Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ku Russia

Mu 1861 chochitika zinachitika omwe ankayembekezera, anthu ambiri pang'onopang'ono kwa nthawi kuti Russia, ndi amene muyaya zinasintha kalekale. Mfumu Alexander Wachiwiri anapereka Ndondomeko amene anapanga wamba monga anthu a ufulu, sunali mumzinda wa. Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa mfumu kuti abatizidwe? Kodi zifukwa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia?

Background ndi zifukwa kwa kusintha

Pofika m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, kufunika kuwonongedwa kwa serfdom anakhala zambiri chenicheni. Mwakhama azitha asapita msika kunadetsa akulephera chikhalidwe kapolo wa Amaya. Mu 1840s, ndi dziko anayamba mafakitale zisinthe - kusintha kwa ntchito yamanja kwa makina. Chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi zomera anafuna ntchito, omwe osowa - ndi landlords Sizichita kukhala wopanda ntchito zosadziwika. Ngati iwo anamasulidwa m'mphawi ntchito, Chilombocho chikhalidwe kupereka mbuye wa ndalama movutikira. Izi, kumene, kuchuluka mtengo wa ntchito ndi zina angaletsedwe chitukuko cha mafakitale.

Kuteteza serfdom beater ndi ulimi. Kupezeka kwa amakakamizidwa m'mphawi ntchito angaletsedwe chitukuko cha umisiri pang'onopang'ono kwa kulima, kumayambiriro luso ulimi. The landlords anali njira chosavuta - podula wamba wambiri ndi kukula serfdom. mfundo zimenezi zinachititsa alimi landlords zambiri osauka, ndipo - kwa bankirapuse. Olemekezeka kunadetsa ngongole, mortgaging zigawo zawo. Mu 1850s mochedwa, 65% ya serfs anali anaika mu mabanki nzika ngati malo alionse. Choncho chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia zingachitike pang'ono njira zina - boma zingakhale zokwanira kuti achotse zigawo za landlords 'ngongole ya. Koma chifukwa china zokhumba d'etat, ndipo ngati sitepe, Alexander II, ndithudi, sanapite.

Kuyesa mwanjira kusintha zinthu ziliri pa anthu wamba ndi boma akuchita patsogolo. Choncho, mu 1803, iye anapereka lamulo lachifumu "Pa alimi ufulu" umene alimi akhoza kumasuka ku ukapolo dipo. Koma kukhala mfulu kwa nthawi kuchokera 1803 mpaka 1825 tinatha anthu 47 okha zikwi. chifukwa anali mkulu dipo - rubles 400 siliva pa munthu, ndi kusafuna wa nzika polekanitsa ndi ntchito zosadziwika. Mu 1804-1805 gg. mu Livonia ndipo Estland wamba anapanga ogwiritsa moyo wonse wa dziko lawo, ndipo analoledwa kupitiriza iwo ndi cholowa. Kukodzedwa ndi ufulu wawo - mu 1801 analoledwa pangano dziko, ndipo kenako analola kuti malonda ndi kuchita mu mzere. Popeza 1844, boma anayambitsa otchedwa kusintha kwa kufufuza, malinga ndi zimene adakhazikitsa chiwerengero chenicheni cha ntchito dziko limene zidalowa a m'mabuku - otchedwa kulingalira. kalembera wawo likupitirirabe chifukwa kulimbikira kwa landlords lapansi. Pakuti mabwalo ulamuliro izo ayamba bwino kuti kusintha zodzikongoletsera mderali satero - zimafunika chiyembekezo chakuti wathunthu wa serfdom mu Russia.

