Clastic miyala. Kufotokozera ndi gulu la miyala

M'chikondi cha dziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi lonse nthawi tebulo. zinthu mankhwala kupanga pakati pawo pawiri umene mchere achilengedwe. mchere mmodzi kapena angapo m'gulu m'matanthwe a dziko lapansi. Nkhaniyi adzayesa kuthana ndi zosiyanasiyana awo, ndi katundu phindu.

ndiye thanthwe Kodi

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu amenewa ali ntchito wasayansi wathu Russian Severgin mu 1978. Tanthauzo angaperekedwe ndi: miyala - pankhani imeneyi mu imodzi ya mchere angapo mwachibadwa zikuchitika ndi dongosolo okhazikika ndi zikuchokera. Miyala angapezeke kulikonse, ngati iwo ali mbali ya matanthwe a pansi padziko.

Ngati mukuwerenga za miyala, iwo ndi zizindikiro zonse zosiyana:

• Osalimba.
• Porosity.
• Mtundu.
• Mphamvu.
• Amphamvu kukana kwa chisanu.
• makhalidwe kukongoletsa.

Malinga kuphatikiza makhalidwe zimagwirira ntchito.

The zosiyanasiyana miyala

Pa mtima mayunitsi thanthwe pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mankhwala ndi mchere zikuchokera. Dzina la thanthwe wapatsidwa, malingana anachokera. Taonani zimene iwo kugawana gulu. Gawo Common akhoza kuyang'ana njira imeneyo.

1. nyanja miyala:

• clastic miyala;
• organogenous;
• chemogenic;
• losanganikirana.

2. Magmatic:

• chiphala;
• plutonic;
• hypabyssal.

3. Metamorphic:

• isochemical;
• metasomatic;
• ultrametamorphic.

Kenako, taonani mapangidwe tsatanetsatane wa mitundu imeneyi.

miyala nyanja

miyala iliyonse, mu kuona zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi njira kunja akhoza kukhala lopunduka kusintha mawonekedwe ake. Iwo anayamba kugwetsa, zinyalala kufalikira, akhoza waikamo pansi pa nyanja ndipo nyanja. Chifukwa - mapangidwe miyala nyanja.

M'kagulu miyala chiyambi nyanja ndi zovuta, popeza ambiri a iwo inakhazikitsidwa mchikakamizo cha njira zambiri Choncho, kukhulupirira kwa gulu linalake ndi sizingatheke. Panopa mtundu wa thanthwe lagawidwa:

• Clastic miyala. Zitsanzo zingachititse osiyana: miyala bwino kapena kum'pondereza mwala, mchenga ndi dongo, ndi ena ambiri.
• Organogenous.
• Chemogenic.

Tiyeni tikambirane za aliyense fomu zimasokoneza.

miyala Clastic

Iwo amaoneka chifukwa mapangidwe zinyalala. Ngati ife m'kagulu malinga ndi dongosolo lawo, amasulidwe:

• Manowa thanthwe.
• Unconsolidated.

Yoyamba yophatikiza chigawo chimodzi polumikiza, kumene umaimiridwa ndi carbonates ndi clays. Mtundu wachiwiri alibe zinthu zimenezi limakhala ndi dongosolo lotayirira.

Mukhozanso mwachindunji kuti miyala clastic zambiri monga kuda ndi zotsalira za zomera ndi nyama. Zikuphatikizapo zipolopolo za mollusks anasunga mafupa a tsinde la, tizilombo mapiko.

Ambiri amadziwika miyala clastic. Zitsanzo akutitsimikizira izi. Ndi detrital ndi lowopsya mchenga ndi dongo, mwala wosweka ndi miyala, komanso ena ambiri. Onse a iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga.

mabedi thanthwe

gulu ili yopangidwa ndi zochita mankhwala. Zimachitika iye akhale salt, monga potaziyamu ndi bauxite. The ndondomeko ya kupanga mtundu wa mtundu mwina chitani m'njira ziwiri:

1. Pang'onopang'ono ndende ya ndondomeko njira. Si lilibe pano ndi zotsatira za kutentha kwa dzuwa.
2. Amakulitsa salt kwambiri pa kutentha yafupika.

