Sultan wa Ottoman ndi 99th Halif Abdul-Hamid II: yonena, banja

Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX wa Ottoman anali mu mkhalidwe mavuto. Izvedonnaya nkhondo m'mbuyo m'zonse, dziko amafunika kukonzanso. Tanzimat kusintha, amene anachitika ku 1839, Abdul Medzhid Ine, zagwira izo ndithu. Koma mu '70s, mu ulamuliro wa Sultan Abdul Aziz, iwo alinkuthedwa. boma ndi pafupifupi zonse zinatha. Misonkho oponderezedwa Akhristu kuukira. Lamavuto phukusi la Mphamvu za ku Ulaya. Ndiye Chatsopano Ottoman, lotsogoledwa ndi Midhat Pasha, amene analota za tsogolo labwino kwa dziko, anakhala coups nyumba zingapo, chifukwa cha amene adadza kwa mphamvu, Abdul-Hamid II.

munthu, amene zikumangidwa ake ziyembekezo mwapang'onopang'ono aluntha, ndi limodzi mwa mwankhanza koposa autocrats ufumu, ndi ulamuliro wake ankatchedwa "zulyum" omwe anamasuliridwa kuchokera Turkey amatanthauza "chinyengo" kapena "nkhanza".

Kudziwa Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II anabadwa pa September 22, 1842. Makolo ake anali Sultan Abdul Majid Ine ndi mkazi wake chachinayi Tirimüjgan Sultan, amene anali, malinga n'kunena kwa Baibulo lina, ku Armenia, pa zina - chiyambi Circassian.

Mfumu m'tsogolo maphunziro kwambiri. Iwo makamaka odziwika zokhudza nkhondo. Abdul-Hamid ankadziwa bwino zinenero zosiyanasiyana wakhala tsankho kuti ndakatulo ndi nyimbo. Iye ankakonda kwambiri kuimba nyimbo za opera kuti anagonjetsa Caliph tsogolo paulendo wake mu Europe. Pakuti Ottoman luso ngati chinachake osadziwika mlendo, koma Abdul-Hamid wakuchitirani ntchito chitukuko kunyumba. Iye mpaka analemba opera ndi kuchiika Istanbul. Pamene August 31, 1876, Abdul-Hamid anakhala mfumu, palibe amene ankaganiza kuti iye adzakhala mlengi osati luso komanso ulamuliro wamagazi, amene adzatengedwa ndi masauzande ambirimbiri.

Lolowera ku mpando wachifumu "amagazi Sultan"

Masiku amenewo, watsopano Ottoman akuyesetsa kuti abweretse kusintha ndi malamulo. Ndiwofatsa Abdul-Aziz unachotsedwa ndi chotenga mbali May 30, 1876, ndipo masiku angapo kenako kuphedwa. M'malo mwake, kayendedwe oyendetsera dziko kuika Murat V, mbale wa Abdul-Hamid. Iye amatchuka chifukwa kudekha wake khalidwe, wachifundo ndi maphunziro kusintha. Koma feuds wamagazi, mwadzidzidzi zopezeka mphamvu ndi uchidakwa chifukwa kusokonezeka kwambiri ndi Sultan latsopano, moyo pachinyezi zinthu kutentha. Murat V sankatha kusamalira ufumu, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, sakanakhoza dziko ndi malamulo.

Zimene zikuchitika ku State ndi kunja kukula. Serbia ndi Montenegro kulengeza nkhondo pa Ufumu, kuyesera kutetezera Akristu a Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, opandukawo ndi goli Turkey. Murat V anatsimikizidwa anapenga mphamvu anali Abdul Hamid II wa, ndikulonjeza Ottoman latsopano kukwaniritsa zofuna zawo zonse.

Kulalikidwa kwa woyamba Turkey malamulo

Pa mtima, Caliph sanali kutsatira maganizo owolowa manja. Koma momasuka malo awo nadza naye ku mpando wachifumu wa anzeru Turkey zinali zoopsa. The watsopano Ottoman yakumeneko anayamba kuchedwa kulalikidwa kwa Constitution, kunena ungwiro wake. Chilamulo Basic nthawi zonse reworked ndi bwino anatsekula. Nthawiyi, Russia akufuna m'nyengo ya mtendere ndi Serbia ndi Montenegro, ndipo mogwirizana ndi mphamvu European chinayamba kudziyimira pawokha ntchito Bulgaria a Bosnia ndi Herzegovina.

