Gawo isanafike 1917: a kazembe, dera ndi chigawo cha Russian Ufumu

Kudulidwa kwa dziko mu zigawo manageable wakhala mmodzi wa maziko a dongosolo Russian boma. Malire dziko anasintha nthawi zonse, ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma 21, nkhani kuti kusintha utsogoleri. Ndipo pa siteji ya Moscow ufumu ndi Russian Ufumu, izi zinachitika kwambiri zambiri chifukwa inalowa a m'mayiko ena, kusintha kwa mphamvu za ndale kapena maphunzirowa.

Kudulidwa kwa dziko mu 15-17 zaka TH

Pa siteji ya Moscow State zofunika Kupititsa mayunitsi utsogoleri anali zigawo. Iwo inali m'kati mwamalire a maukulu kamodzi palokha ndipo anali kulamulidwa ndi mfumu anabzala akazembe. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu gawo Loona za mizinda dziko lalikulu (Tver, Vladimir, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod ndi ena.) Anali palokha administratively ndi m'madera County anali m'gulu, ngakhale kuti Mitu yawo. M'zaka za m'ma 21, zikufanana zinali Moscow, lomwe ndi likulu la dera de facto koma de A jure ndi mzinda wa tanthauzo feduro, mwachitsanzo chigawo osiyana.

Aliyense wa chigawocho, nawonso, unagawidwa townships - madera malo amene anali m'mudzi wina waukulu kapena tauni yaing'ono ndi maiko oimbira. Komanso m'dziko kumpoto likukwaniritsa kugawikana m'magulu, manda, m'mudzi kapena midzi osakaniza osiyanasiyana.

Malire kapena dera Ufumuyo posachedwapa zigawo. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Onega Lake a kumpoto kwa mapiri a Ural ndipo pansi pa gombe la nyanja ya Arctic ankatchedwa Pomerania. A Kumanzere-banki Ukraine, amene anakhala gawo la ufumu Moscow m'zaka 16 mochedwa, chifukwa udindo wake monga "dziko lamavutoli" ndipo anthu ambiri (Cossacks) unagawidwa regiments - Kyiv, Poltava, Chernihiv ndi zina zotero.

Nthawi zambiri, gulu la Moscow State anali zosokoneza kwambiri koma analoledwa kukhala mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe utsogoleli wa m'madera m'zaka zotsatira. Ndipo zofunika ambiri a iwo - kasamalidwe chimodzi-munthu.

Kudulidwa kwa dziko m'zaka za m'ma 18

Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, kukhazikitsidwa kwa utsogoleri kugawikana kwa dziko zinachitika mu magawo angapo, kusintha umene chachikulu chinachitika mu zaka za m'ma 18. Province a ufumuwo Russian anatuluka pambuyo pa Watsimikiza Peter I mu 1708, ndipo poyamba panali 8 yokha - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kiev, Azov, Kazan ndi Siberia. Patapita zaka zingapo Ananenanso Riga ndi chigawo Astrakhan. Aliyense wa iwo analandira si dziko lokha ndi viceroy (kazembe), komanso chizindikiro chake.

zigawo ophunzira anali aakulu kwambiri, ndipo kotero bwino anatha. Choncho, kukonza otsatirawa umalimbana kuchepetsa awo ndi kulekanitsidwa mayunitsi wamng'ono. The zikuluzikulu waukulu ndondomeko izi:

1. Kusintha lachiwiri la Peter Ine ya 1719, imene chigawo cha Russian Ufumu anayamba kugawikana m'maiko ndipo zigawozo. Kenako, yotsirizira n'kuyamba zigawo za.
2. The kusintha kwa 1727, kupitiriza ndondomeko madera unbundling. Malinga ndi zotsatira zake, panali zigawo 14 ndipo m'zigawo 250.
3. Kusintha kwa pachiyambi ulamuliro wa Catherine I. M'zaka 1764-1766 panali mapangidwe malire ndi akumidzi m'madera kuchigawo chimenechi.
4. Catherine kusintha mu 1775. Yolembedwa ndi Mfumukazi "Mabungwe a kasamalidwe ka zigawo" yodziwika yaikulu kusintha kayendetsedwe ndi dera lawo mu mbiri m'dzikoli, umene unatha zaka 10.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma dziko unagawidwa governorships 38, 3 zigawo ndi madera udindo (Tauride). Mwa zigawo zonse wakhala allocated 483 chigawo, yemwe anakhala zazing'ono Kupititsa unit.