Kapangidwe ka mitundu ngati kudzadalira kumene kumachitika. Amene anapanga padziko lapansi, ndi mawonekedwe a posungira, ndipo kuya kale yosiyana.

Kwambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito ku gulu la miyala, zitsanzo chabe akutitsimikizira izi. Kwa mabedi a miyala ndi:

• Mchere salt.
• Bauxite.
• Limestones.
• Dolomite, magnesite, ndi ena ambiri.

Mu chikhalidwe ndi miyala zachilendo mu mapangidwe amene anali nawo ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Dzina la miyala zomwe zachitika m'njira - osokonezeka. Mwachitsanzo, mchenga angathetsedwe ndi kusakanizikana dongo.

Organogenic miyala nyanja

Ngati miyala clastic nthawi zina m'gulu kapangidwe kake amakhalabe wa zamoyo, ndiye gulu ili ndi chimodzi mwa iwo ndipo. Pamafunikanso:

• Mafuta ndi shale.
• Phula.
• Mankwala miyala.
• Carbonate mankhwala, monga choko, zimene zinalembedwa pa bolodi lakuda.
• Limestones.

Ngati ife kulankhula za zikuchokera, miyala ndi choko pafupifupi kwathunthu wapangidwa zotsala za zipolopolo za mollusks wakale, foraminifera, miyala yamtengo wapatali, monga iwo ali algae. Popeza kuti kupereka adzauka miyala organogenic ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, anawagawa mitundu angapo:

• Bioherm. Chotero anaitana kudzikundikira zamoyo.
• Thanatocoenoses ndi tafrotsenozy ndi zotsala za tizilombo kuti moyo kalekalelo mu malo awa, kapena anafika ndi madzi.
• miyala Planktonogenic inakhazikitsidwa ku zamoyo zimene zimakhala m'madzi.

Mapira kukula kwa chitayiko

Mbali imeneyi ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za dongosolo nyanja thanthwe. Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa miyala, iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu homogeneous ndi inclusions. Mu chimake choyamba, thanthwe lonse amaona misa kwenikweni ndi wachiwiri tuzigawo twa akhoza kuonedwa ndi mbewu mawonekedwe awo ndi chiŵerengero.

Ngati tikambirana kukula kwa tuzigawo twa, tingasiyanitsire magulu angapo:

1. Mapira bwino chizindikiro.
2. Skrytozernistye zowoneka kuoneka ngati unstructured.
3. Mu gulu lachitatu, sikutheka kuganizira granularity popanda zipangizo zina zapadera.

inclusions mawonekedwe akhoza kukhala mmodzi wa i imene kugawana miyala izi. mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana ya nyumba:

• Gipodiomorfny. Mu ichi kuchita mtundu ngati mbewu timibulu yankho chifukwa.
• Gipidioblastovy mtundu chikukhudza kapangidwe wapakatikati, imene pali kusokonekera kwa zinthu pa thanthwe kale solidified.
• Granoblastic kapena pepala ali timibulu mawonekedwe osasamba.
• Mehanokonforny mtundu popangidwa ndi kanthu makina a pressurized zigawo mbewu, zili pamwambapa.
• Nekonformnozernisty ali ndi mbali yaikulu mu mawonekedwe a akalumikidzidwa yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu, imbaenda voids ndi porosity.

Komanso nyumba zimatulutsa ngakhale ndi kapangidwe. magawano zachokera layering la:

• Panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira. mapangidwe ake ikuchitika pa kuya kwambiri pansi pa madzi.
• Prosloevaya amapezeka mu zigawo zina za madzi, mtundu akhoza zimachitika smears dongo, zigawo za mchenga ndi dongo.
• Pereslaivatelnaya kumachitika pamene munthu makulidwe lalikulu, n'zotheka kusunga kusintha kwa zigawo mitundu. Monga chitsanzo, interlace dongo ndi mchenga.

