Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky: yonena, sayansi ndi mfundo zosangalatsa za moyo

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) - otchuka padziko lonse Russian nzeru zapamwamba ndi zachilengedwe. Iye anatenga mbali mu moyo chikhalidwe cha dziko. Ndi woyambitsa yaikulu ya maofesi zikuluzikulu za Earth Sciences. m'madera wake wa phunziro m'gulu mafakitale monga:

• biogeochemistry;
• geochemistry;
• radiogeology;
• hydrogeology.

Iye ndiye mlengi wa m'masukulu ambiri a sayansi. Popeza 1917 ndi academician ya Russian Academy of Sciences, ndipo mu 1925 - Academy of Sciences wa USSR.

Mu 1919 anakhala mlendo loyamba la Academy of Sciences ya Ukraine, ndiye - Professor wa Institute Moscow. Komabe, anatula pansi. kuchita zimenezi ndi chizindikiro kumusonyeza ndi kuzunzika kwa ophunzira.

Zafotokozedwa ndinaganiza Vladimira Ivanovicha Vernadskogo anakhala poyambira chitukuko cha chithunzi ano sayansi yadziko. The lingaliro lalikulu la wasayansi wakhala Integrated mfundo chitukuko sayansi monga biosphere lapansi. Malinga ndi iye, liwu amati zamoyo padziko lapansi chigoba cha Earth. Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich ( "noosphere 'ndi akuti anayambitsa ndi wasayansi ndi) anaphunzira kwathunthu zovuta zomwe chimachititsa kwambiri osati moyo chipolopolo, komanso chinthu anthu. Ziphunzitso pulofesa kotero anzeru wa anthu ndi chilengedwe sakanakhala ndi chikoka chidwi mapangidwe zachilengedwe chikumbumtima sayansi munthu aliyense wololera.

Vernadsky anali kutsatira yogwira cosmism Russian, ozikidwa pa mfundo za mgwirizano wa chilengedwe ndi anthu onse. Komanso, Vladimir anali mtsogoleri wa Constitutional-Democrats ndipo olekerera Zemsky kayendedwe. Iye analandira State Prize la USSR mu 1943.

Ubwana ndi unyamata wa academician tsogolo

Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (mbiri akutitsimikizira nkhani imeneyi) anabadwira ku St. Petersburg pa March 12 1863 chaka. Iye ankakhala mu banja zabwino. bambo ake anali zachuma, ndipo mayi ake - woyamba Russian mkazi chuma ndale. Makolo a ana aang'ono ndi amamudziwa publicists ndi chuma ndipo sanaiwale chiyambi cha moyo wake.

Malinga ndi nthano banja, wobadwa Vernadsky limachokera ku Chilituyaniya olemekezeka Verna, amene anasiya kwa Cossacks ndi Zitsulo anaphedwa kuti akuthandizeni Bogdana Hmelnitskogo.

Mu 1873, nkhani yathu ngwazi anayamba maphunziro ake ku Kharkov sukulu. Ndipo mu 1877-mamita banja lake kusamukira St. Petersburg. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Vladimir sukulu ya sekondale ndi bwino maphunziro. Mu mzinda pa Neva bambo Vernadsky - Ivan - anatsegula yosindikiza wake kampani, imene inkatchedwa "Asilavo yosindikiza nyumba", komanso kuyang'anira yamabuku pa Nevsky Prospekt.

Pa usinkhu wa satini mu academician tsogolo ayamba kuchita chidwi mbiri zachilengedwe, Asilavo, komanso ndi mphamvu ya moyo chikhalidwe.

1881 anali wolemera mu zochitika. Kufufuza anatseka magazini ya bambo ake, amene pa nthawi omwewo dzanzi. Ndipo iye anaphedwa Alexander II. monga Vernadsky yekha bwinobwino Mwapambana mayeso pakhomo ndipo anayamba moyo wophunzira ake pa St. Petersburg University.

Kulakalaka wasayansi

Vernadsky, amene yonena ndi monga otchuka monga zikayenda sayansi, anayamba maphunziro ake pa yunivesite ya St. Petersburg mu 1881. Iye anali mwayi kuti nkhani Mendeleev, amene analimbikitsa ophunzirawo, ndiponso kulimbikitsa awo azidzidalira ndi kuphunzitsa mokwanira zothetsera mavuto.

