwa amangokhala kuthandiza kum'kulitsa dera maganizo a malo ake. Mwa kuipa kwa m'pofunika mwachindunji kuti chitukuko zotsalira za nyama mu wamkulu zambiri kumatenga nthawi yaitali. Pakuti masinthidwe Mkhalidwe muyenera wambirimbiri zakudya ndi mphamvu.

Mitundu ya tikupanga

Zotsatirazi mitundu ya chitukuko mozungulira: metamorphosis zonse ndi tsankho. The kutukula wa mozungulira kutembenuka khalidwe la tizilombo (njenjete, kafadala, ena Hymenoptera). Aswa mphutsi kuyamba kudya kuwala, kukula kenako kukhala amodzi cocoons. Mmenemonso, ziwalo zonse za thupi ndi kuphwanya, ndi chifukwa chuma ma ndipo anapeza zakudya ndi maziko mapangidwe matupi chosiyana, khalidwe la chamoyo wamkulu.

Tsankho metamorphosis mozungulira postembryonic chitukuko khalidwe kwa mitundu yonse ya nsomba ndi achule, ena mitundu mphutsi, mollusks ndi tizilombo. Chachikulu kusiyana ku kutembenuka kwathunthu ndi yonena za siteji chikhungwa.

Udindo zamoyo siteji larval

The larval gawo - pa nyengo ya kukula yogwira ndi kusunga zatu. Maonekedwe ndi zambiri zosiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe wamkulu. Iwo ndi nyumba zawo wapadera ndi matupi, zomwe mulibe anthu okhwima. zakudya zawo amasiyana. Mphutsi nthawi zambiri ndinazolowera chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, tadpoles moyo mwapadera kawiri m'madzi, koma zapamtunda, ngati chule wamkulu. Ena mitundu mu gawo akuluakulu mapulani pamene mphutsi yawo kusuntha ndi ntchito luso limeneli kuti akusuntha komanso kukweza malo m'deralo.