Mpweya wa poizoni monga umboni wa kapangidwe zovuta maatomu. Mbiri ya anapeza kuti kafukufuku, mitundu ya mpweya wa poizoni

Chitapita chilamulo nthawi chatsegulidwa kwa nthawi yaitali asayansi anakhalabe funso kwathunthu zovuta kuzimvetsa. N'chifukwa chiyani katundu wa zinthu mankhwala zimadalira misa zawo atomiki? Ofufuzawa sanathe kumvetsa chifukwa pafupipafupi kwambiri. Iwo anali kulimbana ndi malamulo zakuya dongosolo nthawi.

The zipatso za manja a anthu, kapena chodabwitsa zachilengedwe?

cheza chodabwitsa enieni nthawi zonse. Anthu kuchokera pachiyambi cha mbiri yake anakhala pakati otchedwa munda zachilengedwe nyukiliya. Koma mpweya wa poizoni monga umboni wa kapangidwe zovuta la atomu wakhala kudziwika chodabwitsa kokha m'zaka za m'ma 20.

Kuyambira danga kuti dziko lapansili ukufika wa ionizing cheza. Anthu ali irradiated ku magwero amene ali m'chikondi cha dziko lapansi ndi mchere. Ngakhale gawo la thupi anthu zinthu zomwe zimatchedwa radionuclides. Koma mapeto a zaka za m'ma 19 zonsezi, asayansi ongoganizira chabe.

Umbuli za mpweya wa poizoni

Mpweya wa poizoni monga umboni wa kapangidwe zovuta maatomu sakumudziwa Anthuwa wamba. Mwachitsanzo, mu 16 migodi m'ma kutsogolera Austria, pa otchedwa phiri matenda Anthuwa anaphedwa paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi mu zaka 30-40 yekha. akazi Local anakwatira kangapo, monga amafa anali kuposa yosavuta Anthuwa imfa ndi maulendo oposa 50. Choncho, kulandira monga muyeso wa mpweya wa poizoni sindimadziwa. Anthu sakanakhoza ngakhale kuganiza kuti oopsa ureniamu akhoza ali patsogolo ores. Only mu 1879, madokotala adziŵa kuti "phiri matenda" - kwenikweni khansa ya m'mapapo.

Kupezeka kwa nyukiliya njira Becquerel

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 kuti chidaperekedwa ndi phunziro zinachititsa kuti mpweya wa poizoni monga umboni wa kapangidwe zovuta maatomu linaonekera kwa anthu. Mu 1896, kafukufuku A. A. Bekkerel anapeza kuti ureniamu munali zinthu angasangalatse mbale Zithunzi mu mdima. Asayansi anadzapeza kuti chuma ichi sikuti ureniamu. Kenako Polish sayansi Marie Sklodowska-Curie ndi mwamuna wake Pierre Curie anapeza awiri radionuclide latsopano: polonium ndi Analandira.

Becquerel zinachitikira unali wokongola yosavuta. Iye anatenga ureniamu mchere, kukulunga iwo mu mdima yofiira ndi nsalu ndiye anasonyeza dzuwa kuona mmene mankhwala anapeza mphamvu izi reemitted. Koma wasayansi wina anaona kuti mbale akuyamba kuwala ngakhale pamene salt ureniamu sanali poyera kwa dzuwa. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti mpweya wa poizoni anatulukira. Becquerel otchedwa cheza osadziwika X-ray (lofanana ndi dzina la X).

Zimene Rutherford

Kenako mpweya wa poizoni tisatengere English wasayansi Ernest Rutherford. Mu 1899 izo zinachitikadi ndi kuyesera kuphunzira chodabwitsa lapansi. Amakhala mu izi. Wasayansi anatenga ureniamu mchere ndi kuika mu yamphamvu zopangidwa patsogolo. Kudzera yopapatiza kutsegula mtsinje wa Alpha particles zinachitika pa mbale Zithunzi, yomwe ili pamwamba. Mu zatsopano oyambirira, Rutherford sanagwiritse ntchito mbale mu atomu.

Choncho, mbale, monga zatsopano yapita, zounikira pa mfundo yomweyi. Ndiye Rutherford anayamba kulumikiza maginito. Pamene ndi zochepa anapatukana mu awiri mtengo anayamba. Pamene maginito ndi chinawonjezeka kwambiri, pali banga mdima pa umboniwo. Motero mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya wa poizoni anali apeza: Alpha, beta ndi cheza Popanga madzi a gamma.

