Corruption-zinthu - mfundo zitsanzo. ukatswiri Anti-Corruption

Lililonse katangale chinthu - ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu ndi chimene chimachokera ndi kufalikira chivundi. Ambiri, mikhalidwe amayambika ndi kupanda ungwiro mwa dongosolo boma ndi malamulo. Mmunsimu muli mndandanda wa zinthu ambiri kukula kwa katangale komanso mzimu ndi mfundo za akatswiri odana ndi ziphuphu.

mwankhanza akuluakulu

Woyamba katangale zinthu - ndi ufulu wa mphamvu discretionary. Ndi chiyani icho? Chinthu ichi chili mbuuku la zinthu mukukayikira kapena mulibe nthawi ndi zapansi chisankho. Angagwiritsidwenso monga Co-kuli mphamvu yomweyo ya matupi osiyanasiyana pagulu kapena akuluakulu anafotokoza. The adjective kwambiri "discretionary" amatanthauza "kuchita zinthu mozindikira ake yekha."

M'mawu ena, chinthu ichi aumbike pa zinthu komwe boma analandira ufulu ena a mphamvu yosagwira ndi zochita chifukwa cha phindu lake (makamaka ndalama). Kufotokoza chitsanzo pali zitsanzo zambiri. Ngati nthawi kutenga lingaliro yotsimikizika palibe mu Malamulo Administrative, mkulu chifukwa cha zolinga zawo mwachindunji mwayi kuzengereza kukhazikitsidwa kwa lingaliro ili. Choncho, angathe kupereka kwa ena "ntchito" kuti imathandizira ntchito yake.

Wina katangale zinthu - dala popitirira yamtunduwu ake. tchimo Zimenezi maboma a m'mayikowo kapena maulamuliro onse.

mikangano malamulo

"Mabowo" m'chilamulo zingachititse chakuti akuluakulu ndi mwayi kudzaza chifukwa kusiyana ndi malamulo akamanena za zimene zingakuthandizeni iwo kudziunjikira chuma kapena phindu lina lirilonse. Mu Russia, ndi zinthu zofanana zachitika mu 90s lapansi. Ndiye wakale Soviet malamulo mwadzidzidzi kukhala yosagwira ndi malamulo atsopano anatengera kwa zaka zingapo. Inali pa nthawi iyi panali kwambiri nkhondo malamulo.

Izi katangale chinthu tichipeza chakuti malamulo angathe kumwedwa pa nkhani iliyonse zazing'ono, potero kusintha nkhani iliyonse makamaka kwa yazamalamulo. Koma kodi ndiye mpaka mu chochitika mikangano? Kwa iwo, pali malangizo amene angakhale kuthetsa ena makamaka. Mwachitsanzo, zina za zinthu zovuta za ntchito ya matupi boma ingathetsedwe.

Kodi akuluakulu a katangale zinthu? Mwina mwake, ngati ntchito ya boma si anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mu malamulo. boma ayenera kukhala ndi dongosolo choncho zomwe, mosasamala kanthu za udindo wawo boma kudziwa adzachitanji eni malo, mizere ya ulamuliro ndi udindo wonse pa milandu chivundi. Ngati m'banja ntchito komanso mosachotsera, sadzakhalaponso, ndi wowopsa anthu Chinthu, chimene Kawirikawiri, kufotokoza zifukwa ziphuphu yaikulu.

The ambiguity za kayendetsedwe utsogoleri

Nthawi zambiri milandu chivundi zimachitika chifukwa chosakwanira kapena kusowa kwa njira utsogoleri. Pankhaniyi ife kachiwiri kulankhula za zolakwa za lamulo. Pofuna kupewa ngozi imeneyi, boma ayenera kutenga zinthu ngati zimenezi malamulo, amene akhoza kupereka njira zonse zotheka utsogoleri chofunika kukakomana ndi chidwi anthu.

Mawu a lamulo limeneli mokwanira streamlined. Malinga ndi mfundo ya kulongosola chosakwanira cha ndondomeko zakayendetsedwe ka, n'zotheka ndikutsutsa ambiri malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, tikulankhula za 80 Nkhani ya Malamulo oyendetsera dziko, akulozera chakuti pulezidenti ndi nthumwi ya boma m'bwalo lonse. Komabe, chilamulo ndi anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za choyamba kanthu boma.

Chitsanzo chimenechi chikusonyeza kuti kutanthauzira kwenikweni kwa pamwamba ananena kuti oopsa chinthu chivundi ndi lolakwika. Koma olakwika ndi zosafunikira khalidwe lokonda zodabwitsazi. Nthawi zambiri milandu chivundi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti akuluakulu aboma vagueness ya malamulo zochita zawo ndi ntchito maudindo awo kupindula. Choncho, ambiri a ntchito za boma liyenera kukhala mwatsatanetsatane ndi zonse kufotokoza.