Mu zinthu ziliri pano, Midhat Pasha anali wokonzeka kutaya chilichonse chifukwa cha kulengeza malamulo a. Abdul-Hamid wasankha mutu watsopano wa Ottoman Grand Vizier ndipo anavomera kuzilengeza mu chikhalidwe zimawonjezera item wina kuti katunduyo. 113, malinga ndi zomwe, mfumu ina akhoza kutulutsa choipa chirichonse mwa nkhope yake. The Constitution anali kupereka ufulu ndi mtendere wa munthu aliyense mosaganizira chipembedzo, analengeza December 23, 1876 pa msonkhano Istanbul. Pa chigamulo chake, Abdul-Hamid analumala mongoyembekezera khama European kumasula Akhristu ndipo anapitiriza mphamvu pafupifupi zopanda malire.

Kuphedwa kwa a Ottoman latsopano

Chikadzangotha kulengeza Constitution Caliph anayamba ntchito molakwika Zachuma ndi kuyambitsa chitsutsocho za manyuzipepala matauni. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kusiyana nkhanza Midhat Pasha, amene Anasonyeza kusakhutira ndi ntchito ya Sultan. Abdul-Hamid ananyalanyaza zionetsero mpaka vizier chachikulu sanalembe iye kalata molimba mtima. Mmenemo Midhat Pasha amanena kuti Caliph yekha kumalepheretsa chitukuko cha dziko. Ottoman Sultan, anakwiya ngati kudzikuza, analamula amangidwe mutu wa constitutionalists ndi kupulumutsa ngalawa "Izzedin" mkulu amene amayenera kutenga Midhat Pasha doko dziko lililonse la kumtima kwawo. The Caliph anali zikomo mpaka Kuwonjezera Art. 113 la Constituion wa Ottoman.

kwambiri za kupondereza ndi olekerera, koma iwo si amene anayambitsa chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa anthu zinachitikadi m'miyezi ikubwerayi. NdiAmene za m'malamulo woyamba sankasamala za thandizo kalasi, kotero zochita zawo zabwino anali momasuka achotsa wakuwasokeretsa Abdul-Hamid II.

Chiyambi cha nyengo ya "zulyuma"

The Caliph akufuna palibe malamulo kugonjera m'gulu kapena mogwirizana ndi mphamvu European. Protocol, wasenza mwa iwo chakachi Conference ndi Istanbul, anafuna kuthetsa chiwawa ndi Akristu anali sitalaka Abdul Hamid II anangonyalanyaza zonena. Ndipo Russia kulengeza nkhondo pa Ufumu, zomwe zinaonetsa onse zosauma ndi backwardness sultanatskogo boma mu April 1877. Mu March 1878, iye agonjetsedwa wathunthu wa Ottoman. Padakali pano, zotsatira za nkhondo anali mwachidule pa Berlin Congress, ndi kuchenjerera Abdul-Hamid kusungunuka yamalamulo kalekale, potero kuwamana mphamvu malamulo.

nkhondo anabweretsa ufumu zomvetsa yaikulu malo. Kuchokera pansi mphamvu zake anatuluka Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Romania, ndi maiko ena. boma ali chikangoperekedwa ndi indemnity yaikulu, ndipo Abdul Hamid II pa mapeto a msonkhano anali kupanga kusintha m'madera litadzala ndi Armenia. Zingatanthauze kuti moyo wachikhristu ndi bwino, koma Sultan wa Ottoman Sichinatsitsidwe anakwaniritsa malonjezano. Komanso, atagonjetsedwa yochititsa manyazi pa nkhondo lingaliro owolowa manja potsiriza wosweka ndi dziko anadza nthawi wakuda, amatchedwa "zulyum".

Kuchepa chuma dziko

Abdul-Hamid kwathunthu anagwira mphamvu. Iye anayesera kuti tisunge umphumphu m'zigawozo boma ndi malingaliro a Islamism. 99th Caliph ankachita zinthu za Arab, Circassian ndi Chikudishi ambuye ang'onoang'ono, wapamwamba atsogoleri achipembedzo Muslim ndi bureaucracy lalikulu. Iwo makamaka analamulira dziko. doko popanda kudandaula anakhala chidole m'manja mwawo. Zachuma kudzadza likuvutika ngongole yachilendo. Mangawa anakula alendo mwapatsidwa chilolezo. Mphamvu kachiwiri ananena yokha zinatha. Angongole Ufumu unakhazikitsidwa "Dipatimenti ya ngongole Ottoman anthu." Dziko kwathunthu anagwa m'manja a zachuma padziko lonse ndi kulamuliridwa ndi likulu zakunja iwo, chimene monga mundilanda kale osauka. Tax kuponderezana dziko chawonjezeka kwambiri. mphamvu yaikulu sanali kumusamalira, kukhala theka-njuchi a achilendo.

Lodana ndi wankhanza

Pa zinthu izi, mfumu yakumeneko anali ambiri amaopa tsoka la Abdul-Aziz ndi Murat V. Mantha ya mafunsidwe zotheka a zokhumba nyumba nalowa lodana, omwe ankavutika chilichonse. Yildiz Palace, amene anaika Caliph, anadzazidwa ndi alonda.