Mu 1882, a Scientific mabuku Society inakhazikitsidwa pa yunivesite imene Vernadsky anali ulemu kutsogolera mineralogy. Professor Dokuchaev anafotokoza chakuti mtsikana amaphunzira kusunga zinangokhalako zokha. zinachitikira zazikulu Vladimir anakhala katswiri bungwe maulendowa, omwe zidzathandiza ophunzira kuti zaka zingapo kuti gulu loyamba Geological njira.

Mu 1884 Vernadsky amakhala wantchito wa nduna mineralogical wa St. Petersburg University, kugwiritsa ntchito kupereka wa Dokuchaeva chomwecho. Mu chaka chomwecho iye akufika mu chigawo cha malo. Ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri akwatire mtsikana wokongola Natalia Staritskaya. Posakhalitsa mwana George, amene m'tsogolo adzakhala pulofesa University Yale.

Mu March 1888 Vernadsky (mbiri akufotokoza ulendo wake wa moyo) amapita kukachita bizinesi ndipo anapita Vienna, Naples ndi Munich. Motero amayamba ntchito yake mu zasayansi wa Crystallography kunja.

Ndipo pambuyo bwinobwino yunivesite maphunziro chaka Vernadsky aganiza kuti achire pa ulendo wopita ku Europe kukaona Mineralogical Museum. Paulendo umenewu, anapita ku Conference Chachisanu za msonkhano Mayiko Geological, umene unachitika mu England. Apa iye anavomereza kuti British Association of Science.

Moscow University

Vladimir Vernadsky, anafika ku Moscow, anakhala lecturer pa yunivesite ya Moscow, kutenga malo a bambo ake. Mu cholowa chake chinali chachikulu mankhwala zasayansi ndi kuphunzira mineralogical. Posachedwa Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (zamoyo sinali iteresovala kwambiri achinyamata wasayansi) anayamba wophunzitsa pa luso mankhwala ndi thupi-masamu. Ophunzira ndithu analankhula za kofunika ndiponso kudziwa, amene anapereka mphunzitsi.

Vernadsky anafotokoza mineralogy monga chilango sayansi kuti amalola kuphunzira mchere monga mankhwala achilengedwe kutumphuka.

Mu 1902, ndi ngwazi ya nkhani yathu digiri ku crystallography ndipo anakhala katswiri zonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anachita nawo msonkhano wa Akatswiriwa padziko lonse, umene unachitika mu Moscow.

Mu 1892 Vernadsky m'banja anakhala ndi mwana wachiwiri - wamkazi, Nina. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mwana wamkulu anali kale zaka zisanu ndi zinayi.

Posachedwapa pulofesa ananena kuti "adakulira" wonse sayansi yatsopano anapatulidwa mineralogy. mfundo zake, adati msonkhano wotsatira wa madokotala ndi asayansi. Kuyambira pamenepo, latsopano makampani - geochemistry.

May 4, 1906 Vladimir Ivanovich anakhala pulofesa wothandizira ku mineralogy pa St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Komanso osankhidwa mutu wa Dipatimenti ya Mineralogy Geological Museum. Mu 1912 Vernadskii (yonena izo - Direct umboni) amakhala akuphunzira.

Oyendayenda padziko lonse, wasayansi amatolera ndi kubweretsa kunyumba zosonkhanitsira kwambiri osiyanasiyana a miyala. Ndipo mu 1910, Italy zachilengedwe lotseguka kuitana Vladimir Ivanovich mchere "vernadskitom".

ntchito yake yophunzitsa pa Moscow University pulofesa anamaliza mu 1911. Inali nthawi imeneyi, boma anagonjetsa Cadet chisa. Mu Zionetsero malo pamwamba kumanzere chachitatu cha aphunzitsi.

Moyo St. Petersburg

Mu September 1911 wasayansi Vladimir Vernadsky anasamukira ku St. Petersburg. Imodzi mwa nkhani zimene chidwi ndi pulofesa anali kusintha kwa Mineralogical Museum wa Academy of Sciences mu bungwe lonse. Mu 1911, m'nyumbayi analandira umboni chiwerengero osiyanasiyana mchere zopereka - 85. Pakati pawo panali miyala chiyambi zakuthambo (meteorites). Zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho apezeka osati Russia, komanso kunja kwa Madagascar, Italy ndi Norway. Ndi zopereka latsopano Museum wa St. Petersburg wakhala imodzi yabwino ku dziko. Mu 1914, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka ndodo anapanga Mineralogical ndi Geological Museum. Vernadsky anakhala mkulu wake.

Pamene anali ku St. Petersburg wasayansi amayesetsa kuti alenge Institute Lomonosov, zomwe zigwirizana m'madipatimenti zingapo: mankhwala, thupi ndi mineralogical. Koma, mwatsoka, boma la Russia sanafune kuwonongera ndalama.

