Ottoman. Mafumu Turkey sultans

Pakuti mazana ambiri onse a zaka, imene nthawi mapangidwe ndi chitukuko ubale m'dziko lathu ndi mafuko kukhalamo tsopano ndi Turkey, anali silikuyenda bwino. Adani amphamvu nthawizonse Ottoman, maufumu amene akulamulira wa Ottoman kwa zaka zambiri.

Kodi iwo anachokera kuti?

Ngakhale pakati pa woyamba Zakachikwi AD, pa chiyambi cha Wamkulu Ataliatali, mu Asia Minor anali oyimira woyamba wa mafuko Turkic olankhula. Koma mu nthawi ya mphamvu Byzantine ndi mphamvu, pamene boma akali amphamvu, iwo bwinobwino anaphatikizana ndi mphamvu kwenikweni pa mbiriyakale ya dera sinabweretse. Izi zinachitika kwa pafupifupi zaka chikwi. Pa nthawi imene Ufumu wa Byzantium anali ndimalephera kupirira kuukira zonse a Aluya, choncho sakanatha kupewa zoyesayesa za kunja sikukhala.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Seljuks anasamutsira likulu lawo kuti mkati mwa Anatolia, yomwe inali pafupi yomweyo m'mayiko Byzantine. Akufika ku Oghuz Turkey, Agiriki, ku Armenia ndi Aperisi zaka zotsatira anayamba mapangidwe a ku Turkey, zomwe ife masiku ano. Koma ndondomeko iyi inali nthawi yambiri kwambiri ndi zovuta, monga mbali ya kunyumba akale kuti m'mayiko ambiri amene amati Chikhristu.

Turkey - osati Turkey

Ngakhale maonekedwe a ambiri Turkey amene kale ankati Islam kuona zinthu sanasinthe. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, koma kwa mazana a oimira zaka za zipembedzo awiri mwamtendere azikhala ndi mzake, ngakhale kuti anali a ku Turkey ankalamulira maudindo akuluakulu m'boma.

Ndipo chifukwa "Turkey ndi" lomwe kenako inasanduka Turk, angakhale Tambasula kuti timachitcha "pachimake" wa anthu, pamene ena onse a anthu mu gulu ili mitundu poyamba anali ndi chochita. Popeza anali Ottoman, maufumu kenako adzalamulira kwa zaka zingapo?

Education Ottoman Sultanate

The osakaniza Islam ndi chikhalidwe dongosolo la fuko Turkey iwowo anakonzeratu makhalidwe zakambidwa mwachidule Sultanate. Chifukwa - malo ofooka, asaaonerera osati wolamulira komanso zida malamulo. Mu izo, ndi njira, zatenganso mbali osati Turkey, koma onse mofanana Agiriki ndi Armenia. zigawo akutali ankatsogoleredwa ndi "m'manja Institute", ntchito zomwe ankaimba otchuka bey. Motero, "District" ankatchedwa beylik. Mmodzi nasiya Ottoman. mafumu awo anayamba ndi wolamulira makamaka wamasomphenya.

Mpaka palibe wabwino zimenezi sanathe kumaliza. Yakuti bey anayamba kulamulira dziko, masuku pamutu misewu kwambiri achibale ake pa bwalo. M'zaka 13 mbiri ya tsogolo la Turkey chinali watha: choyamba mpatuko kupanduka Shiite, ndiyeno panali nkhondo ya asilikaliwa. Sultan anafa. Beylik komanso anali kuvutika ... Kupatula a Osman Bey.

Mu 1299, iye anakhala wolamulira wa boma mwake, chifukwa kumumvera ndi lalikulu, zinali aliyense. Zinali iye amene anali wotchuka, amene anapita wotsatira Ottoman sultans onse.

Kuloŵerera Byzantine m'zigawo

Osman anali mwayi kwambiri: pakati promongolskogo State anali kutali, koma ofooka ndi yotheratu Byzantium - pafupi. Iye pang'onopang'ono anayamba kutsatira kuti m'chigawo cha dziko, kudutsa kugula kuchokera mbali ya abe a Mongol nthumwi. Bey akuthwa Amlowam'malo zikupitirirabe mfundo bwino: choyamba, iwo potsiriza "kukokera" okha onse Asia Minor, ndiyeno anabwera pansi ndi Balkans.

Mu 1396, anthu a ku Turkey anali wokhoza kumatula United asilikali a Akhristu, ndipo mu 1400 kupita ngakhale kuukira Constantinople. Poyamba analephera, koma akale masiku Byzantine Pamapeto pake awerengedwa. Mu 1453 Constantinople, ulendo wachiwiri anali koma adzatengedwa, ndi m'dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo Balkans, inafika pansi Ottoman ulamuliro.

