Chloroform - ndichiyani? Kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zimene chloroform

Kupezeka kwa mankhwala ambiri si dala ndipo mwangozi, pa kaphatikizidwe, kapena kuphunzira katundu ndi zinthu. Komabe, ambiri mwangozi anapeza chinthu umakhala wofunika kwambiri, iwo ntchito osati zimapangidwira, komanso mankhwala, makampani ndi zina. Basi mu nthawi anthu komanso zinthu chloroform nkhaniyi, tikambirana zina.

dzina

Dzina la thunthu ali mitundu angapo. Ndipotu, monga mankhwala onse organic, izo amamvera malamulo a wamba mamolekyulu nomenclature maina zazing'ono ndi mutu, zochokera zikuchokera molekyulu ndi.

Choncho, chloroform pali Mabaibulo angapo dzina la:

• mpweya trichloride;
• chloroform;
• trichloromethane.

Chloroform: ndichiyani? Tingadziwe ku mutu pawiri, ndipo mukhoza kuganizira kapangidwe zojambula za molekyulu ndi.

kapangidwe maselo

chloroform molekyulu tichipeza maatomu atatu a chlorine ndi atomu wa hydrogen aliyense atomu chikugwirizana ndi mpweya chapakati. Kwenikweni, trichloromethane molekyulu - mankhwala kwakukulu m'malo maatomu wa hydrogen ndi maatomu chlorine mu dziko molekyulu atadziŵa zinthu zina.

Pankhaniyi, onse a C-CL ofanana kwathunthu, mwamphamvu kumalo ozizira. C-H nsinga poyerekeza ndi nsinga ena mu molekyulu amakhala kwambiri kugawanika amakhala wosatetezeka kwambiri. Choncho, mu processing wa molekyulu P-H chomangira mosavuta ong'ambika ndi wa hydrogen m'malo ndi maatomu ena (mwachitsanzo, chlorine, nayenso, ndi mapangidwe tetrachloride mpweya).

Taganizirani mmene zikuwoneka chloroform. Ndondomeko ndi: CHCL _3. structural chilinganizo cha mawonekedwe zotsatirazi:

nyumba zikuimira mankhwala mankhwala kuti amanyamula chloroform. Ndondomeko ikusonyeza kuti molekyulu ndi okhazikika ndiponso kuchita zinthu okhwima ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

thupi katundu

thupi katundu zikhoza yodziwika motere: trichloromethane:

1. M'mikhalidwe yachibadwa (firiji, wabwinobwino mumlengalenga mavuto 100 kPa, chinyezi osati kuposa 80%) ya thunthu kwambiri madzi odorous opanda mtundu. Fungo la chloroform lakuthwa zokwanira lolemera, enveloping, monga fungo la efa. Kukoma kwa zinthu zokoma, koma simungathe kuyesa izo, chifukwa izo ndi poizoni kwambiri.
2. The madzi insoluble, angathe Kutha okha losiyanasiyana mankhwala ndiponso. Popeza madzi akhoza kupanga otsika ndende (0.23%) yankho.
3. Kuwira mfundo pawiri izi poyerekeza kuti madzi m'ma 62 ⁰ C.
4. Limatsogolera mfundo zikuchepa zoipa, -63.5 ⁰ C.
5. Chloroform osalimba kuposa kachulukidwe wa madzi ndi chimachititsa 1,483 g / masentimita ^3.
6. Amphamvu kutchulidwa poizoni chikhalidwe cha thunthu zotsatira pa chamoyo, amatanthauza gulu la mankhwala chomwa mankhwalawa.

Pamene kusungunuka m'madzi trehloristy mpweya angathe kupanga zosakaniza azeotropic. Mu ichi njira chloroform ndi 97,5% ndi kokha 2.5% madzi. Kuwira mfundo za njira yafupika poyerekeza wa trichloromethane koyera ndi 52 ⁰ C.

katundu mankhwala

Ngati dziko lonse chlorinated, chloroform sakusonyeza reactivity. Choncho, pali anachita pang'ono, mmene iye. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a mamolekyulu chlorine pa ndondomeko yokonza zotumphukira wa dziko chlorination. Kwa madzi izi atengedwa chloroform, zochita zimachitika malinga ndi mtundu wa njira kwakukulu amafuna cheza ultraviolet monga choyambilira kuwala quanta.

CHCL ₃ + CL ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL

Malinga ndi aone kuti pali anachita zikusonyeza kuti mankhwala ndi kwathunthu chlorinated dziko - mpweya tetrachloride. Zimenezi ndi njira imodzi yodalirika mpweya tetrachloride mu makampani.