Popeza First World nkhondo, ngongole kwa Analandira mu Russia anayamba kutha kwambiri, mwamsanga inawonongeka chifukwa kunja ndi zounikira za sayansi. Vernadsky anatulukira kuti akonze komiti kuphunzira zachilengedwe mphamvu lokhalamo Russia. The Board, imene inali anthu makumi asanu, ankapita ndi wasayansi. Ndipo pa nthawi ino Vladimir anayamba kumvetsa mmene lonse sayansi ndi anthu moyo wamangidwa. Ngakhale kuti zoipa zonse Russia, bungwe M'malo mwake, kukodzedwa. Ndipo mu 1916 anatha kukonza khumi Maulendo sayansi m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko. Mu nthawi yomweyo, Academician Vernadsky anatha kuika maziko kwa sayansi atsopano kotheratu - biogeochemistry, amene anali kuphunzira osati chilengedwe, komanso chikhalidwe cha munthuyo.

Vernadsky ntchito pa chitukuko cha sayansi Chiyukireniya

Mu 1918 Vernadsky nyumba, anamanga mu Poltava, ndinali ndi chisoni Bolsheviks. Ngakhale ngakhale kuti mu Ukraine dziko la Germany anadza, wasayansi anatha kukonza maulendo angapo miyala, komanso kuti ulaliki wa pa mutu wakuti "Kukhala nkhani".

Pambuyo kusintha mphamvu, ndipo anayamba kulamulira Hetman Skoropadsky, anaganiza bungwe Chiyukireniya Academy of Sciences. Izi ndi ntchito yofunika akuyang'anira Vernadsky. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti kwambiri njira yabwino kuganiza chitsanzo cha Russian Academy of Sciences. Bungweli anali kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe zakuthupi ndi zauzimu za anthu, komanso kumaonjezera mphamvu lapansi. Vernadsky, amene yonena ndi matsimikizidwe a zochitika zambiri zikuchitika mu Ukraine, anavomera kutenga nkhani chofunika, koma pokhapokha sadzalola kukhala nzika ya Ukraine.

Mu 1919 iye anatsegula UAS, komanso laibulale sayansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, asayansi ntchito pa anapeza mayunivesite angapo mu Ukraine. Komabe, ngakhale izi sizinali zokwanira Vernadsky. Amaona kuyetsa nkhani wamoyo. Ndipo mmodzi wa zatsopano ngati anapereka chidwi kwambiri ndi zofunika chifukwa. Koma mkubwela kwa Bolsheviks ali Kiev amakhala oopsa, kotero Vladimir anasamukira ku siteshoni kwachilengedwenso mu Staroselie. ngozi zosayembekezereka amakakamiza iye kupita Crimea, kumene mkazi wake ndi mwana wake wamkazi anali kuyembekezera.

Science ndi Philosophy

Vladimir Vernadsky ankakhulupirira kuti nzeru ndi sayansi - izi ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana kwathunthu kudziwa dziko la munthu. Iwo ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za kafukufuku. Koma nzeru alibe malire ndi kulingaliranso zonse. Ndipo sayansi, mosiyana, ali ndi malire - dziko lenileni. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, malingaliro awiri ali limodzi. Philosophy - mtundu wa "zakudya" malo sayansi. Asayansi ananena kuti moyo - ndi mbali yomweyo ya chilengedwe Wamuyaya, monga mphamvu kapena kanthu.

Mu zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, Vladimir Ivanovich anafotokoza maganizo ake nzeru za likukula mofulumira madera a moyo m'chigawo cha maganizo, kuti ndi biosphere mu noosphere lapansi. Iye anakhulupirira kuti malingaliro a munthu - ichi ndi kukutsogolerani mphamvu ya kusanduka, kotero njira zachilengedwe m'malo mwa sadziwa.

Geochemistry ndi Biosphere

Mu 1924, Vladimir Vernadsky lofalitsidwa buku lotchedwa "Geochemistry". Ntchito linalembedwa mu French ndi anamasulidwa ku Paris. atatu okha patapita zaka, "Essays pa Geochemistry" inatuluka mu Russian.

