Ureniamu ndi chinthu mankhwala: mbiri ya anapeza fission nyukiliya ndipo anachita

Nkhaniyi imatiuza za izi amafotokozera mankhwala anatulukira monga ureniamu, nanga mafakitale masiku ano ntchito mankhwala.

Ureniamu - chinthu mankhwala mu mphamvu ndi asilikali makampani

Nthawi zonse anthu anayesa kupeza mkulu-mphamvu, ndi Choncho - kulenga otchedwa lopitirira zoyenda makina. Mwatsoka, kulephera linakhalapo theoretically kutsimikiziridwa ndi m'Malemba za m'ma XIX, koma asayansi sanasiye ndikuyembekeza kuzindikira maloto a mtundu wina wa chipangizo kuti akhoza kumupatsa ambiri "woyera" mphamvu kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri.

Izi mwina anatha kuzindikira ndi Kupezeka kwa zinthu monga ureniamu. Mbali mankhwala ndi dzina anapatsidwa maziko a chitukuko cha nyukiliya, omwe panopa kupereka mphamvu kwa mzinda wonsewo, sitima zankhondo, zombo kumalo ozizira ndi zina zotero. Zoona, "woyera" mphamvu zawo sangapatsidwe dzina, koma zaposachedwapa, makampani ambiri osauka kwa malonda ambiri yaying'ono "mabatire nyukiliya" pamaziko a tritium - alibe mbali kusuntha, ndipo ali bwino thanzi.

Komabe, m'nkhani ino ife kudzasanthulira mwatsatanetsatane mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa mankhwala mchitidwe otchedwa ureniamu fission anachita ndi maso ake.

tanthauzo

Ureniamu - mankhwala mfundo ali ndi atomiki nambala 92 mu tebulo nthawi. mphamvu za nyukiliya ake kulemera ndi 238,029. Amatanthauza chizindikiro U. Pansi bwinobwino zinthu, ndi wandiweyani, heavy metal siliva. Ngati ife kulankhula za mpweya wa poizoni zake, ureniamu palokha - amafotokozera ndi mpweya wa poizoni ofooka. Komanso, iwo alibe mu kapangidwe kake kwathunthu isotopes khola. Ndi khola ambiri alipo isotope ureniamu-338 imatengedwa.

Pofuna zimene tingachite amafotokozera, tidadzatulukira, ndipo tsopano taonani mbiri ya anapeza ake.

nkhani

Chotero chinthu, monga okusayidi zachilengedwe ureniamu, kudziwika kwa anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale, ndipo ntchito mabwana ake akale kwa kupanga glazes, lomwe lili ndi ziwiya mbiya zosiyanasiyana kukana madzi ndi mankhwala ena, komanso yokongola awo.

An tsiku lofunika mu mbiri ya anapeza elementi mankhwala anakhala 1789. Zinali ndiye sayansi ndi German wobadwa Martin Klaproth anacititsa woyamba metalloobrazny ureniamu. Ndipo dzina lake linali chinthu chatsopano polemekeza kutsegula zaka eyiti zapitazo dziko.

Zaka pafupifupi 50 analandira pamene ureniamu ankaona zitsulo koyera Komabe, mu 1840 ku French sayansi Eugene-Peligot Melkor anatha kutsimikizira kuti zinthu akamagwira Klaproth, ngakhale zizindikiro abwino kunja, osati zitsulo ndi okusayidi ureniamu. Patapita kanthawi, onse N'chimodzimodzinso Peligot ureniamu - waukulu kwambiri zitsulo imvi. Zinali ndiye koyamba ndi kulemera atomiki la thunthu anatsimikiza monga ureniamu. Chemical mchitidwe anaikidwa Dmitri Mendeleev m'dziko lake wotchuka nthawi ya zinthu mu 1874, ndi Mendeleev kawiri kulemera atomiki la thunthu kawiri. Izo zinali kokha pambuyo zaka 12 anali empirically kutsimikiziridwa kuti sayansi yaikulu sanalakwe kuwerengetsera awo.

mpweya wa poizoni

Koma chidwi chenicheni mu gawo ili lonse la asayansi inayamba mu 1896, pamene Becquerel anapeza kuti ureniamu limatulutsa cheza, omwe dzina la wofufuza za - Becquerel kunyezimira. Kenako, mmodzi mwa asayansi otchuka m'dera limeneli - Mariya Kyuri, wotchedwa zodabwitsazi cha mpweya wa poizoni.

Yotsatira tsiku zofunika kuphunzira ureniamu amaona kukhala mu 1899: zinali ndiye kuti Rutherford anapeza kuti ureniamu cheza si yunifolomu ndi lagawidwa mitundu iwiri - Alpha ndi beta kunyezimira. Patapita chaka chimodzi, Pol Villar (Viyyar) anatsegula ndi wachitatu otsiriza timadziwa kuti tsiku mtundu wa poizoni - otchedwa Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira.

patatha zaka zisanu, mu 1906, Rutherford zamulungu zake za mpweya wa poizoni anachititsa zatsopano choyamba, cholinga chimene anali kudziwa zaka za mchere zosiyanasiyana. Maphunziro awa maziko, kuphatikizapo mapangidwe chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe a kusanthula radiocarbon.