Pali mwakhala ntchito mwakhama kuti iwo ndi Bureau, kulamulira zochita za mabungwe onse a boma, ndi tsoka la apamwamba Sanov Ufumu. Kanthu kakang'ono kalikonse kamene kusasangalatsidwa Abdul Hamid zingawatayitse munthu osati imfa udindo, komanso moyo. The anzeru wakhala mdani yaikulu ya Sultan, kotero iye mwachangu analimbikitsa umbuli. Palibe mtumiki, lotsogoledwa madoko dipatimenti, anali wamaphunziro pamwamba. Chifukwa cha chikanapitirizidwira kwa kusadalirika, choncho zokayikitsa kwa Sultan. akuluakulu akuzigawo ndi chiyani sanathe popitilira mkulu mlingo chikhalidwe. Mu mabwalo awo analamulira mwankhanza ndi ziphuphu. Abdul Hamid yekha adalipo osati kusiya nyumba yachifumu. Kupatulapo anali selyamlik yekha. Adakonza yaikulu kazitape maukonde ndi analenga apolisi, amene wakhala wotchuka padziko lonse. Pa anapita limanena lowoneka ku chikwama anthu.

Kazitape maukonde ndi apolisi

Si munthu mmodzi mu dziko sanali otetezeka. Anthu ankaopa ngakhale amuna wapafupi - akazi, makolo - ana. chidzudzulo ndi kuzitsatira, kumangidwa ndi magulu anali ofanana. Nthawi zambiri munthu anangopha popanda mlandu. Atsogoleri kufufuza anthu kudziwa pa nkhope ndi akapezeka anathaŵirako. Anaziika kunachitidwa ndi chiwerengero apamwamba. Sultan anadziwa za iwo chilichonse, kuphatikizapo kadyedwe. Ngakhale pafupifupi kwambiri kwa Caliph munthu sanathe kukhala mwamtendere. Mkati mwa bwalo camarilla atapachikidwa wopondereza chikhalidwe cha mantha ndi kukayikirana. Azondi anali mu mphambano iliyonse ya dziko. Iye anasamuka ku pafupifupi onse kumbali ya kusintha.

kufufuza mabuku

Zosindikiza wakhala pansi kufufuza kwambiri. chiwerengero cha mabuku ali utachepa kwambiri. Mawu monga "ufulu", "nkhaza", "kufanana" ankatengedwa oukira. ntchito zawo kutaya moyo wake.

Zoletsedwa mabuku anali Voltaire, Byron, Tolstoy, ndipo ngakhale Shakespeare, makamaka tsoka "Hamlet", chifukwa anali kupha mfumu. olemba Turkey anafuna ngakhale ntchito zake kuthana ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe cha ndale.

Mayunivesite kuyang'aniridwa. Aliyense kwaulere-Ankatchera mu Mphukira. Mbiri ya Islam ndi mafumu Ottoman m'malo nkhani miyambo mbiri ya dziko lapansi.

Awonongedwe misa a ku Armenia

Sultan wa Ottoman mwadala kubzala chisokonezo pakati pa Asilamu ndi anthu Mkhristu. lamuloli anali wololera. Kudana zimapangitsa anthu ofooka ndi kusokonezeka pa nkhani zikuluzikulu. Palibe mu boma sanathe kupereka atangokanidwa koyenera mtsogoleri. Iye anachititsa udani pakati pa anthu, pogwiritsa ntchito zida za kufufuza ndi apolisi. Pamenepo asilikali okwera pamahatchi "Hamidiya Bazaar" analengedwa ndi thandizo la Kurds. Sultan Zankhanza mantha anthu. Makamaka ndi mantha awo anavutika ndi Armenia. Kuyambira 1894 mpaka 1896 inapha 300 zikwi. Man.

Armenia nthawi yomweyo ndalama zimene anapereka kwa Kurds ndi msonkho wa ufumu. Mphamvu, ndatopa ululu wa maulamuliro, anthu ayesa zionetsero. yankho anali anagonjetsa midzi, yatcheredwa mitembo. Armenia yopsereza moyo, wolemala ndipo anapha midzi yonseyo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Erzurum kuphedwa anatenga gawo ndi asilikali, ndi losavuta Turkey anthu. Ndipo mu kalata imodzi msilikali Ottoman analandira banja, ananena kuti palibe Turkey sanali anavulala, ndipo palibe Armenia adzasiyidwa wamoyo.