Wamba kusakhutira mavuto awo anakula ndi kudutsa chaka. Makamaka chathandiza pambuyo zinalephereka Crimea nkhondo, amene anakula vuto la ndalama dziko. Pa nthawi kuchokera 1856 mpaka 1860 mu Russia anali zina 815. wamba zipolowe (kuyerekezera. Mu zaka 1850-1855 panali okwana 215). Kugonjetsedwa mu nkhondo ndi ntchito pa mabwalo ulamuliro: kunapezeka kuti Russia anataya, makamaka chifukwa cha backwardness ake zachuma. Inde, ndi kukula cha zolakwa wamba sichinawakomere yabwino boma. Motero, mavuto amene panali chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia, akhoza mwachidule anafotokoza motere: mavuto a zachuma ndi kuopsa m'mphawi nkhondo.

yokonza kusintha

March 30, 1856, Alexander II analankhula Moscow otchuka ndi kulankhula zimene iye anafotokoza zinthu mu dziko ndipo ananena kuti ndi bwino kumasula mphamvu wamba boma ndi landlords mpaka achita izo okha okha. Choncho mfumu ali unambiguously umanena olemekezeka kuti zinthu zidzasinthire m'tsogolo muno mosalephera.

ntchito yoyamba Kumasuka wa serfs ananyamula Committee Chinsinsi pa Affairs wamba, koma zotsatira chogwirika cha ntchito zake sapatsidwa, kenako m'chaka cha 1858 ku yokonza kusintha anakopeka bwalo onse a anthu. makomiti akuzigawo a anthu olemekezeka amene anakonza kusintha ntchito inakonzedwa, amene adatumizidwa kwa Komiti ya Main. ntchito amenewa amaonedwa drafting ntchito analipo pa komiti. Funso wamba ankakambirana womkanikizawo, zomwe kusintha sizingasinthe. Monga akhoza ankayembekezera landlords chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia, kuziyika izo modekha, sakusangalala. Ambiri mwa ntchito opatsidwa ndi makomiti zigawo anapereka kumasula wamba kapena kuwapatsa dzikolo, kapena kusiya magawo ochepa kwambiri. atsogoleri owolowa manja (K.D.Kavelin, A.M.Unkovsky) adati alimi anamasulidwa pansi, koma ndalama zambiri. Mu mapeto, Baibulo kaŵirikaŵiri zitani ndipo analandira Komiti Drafting. Koma ambiri a madalitso ake anapanga yopindulitsa kwambiri kwa nzika.

Kusintha ndi zotsatira zake

Pomaliza, 19 February 1861 , pa chikumbutso cha ulamuliro wake, Alexander Wachiwiri anavomereza Manifesto ndi Malamulo a kusintha wamba. Wamba tidakocheza anakhala "anthu akumidzi" ndipo anapatsidwa ufulu chuma. Tsopano iwo alibe zimadalira mwininyumba ndipo akhoza kusankha zochita zawo - malonda, kuchita ntchito zamanja, kudziletsa kuchita ndikupeleka aliyense, kusamukira ku zigawo zina, kuteteza ufulu wawo mu khoti, kukwatirana popanda chilolezo aliyense. dziko lawo wamba anali kugula kuchokera mwininyumba lapansi. 20-25% ya kuchuluka iwo analipira okha, ndipo ena operekedwa ndi boma. Isanafike malipiro a cholowa cha wamba mwinimunda ankaziona ngati mongoyembekezera, ndiye, anali kuchita utumiki m'mbuyomo. Monga dziko ankasamba mu mgwirizano ndi mwininyumba, ndi kusintha kwa chiwombolo anatambasula kwa nthawi yaitali. Ngati si chifukwa cha ngongole za nzika za dziko, kukakamiza iwo agwirizane pa kugula dziko ndi osawuka, chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia akanati anatambasula kwa osawerengeka. Kwa amphawi, ndi kugula dziko anatembenuka zaka za ukapolo - kuchuluka lolipiridwa ndi boma, chabwezedwa kwa zaka 49, ngakhale ndi chidwi.

Ndipo komabe, ngakhale zolakwa zake, kusintha wamba anali Phindu pa chuma. Kusintha kwa wamba mu eni masitolo amamangitsa ufulu anawapatsa mwayi kuchita timakhala msika. makampani anali wokhoza kuti apange kwa kusowa ntchito. Ndipo ambiri Chofunika - kusintha kwa kutsogolera kwa kusintha latsopano mu dziko - ndi County, milandu, chuma, ankhondo ndi kusintha zinthu zina kuti anasintha dongosolo chuma ndi ndale ya Russian Ufumu.