Likhoza mu classifications zambiri, koma izi, mwinamwake, siyani.

Oimira miyala nyanja

Takambirana kale kuphunzira nyanja miyala clastic zitsanzo za amenenso chinachitika, ndipo tsopano akukhala pa ena, chomwenso ndi inafalitsidwa mu chirengedwe.

1. Grits. Zikuimira miyala nyanja mu mawonekedwe a miyala. Iwo wapangidwa ndi makombo a miyala ndi mchere zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
2. Sandy miyala. Zikuphatikizapo mchenga ndi sandstone.
3. Silty miyala kungafanane sandstones, yekha mu dongosolo ake ndi mchere wolimba mu mawonekedwe a khwatsi, muscovite.
4. Siltstone yodziwika ndi roughness pa fupa lothyoka ndi mtundu zimadalira zinthu cementitious.
5. Loam.
6. Clay miyala.
7. Mudstones.
8. Marl ndi osakaniza carbonates ndi clays.
9. Limestones, amene wapangidwa calcite.
10. Mel.
11. Dolomites amafanana miyala calcite, koma m'malo mwake muli dolomite.

miyala onsewa ankagwiritsa ntchito yomanga ndi kumabungwe ena a chuma.

miyala metamorphic

Ngati ife kukumbukira kuti metamorphosis ichi, adzakhululukidwa anamvetsa kuti miyala metamorphic ndizo zotsatira za kusintha kwa mchere ndi miyala pansi zochita za kutentha, kuwala, kuthamanga, ndi madzi. Odziwika kwambiri a gulu awa: nsangalabwi, quartzite, gneiss, schist, ndi ena.

Popeza metamorphosis zikhoza kukhala zosiyanasiyana miyala, ndi gulu chimadalira pa izo:

1. METABASIC - mtundu umenewu, zimene zimabweretsa ku kutembenuka kwa miyala igneous ndi nyanja.
2. Metapelites ndizo zotsatira za kutembenuka kwa nyanja miyala acid.
3. Carbonate miyala, monga nsangalabwi.

Mawonekedwe a thanthwe metamorphic ali anapitiriza chitsanzo yapita, ngati thanthwe ili pamwamba zigawo, ndipo utangoyamba adzakhala mawonekedwe omwewo. Mipweya, kumene, zimadalira thanthwe pachiyambi, koma mchikakamizo cha zochita zingasiyane. The zikuchokera mchere angakhale osiyana, ndipo zikuphatikizapo onse mchere ndi limodzi kapena angapo.

miyala Igneous

Gulu la miyala ndi pafupifupi 60% ya matanthwe a pansi padziko wonse. Iwo chichokera limatsogolera ya miyala kapena pakhoma pansi pa matanthwe a. Chiphalaphala - zakuthupi lamkuwa ndi pang'ono kapena kwathunthu apindula ndi mpweya zosiyanasiyana. The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe nthawi zonse kugwirizana ndi kutentha mkati mwa dziko lapansi. njira Geological zikuchitika mkatimo Earth, zonse zoyambitsa chiphalaphala limatuluka pamwamba. Mu ndondomeko ya kuukitsidwa chikuchitika kuzirala ndi crystallization mchere. Choncho ndi ndondomeko mapangidwe miyala igneous.

Malinga mozama pa zimene oipa, anawagawa m'magulu angapo miyala, mitundu ya tebulo ingaoneke monga izi:

plutonic	chiphala	hypabyssal
Miyala imeneyi anapanga mu mmunsi mwa matanthwe a.	Inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala pamwamba.	Mtundu kumachitika pamene chiphalaphala chimadzaza ming'alu m'matanthwe alipo.

miyala Igneous amasiyana zinyalala kuti palibe zotsala za zamoyo akufa mwa iwo. Miyalayo thanthwe mapangidwe ndi imodzi mwa lotchuka kwambiri pakati pa gulu ili. Amakhala: feldspar, khwatsi ndi Mica.

