Chuma Social: mndandanda, gulu, makhalidwe, cholinga

Facilities, nyumba, nyumba, amene kanthawi kapena kwa moyo ndi anthu manambala chidwi - ndi zinthu dera chikhalidwe. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu ndi mitundu malinga ndi njira ntchito. maofesi chikhalidwe mu lamavutoli kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha anthu okhala kumeneko, kuphatikizapo ku kuopseza ndi zigawenga. M'pofunika kuganizira makamaka chimadalira - zaka, thanzi ndi monga, komanso kuchuluka kwake. M'gulu (wachinsinsi) ndi zinthu dera chikhalidwe, ndendende chifukwa aliyense kalasi ndi mtundu, kuti, aliyense m'gulu amafuna chilengedwe cha msinkhu yoyenera chitetezo, ndipo izi anatsimikiza ndi maonekedwe komanso buku la chitetezo, gulu, opaleshoni ndipo njira zina kuti athe kuziteteza ku kuwaopseza, kuphatikizapo uchigawenga.

gulu

I kwa gulu ndi magawo zotsatirazi, wosiyana ndi mfundo za maganizo a kufunika:

1. makhalidwe zinchito.

2. ntchito zotsatira za ntchito pa chinthu kuchita ndi zigawenga.

3. The mlingo wa chitetezo amene ndi maofesi chikhalidwe.

4. kufunika ndende ya chipembedzo, chikhalidwe, za mbiri yakale, luso, chuma, anayikidwa pa nyumbayo, ndipo ntchito zotsatira kuchokera encroachments zigawenga mfundo izi.

5. Chiwerengero cha ndodo ndi nzika (alendo) amene ali pa malo pa nthawi yomweyo.

Koma chogwidwa mu gulu la Mbali zinchito: chipatala Izi kapena zisudzo ana, okalamba kunyumba kapena bwalo. Gulu loyamba - zinthu n'zakanthawi, kuphatikizapo koloko, kapena okhazikika anthu azikhalamo. Gulu la zinthu la dera chikhalidwe akuyamba ndi kukhala zipinda akugona kaya zaka anthu onowu: kukwera masukulu ndi malo kusamalira ana, zipatala, nyumba okalamba ndi olumala (osati lathyathyathya mtundu), chisanadze sukulu. Komanso pali kukwera nyumba, mamotelo, malo msasa, nyumba holide zatsiku, hostels ndi m'mahotela. Apanso, Nkofunika kuteteza zinthu za dera chikhalidwe. Mulinso ndi nyumba - nyumba. Ndime yachiwiri ya gulu ili ndi mabungwe chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro, ndiponso zosangalatsa, chiyembekezo zikuluzikulu zomwe amadziwika misa kukhala alendo nthawi zina za nthawi. Iyi ndi mafilimu a kanema, konsati holo, kalabu, masewera aja, zisudzo ana ndi wokhazikika, bwaloli ndi zina zofunikira masewera, kumene Calculated chiwerengero cha mipando ndegeyo. kalasi Izi zikuphatikizapo chatsekedwa-mapeto m'nyumba ndi panja nthandala onse. Mwachitsanzo, kavalo-anagona zovuta, amene ankanena mafuko, choncho zili ndi mipando kwa masewera. zinthu zakale zonse, maholo kuvina, zisudzo ndi mabungwe ofanana alinso mu kalasi.

anthu utumiki

Mabungwe komwe alendo kuposa antchito kuwatumikira, a mtundu wachitatu. Awa ndi zinthu za dera, anthu mndandanda wa zomwe si choncho yaitali. Ndi zipatala ndi polyclinics, masewera malo a zamasewela. Izi zikuphatikizapo malo m'nyumba dongosolo awo, masewera ndi maofesi maphunziro (popanda maguwa). Ndi chigawo chachinayi cha gulu ili monga kapangidwe ndi kufufuza mabungwe, sukulu, mabungwe kasamalidwe. maofesi awa akugwiritsidwa kokha nthawi zina masana, ndipo pali chimadalira zonse zimene anali ndi chizolowezi zinthu izi. Kawirikawiri anthu a msinkhu winawake ndi thanzi. Mwachitsanzo, masukulu ndi akaweruka kusukulu, apadera, sukulu zasekondale oyamba, mayunivesite, mabungwe maphunziro. Iwo monga gulu la mapulani ndi mamangidwe Yofalitsa, uthenga, kufufuza, maofesi, maofesi, mabanki, utsogoleri mabungwe.