Yobetcherana (mpikisano) kayendetsedwe

Mitundu yonse ya tenders pagulu - ndi kagawo kakang'ono yaikulu patsogolo bongo. chivundi zamakono Russia zachokera mpikisano mtengo. Tingathe kulankhula za chilichonse - yomanga ntchito yaikulu zomangamanga, kupanga katundu zina zosowa boma. Pa tenders awo pa maziko mpikisano - uwu si yonse ya katangale zinthu. Iwo ntchito monga zopatuka kuti akatidzadza, ngati kupanda ungwiro dongosolo ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi umbanda zachuma alonda ali osasamalika.

Malinga ndi chiwembu chakale cha amagulitsa nsombazo ndiponso kupikisana ntchito motere. Akuluakulu udindo tendering, bwanji chisankho komaliza wopambana wa. iwo anamupatsa ntchito ya kampani kuti adzadzipereka kwa mtengo yabwino. Pankhaniyi, ndalama, ndithudi, kupita ku thumba boma. Mwachidule - ndi maonekedwe choyambirira cha rollback a.

Komanso, akuluakulu akhoza kuimba tenders mokomera makampani otsata "awo" anthu - anzanu kapena achibale. Nthawi zambiri ziphuphu mu Russia ndi motere. kampaniyo zogwirizana ndi maulamuliro, walandira ntchito (mwachitsanzo kumanga msewu) kukagulitsa izo mosasamala. M'mawu ena, ena deta ndalama pa kukhazikitsa kudzipereka, akupita mu matumba a boma, nchifukwa chake choyamba kuvutika chifukwa. Pankhani ya zomangamanga, zikuoneka kuti womanga adzapulumutsa pa zipangizo zomangamanga, Izi zidzapangitsa kuti dontho mu khalidwe la ntchito. Msewu watsopano adzakhala yochepa ankakhala, nyumba yatsopano posachedwapa ayenera kukonza, ndi zina zotero. D. Zimenezi, ndi chifukwa Mpikisano awa, chimene iwo akufuna kupanga akuluakulu motayirira.

Tenders ndi zikawonongeka

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, kudziwa katangale zinthu limasonyeza kuti machenjerero awa ntchito mipikisano kalekale anakankhira ku malo loyamba otchedwa chivundi zazing'ono - kulanda ndalama mwachindunji a boma "mu envulopu" potipatsa zina. Chotero Intaneti chingakhale a misinkhu angapo ndipo anthu. Nthawi zambiri chifukwa patsogolo ntchito Mpikisano kulenga kampani ndi usiku. iwo asowa mwadzidzidzi atalandira dongosolo boma (ndi iwo, ndi ndalama).

Lachitsanzo mpikisano ndi pafupifupi anachoka mu zochitika otsiriza ndi kulanda ndalama mu masutikesi modzaza ndalama. Chotero njira wosazindikira akhala zambiri mafilimu. Ntchito tsiku limodzi kampani, kampani buffers, ndi zidule ena mwa atumiki a boma zambiri pochoka ndalama kunja kuti "woyera" iwo mosamala ntchito monga moona movutikira. chivundi n'kozikidwa pa zikawonongeka. Nkhani yachilendo kapena makampani akuthandiza zigawenga kulembetsa kubedwa ndi kubedwa kwa boma ndi amakhoma misonkho.

zopinga utsogoleri

Komanso, katangale zinthu ndi kumwetsa zofuna kwa nzika koyenera kuti kuzindikira ufulu yovomerezeka. Akuluakulu akhoza amalowerera zopinga yoopsa ndi olemetsa, kulandira boma thandizo kulepheretsa anthu kapena mabungwe, etc. The vuto - .. A lililonse kopitilira muyeso vires. Pa njira zonse za patsogolo chilungamo akuluakulu anafotokoza mu malamulo, mu kwambiri wopezeka ndi momveka Umutu ndi katangale zinthu. Lingaliro la "zopinga utsogoleri" momveka bwino ndi poyela. Monga akhoza queues yaitali, chiwerengero kwambiri a zikalata chofunika ndi zina zotero D..

izi zosasangalatsa zodabwitsa nzika zonse chonde pansi zikamera katundu. Pa dzanja limodzi, akhoza boma ndalama kuti apereke zabwino kapena utumiki, koma ena - kupulumutsa zisamakuchitikireni wa wolemera. Izo ndi molingana ndi mfundo yatsopano ndi ukugwira chivundi-zinthu. Mu lamulo palibe zitsanzo zambiri, koma iwo akhoza ankaimira, ndi ena kumvetsetsa mtchalitchi.

Nthawi zina lotereli ndi asilikali amene ali oyenera malo pa mgwirizano chikhalidwe ntchito. Kuti aimirire munthu onse ayenera kusonkhanitsa kuposa maumboni khumi. Onse a iwo anapanga matupi osiyana boma ndipo akuluakulu pang'ono niggle zingachititse zoŵaŵa mobwereza studding a pamakomo mabungwe osiyana, mautumiki ndi maboma pofunafuna akupanga ku m'kaundula ndi fotokope. Pamene wosakhwima ndi kofunika kwambiri nkhani zimenezi mwa nduna zimadalira tsoka ndi tsogolo la nzika bwino, pali mayesero ntchito udindo wake kudziunjikira chuma. Mu mawu ena, koma makamaka boma okhulupirika akhoza kuteteza munthu ku zosowa za ndale.