Komanso katundu mankhwala monga osakaniza azeotropic ndi madzi, chimene chingathe kupereka chloroform. Ndi chiyani icho? Kuti ndi yothetsera oterowo otentha zigawo musati zimasintha iliyonse. Ndi otentha osakaniza zimenezi sizingatheke ogaŵikana ting'onoting'ono.

mtundu wina wa zochita, amene angalowe chloroform ndi m'malo halogen maatomu maatomu ena kapena magulu zinchito. Mwachitsanzo, mmene anachitira ndi amadzimadzi hydroxide ndi sodium , ndipamene ndi sodium nthochi:

chloroform + NaOH (aq) = Sodium nthochi + sodium kolorayidi + madzi

Komanso, pafupifupi anachita chidwi ndi zimene chloroform ammonia ndi hydroxide potaziyamu (anaikira njira) chifukwa cha mogwirizana woteroyo, cyanide.

Chloroform + amoniya + potaziyamu hydroxide = KCN + potaziyamu mankhwala enaake + madzi

yosungirako chloroform

Mu trichloromethane kuwala linakwiriridwa ndi mapangidwe owopsa, mankhwala poizoni:

Chloroform phosgene = + amathiridwa asidi + chlorine + maselo mpweya woipa

Choncho, zikhalidwe za kusungiramo chloroform ayenera kukhala wapadera - vayozi wa galasi mdima ndi stoppered zolimba. Botolo chiyenera kusungidwa kwina dzuwa.

phwando

Kukonzekera chloroform zinachitikadi mu njira zingapo.

1. A ndondomeko multistage ndi chlorination wa dziko kuti kumachitika ndi limagwirira kwakukulu mchikakamizo cha kuwala ndi kutentha. Pankhaniyi chifukwa si chloroform, koma winayo mankhwala atatu: chloromethane, dichloromethane ndi tetrachloride mpweya. Zimene ali motere:

CH ₄ + CL ₃ = CH ₂ CL + HCL - chloromethane anapanga ndi wa hydrogen mankhwala enaake

CL + CH ₃ = CH ₂ CL ₂ CL ₂ + HCL - dichloromethane ndi wa hydrogen mankhwala enaake anapanga

CH ₂ CL ₂ + CL ₂ = CHCL ₃ + HCL - anapanga trichloromethane (chloroform), ndi wa hydrogen mankhwala enaake

CHCL ₃ + CL ₂ = CCL ₄ + HCL - mitundu mpweya tetrachloride ndi wa hydrogen mankhwala enaake

Mu njira iyi, kaphatikizidwe trichloromethane makampani.

2. zimachitika pakati pa oyeretsa ufa ndi ethyl mowa. njira zasayansi.

3. Kukonzekera electrolytic chloroform (magetsi inawadutsa) kuti chlorides soda zitsulo mu chikhalidwe cha kafungo kabwino kapena ethyl mowa. Komanso njira zasayansi yopangira trichloromethane.

kuyeretsa

Pambuyo chloroform ndi analandira, lifunika kutsukidwa. Ndipotu, ngati ntchito mankhwala zolinga, zili zosafunika ali chabe zosavomerezeka. Ngati specifications chandamale ntchito, zili zinthu zachilendo ayenera okha.

Pakhoza kukhala zosafunika zosiyanasiyana zomwe limapangidwa chloroform. Ndi chiyani icho? Kodi n'chiyani?

• Ethyl mowa.
• Haidrojeni mankhwala enaake.
• Phosgene.
• Chlorine.

Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu kuyeretsa zosafunika awa ku chloroform:

• mvula rinsing ndi madzi akutsatiridwa ndi kuumitsa (kulola kwathunthu tichotse Mowa ndi);
• trichloromethane osambitsidwa ndi asidi amphamvu, ndiye ndi soda amphamvu, kenako madzi. chithandizo wotsatira nafota pogwiritsa ntchito dehydrating wothandizila - kashiamu mankhwala enaake. chuma ndiye fractionally otchezedwa pa mzati.

History of anapeza

Popeza pamene amadziwika chloroform? Kodi ndi chiyani icho ntchito kale? Yesetsani kumvetsa.

Kutchula koyamba za mankhwala ntchito kwa 1831. Izo zinali pamene sayansi ku Guthrie Harbor chidatengedwa trichloromethane. Komabe, cholinga cha izo sizinali thunthu, zinali mankhwala ndi-bwino. The sayansi komanso anafufuza solvents kwa mphira, ayesa ndipo mwangozi ali chloroform.

Mu chaka chomwecho, ndipo patatha chaka asayansi wina awiri paokha akamagwira zatsopano mankhwala. Iwo Yustas Libih (amene anapanga zopereka kwambiri chitukuko zimapangidwira) ndi Eugen Subereyn. Ntchito yawo inali kupeza mankhwala ochititsa, ndipo anapezadi kuti. Komabe, ife tinapeza mmene izi wa chloroform ndipo anayamba ntchito ina, koma ndi 1840s lapansi.