Apo ayi wachinsinsi ndi chitetezo cha zinthu womwewo wa dera chikhalidwe. Tanthauzo la makalasi ndi motere. Pali zinthu zimene imvera boma chitetezo chifukwa ena - ndi kuvomerezedwa chitetezo PSB (Chigawo cha chitetezo payekha), ndipo ena kudziteteza ORR (payekha kampani chitetezo), mlonda chachinayi onse - kuchokera ku Unduna Mkati kwa October, ndi OBO ndi mabungwe zofanana, ndipo wachisanu chitetezo simuli palibe. yogawa otere anapangidwa kwa Mapa mwa zotsatira zotheka ngati wachita lina zigawenga, ndi muyezo waukulu - chiwerengero cha anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi makulidwe zinthu zowonongeka, komanso zone tsoka. Zonse zimene zikukhudzana ndi zinthu dera zinthu, zimagawidwa monga muyezo awiri: zinchito ndi mitundu ya chitetezo.

ovutika

Vital ntchito za magulu onse ndi strata wa anthu zimadalira kwenikweni pa chikhalidwe chimenecho ndiyo mlingo wa chitukuko cha anthu, chikhalidwe cha chisamaliro chikhalidwe, mfundo chikhalidwe ndi nkhani zake, komanso kuthekera ndikukhazikitsa izo. Zochita za zomangamanga chikhalidwe zimadalira zonsezi pamwambapa, monga yothandiza ndi zofunika kwa anthu onse popanda yekha, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu, thanzi, ntchito, ndi zina zotero.

Population mwachibadwa kusasintha, ndi kapangidwe patsinde lililonse zosiyanasiyana. Pamafunika zisudzo, ndi zina Kukwera Akavalo masewera zovuta. Enanso anali onse mu zinthu zovuta, kuti popanda zipangizo zina chikhalidwe sangakwanitse kuthetsa mavuto. chikudalira Tiyenera chikhalidwe thandizo, thandizo ndi chitetezo. zifukwa angathe kutumikira monga khalidwe wakhalidwe losalongosoka, vuto m'banja, thanzi, ana amasiye, pokhala ndi zina zotero. Anthu amenewa amakhala chinthu - koma chikhalidwe ntchito mabungwe ena: makhoti, zipatala, mabungwe boma komanso mabungwe ena.

zenizeni

Ndi zochita za anthu m'madera akhoza kumatanthauza gulu lina lofunika kuti amafuna ntchito zipangizo zina chikhalidwe. Koposa zonse, izi mafakitale zomangamanga, malo, malo ndi zina zotero. mawonekedwe kuthetsa kwambiri n'chofunika kwambiri, popeza anthu ambiri anthu ali m'goli kwambiri: mumzinda Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale State masewera aja ali, ndi m'mudzi ndi mafilimu a kanema anapulumuka.

Palinso mitundu wapakatikati wa Pamudzi, amenenso ndi machulukitsidwe wa zinthu zoweta ndi zipangizo chikhalidwe kumanzereku kwambiri wolakalakika. Anthu ambiri ndi laibulale kumidzi palibe chifukwa dziko lonse Amatseka palibe kamodzikamodzi kuposa zipatala, sukulu ndi kindergartens. Transport ndi malo ali mu dipatimenti yoona za utsogoleri maofesi a chikhalidwe, kulikonse ali stagnation. Koma osauka pothandiza anthu, kulikonse pali Intaneti, choncho laibulale wakumudzi salamula zokwanira.

zomangamanga

maofesi Social m'gulu la zomangamanga chikhalidwe mu chiwerengero cha makampani ndi mafakitale kuti kupereka moyo wabwino ndi umoyo wa anthu. Zikuphatikizapo nyumba ndi kumanga nyumba ndi ntchito limodzi maofesi chikhalidwe, mabungwe ndi makampani a dongosolo zaumoyo, sukulu ndi maphunziro chisanadze sukulu. Simungakhoze kuchita popanda mabungwe ndi mabizinesi okhudzana ndi zosangalatsa zosangalatsa. Izi zikuphatikizapo: Catering, ritelo, misonkhano, kuyenda nawo m'sitimayo, masewera malo a zamasewela, kulankhulana pa utumiki wothandiza, maofesi malamulo ndi odziwitsa, mabanki ndi mabanki ndalama ... The mndandanda wa zinthu dera chikhalidwe yaitali.