Vicariate ndi chigawo cha Russian Ufumu m'zaka za m'ma 18, yochepa ankakhala munakonda Catherine Ine malire. Ndondomeko zakayendetsedwe ka kugawanika mkati m'ma lotsatira.

Kudulidwa kwa dziko m'zaka 19

Mawu akuti "chigawo cha Russian Ufumu" anabwezedwa pa Paulo Ine ya kusintha, amene anapanga Pofuna zinalephereka kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zigawo ku 51 kuti 42. Koma ambiri a iwo ikuchitika kusintha patapita anyamata.

M'zaka za m'ma 19, ntchitoyi-Kupititsa Chigawo cha ndondomekoyi lolunjika pa mapangidwe zigawo mu gawo Asian a dziko ndi madera Ufumuyo. Mwa kusintha zofunika kutchula izi:

• Pamene Alexander I mu 1803 anaonekera Tomsk ndi chigawo Yenisei, ndi Kamchatka Gawo linagawanika ndi dziko Irkutsk. Mu nthawi yomweyo inakhalapo Grand Duchy la Finland, Polish Ufumu, Ternopolskaya, Bessarabskaya ndi chigawo Bialystok.
• Mu 1822 mayiko Siberia anagawidwa 2 wolamulira wamkulu - kumadzulo kwa likulu la Omsk ndi East, amene anali likulu la Irkutsk.
• Chapakati pa m'ma 19 m'mayiko ophatikizidwa wa Caucasus zinalengedwa Tiflis, Shamakhi (pambuyo Baku), Dagestan, dera Erivan, Terek, mzinda wa Batumi ndi chigawo Kutaisi. A dera la ku Kuban Cossack Army anatuluka moyandikana ndi m'mayiko a Dagestan ano.
• Maritime dera unakhazikitsidwa mu 1856 ku malo landlocked wa East Siberia wolamulira wamkulu. Posakhalitsa, iye anasankha dera Amur, amene analandira lamanzere gombe la mtsinje wa dzina yemweyo, ndipo 1884 anapatsidwa udindo wa Sakhalin Island Special Dipatimenti ya Primorye.
• Earth Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan adaonjezeredwa ku 1860-1870-ntchentche. Dera chifukwa unapangidwa bungwe m'chigawo - Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Uralsk, Turkestan, ndi Transcaspian ndi ena.

Mu Madera a gawo European wa dziko wakhala kwambiri kusintha - malire zambiri zasintha, adagawanso dziko, renaming zinachitika. Pa wamba kusintha zigawo chigawo cha Russian Ufumu zana la 19 iwo unagawidwa mu townships chifukwa chomasuka yogawa ndi mlandu wa dziko.

Kudulidwa kwa dziko m'zaka za m'ma 20

Mu zaka 17 lotsiriza la kukhalako kwa Russian Ufumu wa gulu loyang'anira-Kupititsa anatenga malo awiri okha kusintha kwakukulu:

• Sakhalin dera, kuphatikizapo chilumba eponymous ndi ozungulira zilumba ang'ono ndi archipelagos unakhazikitsidwa.
• Pa maiko linalanda ya kum'mwera Siberia (a Republic yamakono ya Tuva) Uryankhai gawo analengedwa.

Chigawo cha Russian Ufumu anapitiriza malire awo ndi maina zaka 6 pambuyo kugwa kwa dziko, mpaka 1923, pamene kusintha loyamba magawidwe inayamba mu Soviet Union.