Mu ichi wasayansi ntchito generalizes nkhani zothandiza ndiponso ongolankhula zimene zikukhudza kutumphuka maatomu, komanso kuphunzira zachilengedwe zikuchokera geospheres. Mu ntchito yomweyi kunapatsidwa kwa chiphunzitso cha "moyo kanthu" - mndandanda wa zinthu zimene zikhoza anaphunzira monga momwe nkhani ina iliyonse: kufotokoza kulemera, mipweya ndi mphamvu. Geochemistry ali amatanthauziridwa kuti sayansi kuti amaphunzira zikuchokera mankhwala ndi malamulo a kafalitsidwe wa zinthu mankhwala Padziko Lapansi. njira Geochemical amatha kuphimba onse a mthunzi. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri kupatukana ndondomeko amaona zinthu pa solidification ndi kuzirala. Ndipo apa ndiye gwero njira zonse geochemical akuti ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, yokoka ndi kutentha.

Pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo a kufalitsidwa kwa zinthu mankhwala, asayansi Russian zikukwaniritsidwa Zoneneratu geochemical, komanso njira kupeza mchere.

Vernadsky anapanga mapeto kuti mawonekedwe aliwonse a moyo chiyenera kukhala mu mawonekedwe a biosphere wa - dongosolo lalikulu la "malo moyo". Mu 1926, Pulofesa lofalitsidwa ndi buku 'Biosphere "imene iye anafotokoza ndizosowa zonse ankaphunzitsa. Buku analandira yaing'ono, zinalembedwa yosavuta kulenga. Kunadzetsa chomukondweretsa owerenga ambiri.

Vernadsky anakonza biogeochemical pakati biosphere lapansi. Mmenemo mfundo chinaoneka monga chinthu wamoyo, wopangidwa mwa zosiyanasiyana zinthu mankhwala amene amapezeka mu zamoyo zonse mu anthu.

biogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira zikuchokera, kapangidwe, akamanena za nkhani moyo. Asayansi apeza mfundo zingapo zofunika, kusonyeza chitsanzo cha dziko.

Kodi anauza Vladimir Vernadsky?

The biosphere - chilengedwe moyo wa Dziko - sabwereranso ku maanja uliri yapita, chotero amasintha nthawi zonse. Koma nkhani wamoyo uli zonse geochemical yaikulu m'dzikoli.

m'mlengalenga - ndi mapangidwe biogenic, monga kulimbana mpweya padziko lonse n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa nkhondo chakudya.

Champhamvu kwambiri ndi osiyanasiyana amoyo mphamvu m'dziko lapansi ndi bakiteriya, lotseguka ngakhale Leeuwenhoek.

Mu 1943, wasayansi anali kupereka dongosolo ndi wa Stalin Prize. Theka loyamba la pulofesa Malipilo anapatsa kumbuyo Fund kwawo ndi wachiwiri ntchito pa kugula zopereka miyala ya Russian Academy of Sciences.

chiphunzitso Vernadsky wonena za biosphere ndi noosphere

Noosphere - Integrated Geological envelopu wa dziko lapansi zimene aumbike chifukwa cha ntchito chikhalidwe ndi luso la zopangapanga anthu, komanso zochitika zachilengedwe ndi njira. The tenet chofunika kwambiri mfundo unali udindo wa chikoka amazindikira anthu pa chilengedwe.

chiphunzitso Vernadsky za biosphere ndi noosphere amasanthula zikamera wa chikumbu mtima chifukwa cha kusanduka zomveka. Komanso pulofesa anali wokhoza kulosera za kukula kwa malire a noosphere ndi kutanthauza kupeza munthu mu mlengalenga. Malinga Vernadsky, ndi noosphere ndi maziko a mogwirizana ndi lokongola ndi munthu. Choncho, anthu ndi nzeru, samalani mogwirizana izi ndi kuwononga.

Poyambira zikamera wa noosphere ndi zikamera mu moyo wa munthu zipangizo woyamba ndi moto - kotero iye anatembenuka mwayi wa nyama ndi zomera dziko, anayamba njira tima wa chilengedwe cha zomera nakulitsa ndi kuweta ziweto. Ndipo tsopano mwamuna alibe anayamba kumachita monga munthu zomveka, ndipo monga Mlengi.

Koma sayansi kuti amachita ndi kuphunzira zochita zoipa za anthu pa chilengedwe, anaonekera atamwalira Vernadsky ndi otchedwa zachilengedwe. Koma sayansi si kuphunzira ntchito za miyala ya anthu ndi zotsatira zake.

Muzipereka kwa sayansi

Vladimir Ivanovich wapanga zinthu zambiri zofunika. Kuyambira 1888 mpaka 1897 wasayansi anayamba mfundo silicates, anatsimikiza gulu la mankhwala siliceous, ndipo anayambitsa mfundo ya kaolin wa phata.