Njira ya chitukuko cha zomangamanga ali inapita patsogolo m'mayiko onse ndi ntchito mkulu zachuma kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri. Luso la zopangapanga akufuna osati kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu nzeru ndi khalidwe la ogwira ntchito, komanso kuti tikhale ndi moyo. Anasintha zolinga zonse ntchito, kuti anali kutsogolera kwa chitukuko cha madera osiyana a dera chikhalidwe. A qualitatively latsopano zipangizo zambiri zamakono zinthu m'munsi mwa makampani zomangamanga kupulumutsa ntchito mkulu wa ntchito yake. nthambi zonse za kupanga zinthu akhala akukonza sayansi-luso zisinthe amene kwambiri chepetse chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito kumeneko, ndi chifukwa panali mwayi kwambiri reallocate ntchito popanga misonkhano, kotero zosiyanasiyana zomangamanga wakhala kwambiri, ndipo chiwerengero chawo chawonjezeka kambirimbiri. Kuonjezera ubwino ndi muyezo wa moyo ku misa waukulu.

zomangamanga Economics

Gawo maofesi a zachuma chikhalidwe imakhala malo awiri - mafakitale ndi zagolide, kuti ndi chikhalidwe, amene nawonso, linagawidwa zigawo ndi boma Boma zokhudzana ndi ndondomeko kupanga. Kotero anapereka zikhalidwe za moyo chikhalidwe ndi ntchito, moyo wawo limayenda ntchito moyo, chikhalidwe, lotha ndi kulankhulana chikhalidwe. Choncho lonse zomangamanga chikhalidwe akhoza kugawidwa ndi zachuma, kuonetsetsa kutukula za umunthu - ndi chikhalidwe, thanzi, maphunziro ndi banja, amene amalenga zofunika pa moyo wa anthu - ndi nyumba, zofunikira, ritelo ndi zina zotero .

maphunziro Statistical kuti akutsatiridwa mu nyumba mu dziko, komanso mabungwe lonse, mu ziwerengero mu malo oyamba kuika mlingo wa zidzawonongedwa chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, zizindikiro monga nambala ya mabedi kuchipatala, Madokotala ambiri, aphunzitsi m'sukulu za pulaimale ndi sekondale. zinthu zimenezi yodziwika osati mwa mlingo wa zomangamanga chikhalidwe, komanso kwathunthu zenizeni alipo. Mothandizidwa ndi maphunziro akhoza anasankha akonzedwa khola zinthu zonse lenileni, amene kupereka zinthu kwa kothandiza ndiponso ogwira ntchito anthu m'zinthu zonse moyo ndi chikhalidwe. Njira imeneyi ndi gulu la dera chikhalidwe penapake wamba, koma poyerekeza ndi ena ndi wamtengo wapatali ntchito yeniyeni.

Point ndi mzere

zomangamanga Social lagawidwa "dontho" ndi "liniya", pomwe yotsirizira ayenera kuzindikiridwa ngati misewu ndi njanji, mphamvu ndi zisonyezo, ndi zina zotero. Kudziwika zomangamanga mfundo ndi zinthu okha, monga masewera laibulale, masukulu, zipatala ndi china chirichonse. Ikani mtundu wa gulu n'zotheka pafupifupi magulu osiyanasiyana a gulu la dera chikhalidwe. Kupanga bungwe ena mfundo za zomangamanga liniya, koma ambiri ndi mfundo, ndipo ngati ife kuganizira mlingo wa dera zachuma, magawano adzakhala pafupifupi ofanana, komanso - zimachitika.