Mfundo ya maphunziro anatsatira

Pambuyo nkhani izi zonse, ndipo anakhala wotchuka monga umboni cha mpweya wa poizoni zovuta kapangidwe ka atomu. Inde, zikuoneka kuti njira mwa phata la atomu amatsogolera ndi cheza amenewa. N'kofunika kukumbukira kuti kuyambira nthawi ya Greece wakale, atomu ankaona indivisible tinthu wa chilengedwe chonse. Mawu "atomu" amatanthauza "indivisible". Chifukwa, kafukufuku asayansi za anthu mowiriza mu atomu dzuwa, komanso particles latsopano atomiki - nkhani ya masewera patsogolo anapanga sayansi. Mpweya wa poizoni, amene linatsegulidwa zounikira za sayansi pa chiyambi cha m'ma latsopano, natsimikizira kuti atomu kwenikweni mbali.

Kapangidwe ka maatomu

maphunziro Experimental, izo anatsimikizira kuti atomu ali ndi dongosolo zovuta. Amakhala ndi phata ndi ma elekitironi zoipa mlandu. Mu 1932, akatswiri Russian Ivanenko ndi Gapon E., ndipo mosasamala chitsanzo awo ya kapangidwe ka atomu anali bungwe la sayansi German Heisenberg otchedwa purotoni-nyutironi. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, atomu tichipeza particles, wotchedwa mapulotoni neutrons. Iwo ndi ogwirizana ndi gulu wamba nucleons.

Pafupifupi misa lonse la atomu ali phata ake. Mapulotoni, neutrons ndi ma elekitironi kupanga gulu la particles pulayimale. Chifukwa cha maphunziro komanso chinapezeka kuti siriyo nambala ya mankhwala mu dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu wofanana ndi kuyang'anira phata ake.

The katundu wa radionuclides

Pofuna kumvetsa ndi mpweya wa poizoni komanso mmene zikugwirizanirana ndi kapangidwe ka phata atomiki, m'pofunika kuti adziwe ndi mawu osavuta ochepa. Mwachitsanzo, tsopano limatchedwa radionuclides, isotopes nyukiliya. Iwo siyanitsa ndi wosakhazikika kuti ndi osiyana theka moyo.

isotopes nyukiliya, osatembenukira ku isotopes zina, malo cheza ionizing. radionuclides zina ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana osakhalitsa. Ena kuwola ndinso kwa mazana ndi zikwi za zaka. Choterechi ankakhala radionuclides otchedwa. Mwachitsanzo angathe kutumikira isotopes onse ureniamu. Sakhalitsa radionuclides, Komano, kuphwanya mofulumira kwambiri: mu nkhani masekondi, mphindi kapena miyezi.

Kodi mpweya wa poizoni?

Unit cha mpweya wa poizoni - 1 Becquerel. Ngati pali kachiwiri kuwola, zikunenedwa kuti ntchito ya isotope makamaka ndi imodzi Becquerel. Ntchito - ichi ndi mulingo umodzi umene amatilola amati kugwa kwa mphamvu ya masamu. Poyamba, asayansi ntchito ina botolo la mpweya wa poizoni - Curie. Chiŵerengero pakati pawo motere: nkhani 1 Ofunika biliyoni 37 Bq.

Choncho ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana mankhwala Mwachitsanzo makilogalamu 1, ndi 1 mg. Ntchito ya ndalama zochepa wa chinthu sayansi lotchedwa ntchito yeniyeni. Khalidwe limeneli ndi inversely njila kwa theka moyo.

mpweya wa poizoni ngozi

Mpweya wa poizoni monga umboni wa kapangidwe zovuta maatomu anali m'gulu la zochitika zoopsa kwambiri. Dziwani zambiri za zodabwitsazi, anthu zomveka choopa zotsatirapo zake. Ambiri kuganiza kuti vuto lalikulu mukhoza kuchita Popanga madzi a gamma cheza. Koma izo siziri choncho, osachepera, si moyo pachiswe. Ndinakumana ndi cheza ndi zoopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zopweteka mmakutu. Kumene, Popanga madzi a gamma cheza, chithunzi ichi ndi apamwamba kuposa, mwachitsanzo, beta-ray. Koma vutolo sanalemberetu ndi index ichi ndi mlingo.

Limodzi ndi mlingo Zingakhalenso bwino kuti anthu kulemera thupi ndi oopsa kwa ena. Ndinakumana ndi cheza ionizing anatsimikiza pogwiritsa ntchito index a mlingo odzipereka. Koma ngakhale izi sikokwanira kuwonongeka adziwe. Pajatu aliyense cheza mofanana oopsa. Hazard emissivity otchedwa weighting. Unit cha mpweya wa poizoni kuti ntchito amati ndi cheza mlingo ndi weighting koyefishienti, wotchedwa Sievert.