Magwero a kuwatsutsa

Mkati mwa mantha ambiri, owonongedwa ndi umphawi anaima la Turkey. Iwo yakumeneko anasintha kwambiri zidalengedwa. Iwo anali mkulu-mapeto usilikali ndipo maphunziro kwambiri. Kwenikweni, asilikali Turkey mwakhala anthu ambiri ŵakusanga mu ufumuwo. Woyenera m'zonse, iwo sanali kuyang'ana modekha pa zimene zimapangitsa dziko awo wankhanza Abdul Hamid akafuna 2. Pamaso pawo adapanga manyazi ndipo anawononga ufumu, amene analamulira mwankhanza ndi kuba, zachiwawa ndi looting; amene kwenikweni akulamulira Europe, kuti apfudze bwino a chigawo ake.

Ziribe kanthu kuchuluka nizitsamwitsa Sultan owolowa manja ganizo mu malingaliro a anzeru watsopano, iwo anabadwa ndi olemera. Ndipo mu 1889 panali gulu chinsinsi cha Young Turkey, zomwe chinali chiyambi cha kukana wamagazi kwa despotism wa Abdul-Hamid. Mu 1892, iwo anamva za Port. Ophunzira anamangidwa, koma patatha miyezi yochepa ndi Sultan anawamasula ndipo ngakhale kupitiriza maphunziro ake. Abdul-Hamid sanafune kutenthetsa m'mlengalenga m'masukulu komanso kukopera zochita zawo escapade achinyamata. A gulu chosintha unkafalikirabe.

Young Turk zisinthe

Kwa zaka khumi, ndi gulu la mabungwe Young Turk. M'mizinda, timapepala ta, timabuku, manyuzipepala, amene nthawi zambiri anadzudzula Sultan boma ndi kulimbikitsa chiwonongeko wake. Anti-boma amaganiza zinafika pa chimake pamene mu 1905 panali kusintha mu Russia, mwamsanga mu mitima ya ophunzira Turkey.

Caliph anataya zina ndi mosiku tulo mantha kuti mphekesera za iye, makamaka mutiny wa a panyanjawa Russian pa nkhondo "Potemkin", zinapatsira ku Istanbul. Iye analamulanso ndi kufufuza pa zombo Turkey asilikali kuti tidziwe mzimu woukira boma. Sultan Abdul Hamid II ankaona kuti ulamuliro wake akubwera ku mapeto. Ndipo mu 1905, izo ankafuna adzalephera.

Patapita zaka ziwiri, msonkhano wa mabungwe Young Turk, ndipo anaganiza kuchotsetsa pampando Sultan ndi khama olowa kubwezeretsa malamulo. Kumbali ya Young Turkey a Macedonia zinagwa anthu yokha asilikali yakumeneko a. Komabe, Caliph unachotsedwa. Iye anapita pa zokambirana ndi malamulo anali kachiwiri kulengeza July 10, 1908.

Kutha kwa nyengo "zulyuma"

Sultan wa Ottoman anakwaniritsa zofunika zonse za Young Turkey, koma mobisika anatambasulira chiwembu ndi malamulo. History linabwerezedwa okha kumapeto anali osiyana. Pamodzi ndi mwana wake Burhaneddin iwo anasonkhana mwa mzinda regiments otsatira, kukonkha golide lamanja ndi lamanzere. April usiku mu 1909 iwo anapanga bungwe kupanduka a. Young Turkey asilikali ku Regiment yomweyo anagwidwa ndipo ambiri anaphedwa. Army anapita nyumba yamalamulo nufuna kuti atumiki kusintha. Abdul-Hamid kenako kumufotokozera kuti sanali nawo atapanduka, koma sizinathandize. Young Turk "Army kanthu" Istanbul anagwira nakhala m'bwalo la Sultan. Atazungulira Mnyozo om'tsatira ake ndi banja, asakhalenso dziko, anakakamizika mudzipereke. April 27, 1909 mfumu yakumeneko unagonjetsedwa ndi kupita ku Salonika. Choncho amaika kuthetsa nkhanza za boma, amene anavutika analenga Abdul-Hamid. Mkazi anapita naye. Koma si onse koma wokhulupirika kwambiri.

Banja 99th Caliph

Banja Moyo Abdul-Hamid anali lililonse wa Ottoman Sultan. Caliph anakwatira nthawi 13. A anthu onse osankhidwa iye makamaka Ufumuyo awiri: Myushfike ndi Swaleh. Amadziwika kuti asiya yakumeneko kuchotsedwa mu vuto napita naye ku ukapolo. Akazi onse Ottoman Sultan bwino kusanduka ubwenzi. Ndi Safinaz Nurefzun iye analekana koma mu ulamuliro wake, ndi zina Thessaloníki wake kulekanitsidwa. Olowa Caliph kuyembekezera unenviable tsoka, iye anachotsa Abdul-Hamid. Ana a Sultan anathamangitsidwa mu 1924 ku Turkey. Yekha kale Caliph anabwerera ku Istanbul patatha zaka zochepa ukapolo ndi anafera pomwepo mu 1918.