Mu njira iyi, gulu la zodziwika bwino maonekedwe a gulu la zomangamanga, popanda Lofotokoza wokhutira mbali. Mwa kuphunzira mavuto a zachuma dera, makamaka ntchito mfundo zomangamanga zinthu chigawo lonse kufunika interregional wa zomangamanga ndi zina zotero. Ngati kutsogolo si koyenera ndithu yeniyeni kuti nthawi zonse chibadidwe zomangamanga chikhalidwe, monga kugawikana si bwino kuti alipo, komanso zothandiza kwambiri kwa kuwunika m'madera ambiri.

mndandanda

chakuti zinthu za zomangamanga chikhalidwe imakhala ya mabungwe osiyanasiyana a maphunziro, chikhalidwe ndi zaumoyo, Catering ndi malonda, mabasi ndi magalimoto, madzi ndi ukhondo, zachuma, positi ndi wanthambo maofesi, yomanga masewera ndi olimba (izi zikuphatikizapo osati masewera zachifumu, mabwalo ndi kusambira m'madamu, komanso holide nyumba, m'mapaki ndi mapulogalamu zosangalatsa ndi masewera), - Mwachidule, nambala zosaneneka za maphunziro yosiyana mwamtheradi Nij, amene amasiyana ntchito zake, zolinga, - limanena zokhudza ndikosatheka kukafola chithunzi chonse.

Mchitidwe wokonda zomangamanga makhalidwe ofanana ochiritsira anatchula mndandanda aliyense bungwe, bungwe, bungwe pafupifupi ndiribe kanthu kochita ndi mzake, ndi zinthu zina za anthu atengedwa mu nkhani mokwanira ofooka. Ndi yabwino ndi zina zambiri wolungamitsidwa kwa m'kagulu zinthu chikhalidwe chikhalidwe pa kaperekedwe ka gulu la anthu pansi kulingalira. Popeza ngati njira chilengedwe cha olemba a olumikizidwa ku makina, magawano kumachitika malinga ndi ntchito zawo ofufuza.

kusanthula

Nthawi zambiri, iwo anayamba ndi kusanthula wa zomangamanga wa anthu onse. makhalidwe Management ankagwiritsa ntchito ndi nawo, ndi magawo masamu zomwe mlingo makonzedwe boma ndi zinthu za chitukuko cha aliyense mchitidwe zomangamanga. Kukula kwambiri zizindikiro amapereka mwayi kufufuza ubwenzi ndi anzake watanthauzo njira ya chitukuko cha anthu ndi chuma alipo m'munsi.

Pa mlingo lalikulu m'dera zachuma zomangamanga chikhalidwe ayesedwa mu chimango cha dongosolo lawo mwachilungamo chatsekedwa chuma, motero n'zotheka kuyerekeza zizindikiro za chitukuko mayunitsi osiyana zachuma, zomwe imapereka maziko chuma cha nkhani zina zikayenda bwino, kutsogolera kapena zomwe zikutsalirazi kwa chinthu ndi mzake, ndi kukhala njira kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zothandiza. Kale pa mlingo m'pofunika kuti atchule kusinthidwa ena kuti chinthu chitukuko, kutenga nkhani nyengo wadziko ndi zina mbali ya deralo.

utsogoleri magawano

zomangamanga Social ndi wachinsinsi poyerekezera loyang'anira magawano - mayiko kumadela m'madera zigawo, mizinda, chifukwa nayenso ndi chinthu chofunika wa concretization mavuto ambiri. Pa aliyense wa milingo awa akhoza kusowa ena a zomangamanga chikhalidwe cha makombo. Ngati gulu chikhalidwe si mkulu, m'ndandanda wa zinthu dera chikhalidwe, ndithudi, zochepa. Muyezo waukulu ndi kachulukidwe, momveka imalongosola zofuna okhutitsidwa bwanji anthu pa moyo wake watsiku ndi tsiku. Pali zofunikira ya zinthu zomangamanga, pali ndondomeko ina ya zinthu dera chikhalidwe, amene si m'malo ndi chilichonse. Palibe, ngakhale zabwino owonjezera chipinda si m'malo chipatala akusowa, ndipo ngakhale m'dera ali kalabu m'mudzi uliwonse, ndi m'madera ena ndi nyumba zachifumu zokongola za chikhalidwe, zilibe wolungama kindergartens chatsekedwa.

Zosowa za mtundu wina - maphunziro ena masewera, luso zinthu, ndi ngati kuyenela anakumana mu zonse. zinthu izi ya zomangamanga ayenera malinga ndi chiwerengero pa dera la anthu wokhala. State Theatre Mwachitsanzo, satsegula m'mizinda ndi anthu osachepera mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu zikwi, koma anthu akumanidwa kumva sayenera - onetsetsani kuti kuitumikira: kapena bungwe maulendo, maulendo kapena zisudzo yapafupi, ndipo onetsetsani kuti alenge kulenga zofufuzafufuza kucheza.