Road ku East

Mu 1475 Krymskoe Hanstvo Anachondereranso m'manja mwa Ottoman. Pambuyo pake, zofunika kwambiri zamalonda anali mu manja a Turkey, zimene sadakhoza mwayi. Mu 1514, cholimbitsidwa Ufumu anakwanitsa kugonjetsa asilikali a Safavid Iran. Pambuyo pake, dziko likulowa kumafika kwa Arab East ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, kwambiri increments gawo mwini. Kale mu 1516 ku Turkey kwathunthu zatenga lonse la Syria ndi kugwetsera zina. Ottoman sultans "kavalo" m'lingaliro lenileni komanso mophiphiritsa.

Chaka chotsatira iwo anali kale litalanda Egypt, kudutsa kwathunthu yothetsera mphamvu ya olalikila. Yotsirizira chasanduka bwino kwambiri kuti yakumeneko Turkey anakhala pafupi m'malo boma ku Caliph wotsiriza, amene amaloledwa kupewa kwathunthu kupewa izi vuto, kulimbirana ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Mfundo ngakhale mwinamwake Sultan zikanakhoza manja aŵiri "anthu oponya voti", monga mwa zaka zonse posachedwapa, Ufumu wa Ottoman anachita unakula mofulumira wolemera, amangomvera bwino ndi anthu anagonjetsa, choncho wofunitsitsa kudzipereka kuti agwirizane gulu zikusowa.

Ngozi imatengedwa zovuta, chifukwa mu zaka zingapo chigawo yaing'ono Beysky amene wakwanitsa mutsimikize kuti olamulira wanzeru, kuchititsa wodziimira ndi phokoso ndondomeko. Icho chinali Ottoman, maufumu amene lakwaniritsa kupambana kwambiri, Turkey anamangidwira pamwamba pa ukulu wake. Anaumba Turkey anavala kukodzedwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa kuti anayamba kuimira ndi vuto lalikulu kwa onse a ku Ulaya ndi Russian Ufumu.

Komanso, Turkey anasiya dziko patsogolo chikhalidwe, toyesa ambiri a lero lino ndi kunyada kwa m'mamyuziyamu padziko lonse. Koma amene anali sultans Ottoman? List olamulira m'nkhani ino kwathunthu mndandanda sangathe kupereka (ndiyayikulu kwambiri), koma lingaliro zoyambirira za kuwapatsa.

The kwambiri sultans Ottoman

Ndithudi, ife sindingakhoze kukhala umunthu Osman Ine Gazi. Iye anali wolamulira wa chigawo yaing'ono ya Turkey Sultanate, kuti adzauka patapita wolamulira wa zimachitika palokha. anali ndani munthu uyu?

Anabadwa mu 1258, iye anamwalira mu 1324 (malinga ndi mbiri yakale). m'nthawi yake ankaona iye "olimba mtima ndi wofuna munthu" ziwanda "woipitsitsawu, koma mtundu wa chilungamo." Ndinali pa mpando wachifumu ku 1281. Iye anaikidwa mu Bursa, manda ake unakhala malo a Haji kwa Asilamu onse olungama a nthawi imeneyo. Atsogoleri onse Turkey, kuchita boma lamanja, ananena mawu a lumbiro ... kuti anali kugonja m'manda loyamba Osman, kumachita monga epitaph ndi. Choncho, sultans Ottoman kuti ...

Sultan Orhan

Zaka za moyo - kuchokera 1281 mpaka 1360. Iye anali mwana wamng'ono wa a Osman. Anamaliza adani a Asia Minor, anakhazikitsa asilikali zonse (anthu Janissaries), woyamba olamulira Ottoman anayamba kugonjetsa dala Europe. Iwo Orhan ndi munthu amene anakakamizika Turkey pakhale gulu mitundu ina.

Sultan Murad II

Umunthu si zochepa owala kuposa zimene zinawonongedwa lake laulemerero. Iye anakhala mu nthawi kuchokera 1403 ndi 1451. Kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha Ottoman, sankalimbana nafe anapondereza onse chipwirikiti mkati ndi ndewu boma. Mu ulamuliro wake, Papa Eugene V otchedwa Akristu onse yotsatira Kampeni. The absurdity wa zinali kuti Murad sanali mdani wa Akhristu m'dziko mukhoza kukhala limodzi awiri zikhulupiriro mkazi wake anali mwana wa mfumu Chisebiya, free kukhala Mkhristu.

Iye anavomera kuti zinthu akumane pangano, yemwe bungwe la Vatican. Akhristu losindikizidwa kulumbira pa Uthenga, ndipo iye - pa Koran. Koma posakhalitsa kazembe papa anathyola mawu awo. Panali nkhondo ya Varna. The Akhristu anali anagonjetsa, ndi Turkey wapeza njira yolunjika ku dziko la kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Amene anali ena sultans Ottoman, dongosolo la gulu limene anawona pa masamba a pepala wathu.