Pamene zotupa, ndi chiphalaphala kusiya padziko lapansi, pang'onopang'ono amazizira ndipamene mtundu wa thanthwe chiphala. Iwo mulibe timibulu zazikulu ngati dontho kutentha kumachitika mofulumira ndithu. Woimira miyala amenewa ndi basalt ndi lubwe. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu masiku amakedzana kupanga misewu ndi ziboliboli.

Chiphala miyala clastic

Mu ndondomeko ya kuphulitsa mapiri anapanga osati thanthwe lubwe, komanso ena ambiri. Komanso effusion chiphalaphala m'mlengalenga inyamuka ambiri zidutswa amene pamodzi ndi kuundana Unalimbitsa chiphalaphala kugwa pamwamba ndi mawonekedwe tephra. Nkhanizi pyroclastic pang'ono ndi pang'ono wayamba kusokonezedwa, anawononga mbali ya madzi, ndi amene ting'onoting'ono basi ndipo amakhala amphamvu thanthwe - chiphala tuffs.

Pa kumatula kwa zidutswa thanthwe Tingaone, mipata pakati pa amene ali odzazidwa ndi phulusa zina dongo kapena siliceous nyanja zinthu.

Weathering a miyala

miyala yonse, pokhala mu chikhalidwe, amakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimadzetsa kukokoloka kapena chiwonongeko. Malinga chikoka ankachititsa pali mitundu ingapo ya ndondomeko izi:

1. Thupi weathering wa miyala. Kumachitika chifukwa kusintha kutentha, chifukwa mu thanthwe mkangano, mu ming'alu izi angamachite madzi amene zikhoza kusinthidwa mu ayezi pa otsika kutentha. Pang'onopang'ono kuwonongedwa kwa thanthwe kumachitika.
2. Chemical weathering ikuchitika ndi madzi amene afika mu ming'alu thanthwe ndi leaches, amasungunula izo. Zotsatira amenewa ndi ambiri amenable kuti nsangalabwi, miyala, mchere.
3. Tizilombo weathering ikuchitika ndi nawo zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, ambabzala ndi mizu akuwononga thanthwe, ndere, anakakhala pa iwo, secrete ena asidi zimene zili zotsatira zoipa.

Pewani weathering wa miyala kuli kovuta.

kutanthauza miyala

N'zosatheka kuyerekeza chuma popanda kugwiritsa ntchito miyala. Chitani ntchito ngati anayamba kalelo, pamene anthu aphunzira mmene angachitire miyala. Makamaka ntchito zomangamanga miyala. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi:

• Marble.
• Laimu.
• Mel.
• Lubwe.
• Quartzite ndi ena.

ntchito yawo yomanga zachokera mphamvu ndi makhalidwe ena ofunika.

Ena Mitundu ntchito makampani zitsulo, monga dongo refractory, miyala, dolomite. Makampani mankhwala ndi limodzi ku thanthwe mchere, Tripoli, diatomaceous lapansi.

Ngakhale makampani kuwala amagwiritsa thanthwe zosowa zawo. Mu ulimi simungakhoze kuchita popanda potashi, mankwala thanthwe, lomwe ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu za feteleza.

Choncho, ife anafufuza miyala. Ndipo Ndizachidziwikire kuti panopa iwo ali ndi zofunikira othandizira munthu pafupifupi aliyense makampani, kuyambira tsiku ndi tsiku kumanga. N'chifukwa chake lingaliro si thanthwe nthawi zambiri ntchito ndi mchere kuti ndendende akufotokoza kufunika Madamu zachilengedwe.