Chilinganizo structural ndi anzake maatomu mkati molekyulu kuphunzira ndi amalowerera kumanga sayansi Dumas mu chaka 1834. Iye akufuna ndi pamalo chloroform dzina lake, anapatsidwanso mu ulemu wa nyerere a. Mu Latin nyerere formiata kutchulidwa, omwe ali tizilombo izi asidi formic akhoza kupanga ku chloroform. Pa mfundo imeneyi, ndikupeza dzina lake.

Zotsatira kwachilengedwenso pa umunthu

Ndi cholakwika ntchito ngati chloroform mankhwala ochititsa. Miyoyo ya anthu ndi zenizeni kwambiri, kuphimba angapo machitidwe lalikulu limba.

Mlingo wa chikoka kumatengera zifukwa monga:

• ndende Mpweya thunthu;
• nthawi ya ntchito;
• njira yoti mkati.

Pankhani wangwiro, mankhwala chloroform, ndiye ntchito yake mosamalitsa dosed molondola ndiponso kwanuko. Choncho, contraindications zotheka akuyendera chabe. Ngati tikulankhula chloroform kuti asanduke nthunzi mu mlengalenga ndi gawo Mpweya wa umunthu wake, kanthu apa ndi aakulu kwambiri ndi zowononga.

Choncho, inhalation ya trichloromethane pa mphindi 10 angayambe airway edema, kuphipha m'mapapo mwanga, chifuwa, zilonda zapakhosi. Ngati amadza sasiya ndi poyizoni kukuwonekera mwamsanga. Adzakhululukidwa chidwi ndi wamanjenje dongosolo (ndi mutu ndi msana), mwina amapha.

Komanso zimawononga zotsatira pa chiwindi, impso ndi ziwalo m'mimba ali chloroform. zotsatira zake makamaka sichikupindulitsani akamwedwa mu njira. Anaona izi zimene chamoyo ku phwando chloroform:

• chizungulire;
• kusanza, nseru;
• kulimbikira mutu;
• chapakati mantha dongosolo maganizo ndi chifukwa, kutopa;
• malungo;
• matupi awo sagwirizana totupa, khungu redness.

Research ndi zatsopano pa nyama zosiyanasiyana asonyeza zotsatira izi:

1. Yaitali ntchito chloroform mu madzi amachititsa kusokoneza mimba, kudwala angapo ndipo mutagenesis wa mibadwo ya m'tsogolo.
2. Pamene moyo mumlengalenga nyama chloroform anali maganizo, aulesi ndi nthawi ya moyo wawo kwambiri yafupika.
3. Kuchokera pa zatsopano ndi mbewa, izo anamaliza carcinogenicity trichloromethane.

Zotsatira izi zimapezeka akatswiri ndi madokotala kuphunzira mmene zamoyo wa chloroform wamoyo.

Ntchito mankhwala

Kutchula koyamba ntchito zachipatala la thunthu akulimba chaka 1847. Zinali ndiye kuti wasayansi, dokotala, ndi sayansi Holmes Coote woyamba akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito chloroform popha ululu. Miyoyo ya anthu amene anali pa nyengo ntchito ndi zabwino - ndi shutdown wathunthu wa manyazi, pakalibe maganizo.

Koma kenako, pamene wodwala anatsitsimuka, zinawululidwa kuti sasiya nseru, kusanza. Ndiye unakhazikitsidwa kale malamulo yokwanira bwino ntchito ya thunthu kupewa mavuto amenewa.

A kwambiri pa chiyambi cha mankhwala chloroform ankaimba English azamba Dzheyms Simpson. Zinali iye amene anali ubwino wa pawiri ndi pa ndondomeko kubadwa.

Komabe, panali zambiri latsopano, otetezeka ndi zamakono njira ya mankhwala ochititsa dzanzi kuposa chloroform pa nthawi. ntchito popanga mankhwala pafupifupi mbisoweka. Masiku ano ntchito mu mawonekedwe a:

• chigawo mafuta odzozera ntchito kunja;
• monga mbali ya mankhwala ochititsa osakaniza ndi zinthu zina, ndi kokha pa woipa otsika kwambiri;
• ngati madontho akuvutika kunyansidwa ndi kusanza.

Industrial Mapulogalamu

makampani wagwiritsa ntchito chloroform. tanthauzo lake chikukhudza syntheses zosiyanasiyana mankhwala, kumene atenge mbali ya degreaser zosungunulira, yaikulu kapena chigawo sekondale kwa zinthu zofunika ntchito m'madera onse a zochita za anthu.