Sultan Suleiman Ine Kanuni

Dzina la munthu uyu ndithu kudziwika kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi TV wakuti "Zazikulu Century". Iye anakhala mu nthawi kuchokera 1495 mpaka 1566. Amadziwika ngati "Wamkulu", "wamkulu", "wopanga malamulo." Mwina zinali atsopano pa nkhani Ottoman oyambirira, kwenikweni woyenera ulemerero makolo. Ngati Turkey zimenezo anakhala maluŵa pachimake, ndipo pamene ana ake anayamba kugwa ndi kutha kwa ufumuwo. Tikhoza kunena kuti mafumu a Ottoman pa Suleiman Zazikulu chiyambi sankachidziwa, chifukwa monga mbadwa woyenera sanathe kutero.

Iye anawonjezera ufumu wake kuti polekezera pa Strait la Gibraltar. Akulakalaka kutsatira mapazi a ku Makedoniya ndi kugwirizanitsa dziko lonse mu phiko la dziko anakhala kwambiri ya kusintha, chomveka mpaka m'ma 20.

History nayenso anapitiriza chikondi kwa mbuye Roksolana, chomwe chingathe kukhala mwalamulo mkazi wake. Izi sakanakhoza kulowa mdzakazi ina iliyonse m'mbuyomo zaka mazana awiri. Mu zaka zomalizira za moyo wake anatsogolera kampeni ndi Hungary, koma chigonjetso sanakhalanso ndi moyo. imfa yake anabisidwa mpaka ndiye, mpaka wachifumu sanakwere Sultan Selim. Iye anali mwana wa Suleiman ndi Roxelana. Wakumwaimwa ndi wofooka, adayamba kugwa ufumuwo. Amene anali ena Ottoman (Turkey sultans Mafumu)?

Sultan Murad IV

Moyo Zaka - 1612-1640 gg. Malamulo zaka 17, "wotchuka" monga wolamulira wamagazi. Koma anali boma lake ndi zotsatira zabwino - kuti Murad anali amalize ndi anachuluka kugwa usilikali ndipo mwankhanza wa viziers lapansi. Amapha chabe chifukwa cha kupha, iye anali wokhoza kubwerera ku mabwalo a chilungamo ... anabwerera atataya kale pa nthawi imene Erivan ndi Baghdad, koma kusangalala ndi zipatso za chigonjetso kale mochedwa kwambiri. Zinali modabwitsa olongosoka, ndipo ngakhale kudziletsa yovuta munthu, koma atatsala pang'ono kufa analamula kupotokola m'bale wake Ibrahim. Kuti anali wolandira otsiriza a Ottoman mu mzere wamwamuna, koma ...

Iye anapulumutsidwa mwa mayi wake. Ibrahim analamulira zaka 1640-1648. A wolamulira ofooka, osamva ndi wosilira kwambiri munthu; adzakazi kwa izo zinagwira ngakhale osambira m'tawuni. Nthawi zambiri kunapezeka akazi okongola ndi aakazi a otchuka ndi akuluakulu kunyumba anali amathera kuchuluka yaikulu ndi kuthetsa milandu ... Pomaliza, atsogoleri apamwamba ndi janissaries lonse chisokonezo potsiriza wotopa, kwambiri, "kukoma" wolamulira chabe mukuponderezedwa. Kodi zina mwa sultans Ottoman, ulamuliro umene amalembedwa atakalamba yomaliza ya ufumu kamodzi kwambiri?

Sultan Mahmoud II

Iye anakhala mu nthawi kuchokera 1784 mpaka 1839. Modzipereka Ine kulemekezedwa Petra Velikogo, ndipo kudzakhala wokonzanso wokongola chovunda ndi wosalimba Ottoman. Analenga mail, amasamalirira chachikulu typography, kufalitsa manyuzipepala ndi kwathunthu kusintha pafupifupi lonse boma zida. Koma izi zonse zidachitidwa mochedwa: ndondomeko ya boma azingokhala wakhala wosaletseka. Iye amadziwika kuti anapempha kuti Nicholas ine, pamene kunali koyenera kuti akathetse kugalukira m'madera Iguputo.

Ambiri a asilikali Russian anali maganizo wamba Constantinople kubwerera ku chifuwa cha Mpingo Orthodox, ndipo "mwaukadaulo" n'zotheka. Koma Nicholas Sindinafune kusokoneza kugona ndi Britain ndi France, ndi ofooka Turkey anali zambiri zabwino zambiri zimene Igupto. Mahmoud yekha sanakhale moyo wautali pa chaka 54th a moyo wake, iye anafa, osati kusiya kudya lotsatira.

Adzakhalamo mu nthawi yathu ino Ottoman? Mafumu mu nthawi yathu, ife tikhoza kunena, sichinayambe anapulumutsidwa. Molunjika ayi olandira cholowa yekha kutali ana akukhala Turkey ndi Europe.