Fission wa ureniamu

Koma mwina zochuluka kutsegula, amene zaululidwa ureniamu migodi mphero mu zolinga onse zosakhudzana ndi usilikali - ndiyo njira ya fission nyukiliya wa ureniamu. Izo zinachitika mu 1938, chotulukira zinachitikadi mphamvu za sayansi German Otto Gana ndi Fritz Strassmann. Kenako chiphunzitso chimenechi udakhazikika mwa ntchito za sayansi sayansi angapo German.

Limagwirira anapeza mwa iwo anali motere: ngati ngale irradiated ureniamu-235 isotope nyutironi, ndiye kumvetsa ufulu nyutironi, iwo amayamba kugawikana. Ndipo, monga ife tonse tikudziwa tsopano, ndondomeko imeneyi limodzi ndi kwakukulu kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu kayendedwe wa dzuwa, phata zidutswa. Kotero tsopano ife mukudziwa momwe fission wa ureniamu.

Kupezeka kwa limagwirira izi ndi zotsatira zake, ndipo ndiye poyambira ntchito ureniamu mu zolinga wamba ndi asilikali.

Ngati ife kulankhula za ntchito zake zolinga asilikali, kwa nthawi yoyamba maganizo amenewa akhoza kulenga zinthu ndondomeko choterocho, monga anachita apitirize ureniamu fission (monga kugumula bomba la nyukiliya amafuna mphamvu kwambiri), anali ndi Soviet sayansi Zeldovich ndi Khariton. Koma kuti alenge anachita zimenezi, ureniamu ayenera ogwira, monga boma nthawi zonse katundu kufunika izo alibe.

Ndi mbiri ya chinthu ichi tawerenga, ife tsopano ankaiphwasula, kumene ntchito.

The ntchito ndi mtundu wa isotopes ureniamu

Atapeza ngati njira, monga mmene ureniamu fission unyolo, asayansi anayamba kukayikira komwe ntchito?

Panopa, pali mbali ziwiri kumene ntchito isotopes ureniamu. Ndi mtendere (kapena mphamvu) makampani ndi asilikali. Onse woyamba ndi wachiwiri amagwiritsa zimene fission nyukiliya wa ureniamu-235 isotope, losiyana yekha mu mphamvu linanena bungwe. Mwachidule, mu riyakitala nyukiliya Sikuti kulenga ndi kuthandizanso pa ntchitoyi ndi mphamvu yomweyo monga n'kofunika yokwaniritsira kuphulika kwa bomba la nyukiliya.

Kotero, anali ndi mafakitale waukulu ntchito ureniamu fission anachita.

Koma kupeza isotope ureniamu-235 - ndi kovuta kwambiri ndi yokwera mtengo vuto luso, osati dziko lililonse angakwanitse kumanga processing zomera. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa matani makumi awiri a mafuta ureniamu, mmene zili ureniamu 235 isotope adzakhala pakati 3-5%, pamafunika matani oposa 153 a Polemeretsedwa achilengedwe, "yaiwisi" ureniamu.

ureniamu-238 isotope zimagwiritsa ntchito yomanga chiwembu zida za nyukiliya kuonjezera mphamvu. Komanso, pamene analanda ndi nyutironi kenako ndondomeko ya beta kuvunda kwa isotope izi zikhoza kenako n'kukhala nyukiliyazo basi-239 - mafuta wamba ambiri makina amene masiku ano nyukiliya.

Ngakhale kuti zolakwa zonse mathanki ngati (kukwera mtengo, kuchulukitsa kwa chisamaliro ndi ngozi), ntchito zawo malipira yokha mofulumira kwambiri, ndi mphamvu iwo amapanga n'chachikulu kwambiri kuposa chakale mphamvu matenthedwe kapena opangira magetsi.

Komanso ureniamu fission anachita ali ololedwa kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya zoopsa. Iwo amakhala ndi gulu lalikulu zimakhalanso yaying'ono kuti angathe kuchita malo ambiri zosafunika kuti anthu akhalemo. Komabe, zida zamakono nyukiliya ntchito nyukiliyazo basi osati ureniamu.

zatha ureniamu

Palinso mtundu zoterozo ureniamu ndi zatha. Iwo amakhala ndi pamlingo wochepa kwambiri cha mpweya wa poizoni choncho si owopsa kwa anthu. Anagwiritsa ntchito kachiwiri mu dera asilikali, pakuti Mwachitsanzo, ananenanso mu zida "Abrams" American thanki kupereka kwambiri linga. Komanso, pafupifupi zina zamakono makamu akhoza kukumana zosiyanasiyana mivi ndi zatha ureniamu. Kuwonjezera kulemera mkulu, ali koma china chidwi kwambiri - pambuyo chiwonongeko cha splinters wake chipolopolo ndi zitsulo ufa azinyadira zokha. Ndipo mwa njira, koyamba ngati mzinga ankagwiritsa ntchito pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Monga tikuonera, ureniamu - zinthu zimene zagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za zochita za anthu.

Pomaliza

Asayansi ukuonetsa kuti padziko 2030 wotopa kwathunthu onse a madipoziti lalikulu ureniamu, ndipo amayamba kukula kwa zigawo olimbika wake, ndi mtengo adzauka. njira, ureniamu miyala kulibe vuto mwamtheradi kwa anthu - ena Anthuwa ntchito pa ulimi wake mibadwo. Tsopano titamvetsa mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa zinthu mankhwala, nanga ntchito fission ake nyukiliya anachita.

Mwa njira, mfundo zosangalatsa amadziwika - mankhwala ureniamu wachita kale ntchito ngati utoto kwa zadothi ndi galasi (otchedwa ureniamu galasi) mpaka 1950s lapansi.