Mu 1890-1911 gg. Iye anakhala woyambitsa majini mineralogy khazikitsa kugwirizana chapadera pakati pa njira mchere crystallization, komanso zikuchokera ndi mapangidwe ake chiyambi.

Asayansi Russian Vernadsky anathandiza kulinganiza ndi chidziwitso dongosolo m'munda wa geochemistry. Akatswiri woyamba anachita kafukufuku kwathunthu osati m'mlengalenga, komanso lithosphere ndi hydrosphere. Mu 1907 chinali chiyambi cha radiogeology.

M'zaka 1916-1940 anafotokozera za mfundo zazikulu za biogeochemistry, ndipo anali mlembi wa chiphunzitso cha biosphere ndi kusanduka ake. Vernadskiy Vladimir Ivanovich, kutsegula kwa amene anakantha dziko lonse, kuphunzira okhutira kachulukidwe mbali moyo wa thupi, komanso ntchito geochemical kuti iwo kuchita. Iye anaonetsa maganizo tinganene biosphere mu noosphere lapansi.

mawu ochepa A za biosphere ndi

Kapangidwe ka biosphere, malinga ndi ziwerengero Vladimir Ivanovich, anali mitundu ikuluikulu isanu ndi iwiri ya zakuthupi:

1. Omwazikana maatomu.
2. Zinthu chifukwa wamoyo.
3. Zinthu za chiyambi dziko.
4. Zinthu anapanga kunja moyo.
5. Zochitika za kuwola nyukiliya.
6. Biokostnye.
7. Kukhala mankhwala.

Kodi Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, amadziwa zonse kudziletsa kulemekeza mwamuna. Iye anakhulupirira kuti aliyense mankhwala amoyo kukhala yekha mu malo enieni, omwe amakhala ndi dongosolo ena. Mipweya ya nkhani moyo limafanana ndi danga, zinthu Komabe zambiri, koposa kukhala pa malo amenewa.

Koma kusintha kwa biosphere mu noosphere anali limodzi ndi zifukwa zingapo:

1. Kuthetsa sapiens Homo kudutsa pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi, komanso chigonjetso chake ndi ulamuliro pa zolengedwa zina zamoyo.
2. Chirengedwe cha wogwirizana dongosolo mudziwe lonse la anthu.
3. Kupezeka kwa magwero mphamvu zatsopano (monga makamaka nyukiliya). Pambuyo patsogolo anthu walandira zofunika kwambiri ndi wamphamvu Geological mphamvu.
4. Luso kusamalira misa anthu.
5. Growth chiwerengero cha anthu amene tikugwira sayansi. Chinthu ichi limaperekanso anthu latsopano Geological mphamvu.

Vladimir Vernadsky, amene chopereka kwa zamoyo ndi lofunika kwambiri, ankayembekezera ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti sizingasinthe chitukuko cha sayansi - izi ndi umboni wokha yokulirapo analipo patsogolo.

Pomaliza

Vernadsky Prospekt - msewu yaitali mu Moscow, imbaenda kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa likulu. magwero limatenga Geochemistry Institute, amene anayambitsa ndipo sanali asayansi, ndipo itha ndi Academy ya General Wogwila. Choncho, limaimira zopereka Vernadsky mu sayansi, imene chimaonetsedwa chitetezo cha dziko. Mu prospectus izi, monga akulakalaka wasayansi, pali mabungwe angapo kafukufuku ndi mayunivesite kuphunzitsa.

M'lifupi ndi zosiyanasiyana kaonedwe sayansi asayansi atulukira ofunika Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, mwina, popanda asayansi ena kwambiri nthawi yathu. Makamaka kwa zimene anachita, adayamika aphunzitsi ake. Nthawi zambiri anamenyera miyoyo ya abwenzi ake ndi ophunzira amene akuvutika ndi dongosolo Chilango. Zikomo ku malingaliro yowala ndi luso lapadera, pamodzi ndi asayansi ena anakhoza kulenga mabungwe amphamvu kafukufuku padziko lonse lapansi.

moyo wa munthuyu unatha mwadzidzidzi.

December 25, 1944 Vladimir Ivanovich anafunsa mkazi wake kubweretsa khofi. Ndipo pamene iye anapita ku khitchini, wasayansi anali kukha mwazi muubongo. A tsokali ofanana anachitika atate wake, ndi mwana anaopa kufa imfa chomwecho. Zitachitika, ndi wasayansi anakhala masiku khumi ndi zitatu, ndi konse anatsitsimuka. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky anafa January 6, 1945.