Mu chilungamo tisaiwale kuti boma wapanga zinthu zingapo zisakuyenda kuthetsa vutoli. Mu 2012 lamulo chinaperekedwa kuti anasintha wa boma la ntchito zothandiza anthu. Makamaka, luso uyu ankatembenukira maulamuliro onse udindo kuitanitsa zikalata, zimveke kwa anthu kupeza mapepala kutero. Ndipo komabe vuto akadali zogwirizana. Kuwalola - chimodzi mwa zolinga zofunika za boma mu masiku ano malamulo odana ndi ziphuphu.

Mawu a mabukhu

Zizindikiro zina za katangale zinthu ndi ena indeterminacy zinenero chinenero milandu zikalata zofunikira. Childs, vutoli limakhudza maweruzo phindu. Pofuna kudziwa mikangano ngati pali wapadera zinenero malamulo ukatswiri.

Pali malamulo zofunika zochepa za drafting malangizo. zikalata ayenera achiyankhulo zosavuta kumva kwa anthu wamba. Paper, muyenera kuyeretsa kwa chinenero zovuta streamlined, jargon, mawu achilendo, ndi zina osokoneza akuti - .. Ndi chowiringula zazikulu nkhanza malamulo.

Pali otchedwa malamulo njira - malamulo omwe malamulo olembedwa. Kunyalanyaza mfundo izi zimapangitsa boma pepala gwero la chivundi. malamulo molakwa analemba kwambiri kungafoole yazamalamulo, ntchito wozengereza matupi boma, chotsani nthawi yochuluka kwa nzika zonse. A nkhondo chidwi monga katangale chinthu - mkangano amene angakhalepo, kuphatikizapo chifukwa khalidwe osauka mabuku amenewa.

ukatswiri Anti-Corruption

Mu Russia ano, malamulo, malinga ndi zimene akuluakulu unachitikira ukatswiri odana ndi ziphuphu. muyeso anabwera chifukwa cha ratification wa Russian Federation United Nations misonkhano yapadera. akonzedwa Izi malamulo anafuna kuthetsa boma odana ndi ziphuphu ndi kuba. Anti-Corruption ukatswiri zofunika nthawi kukonzanso kuwunika kwa njira boma komanso zida malamulo. Chongani adequacy awo ndi mphamvu polimbana monyanyira malamulo.

The prerequisites wa odana ndi ziphuphu ukatswiri Russia ano ku maphunziro ongolankhula ndi Center kwa Strategic Research Foundation "Indem" unachitika mu 2003. Akatswiri anamasulidwa ndi chikumbutso chapadera. Ndi inu mukhoza kuona ngati alipo boma katangale zinthu. Zitsanzo za mabuku amenewa buku analemba kuti anaphunzira yachilendo Western.

Mu Russia, awa ndi maphunziro yoyamba ya mtundu umenewu. Iwo anafotokoza kuti zinthu posachedwapa anatuluka msika chuma mabungwe achinyamata boma analandira atengeke chivundi. Ndipo linali akuluakulu anali odziwika ndi dyera ndi kufuna adzilemeretse mozemba. Zingakhale zachilendo amaganiza kuti akuluakulu ameneŵa ntchito mu Russia. Kumene, iwo ali paliponse, koma zimachitika imayenera, pali njira kuti asakhalenso ndi mwayi uliwonse chiphuphu. mphamvu mwana latsopano la Russia kumanga dongosolo umenewu sichinafike. Koma anali m'ma 2000s anayamba kutuluka anayambitsa odana ndi ziphuphu ukatswiri, imene thandizo m'tsogolo kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi ziphuphu aluso. Zotsatira za zaluso amene ali kale noticeable lero.

NKHANI ukatswiri odana ndi ziphuphu

ukatswiri Anti-Corruption kwenikweni ikuchitika pa siteji ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa zolimbana latsopano kuchita malamulo. Choncho kuthandiza kutengera lamulo latsopano, lamulo kapena chikalata kale anamasulidwa ku kusiyana oopsa malamulo. Kudzifufuza - njira kuteteza ziphuphu pa ndime ndi chilengedwe cha boma lotseguka, kulankhulana pagulu nawo anthu mu moyo ndale za dziko, kuchotsa zotchinga utsogoleri kwa malonda. Ndi ntchito pokhapokha molumikizana ndi miyezo ya pamwamba ndi zochitika.

Oletsa ziphuphu Kupenda ikuchitika matupi a udindo Russian khoti linalamula, komanso Utumiki wa Justice. ntchito anthu ili ndi losiyana. Choncho khoti linalamula ofesi pa maziko cha mapeto a kumupima, chomwe amafuna, amene ndiye chofunika kuphedwa. Amenewa miyeso - kufunika kupewa kusintha khalidwe la kachitidwe normative malamulo. Mu mtundu uwu macheke chikalata zingatenge mayeso angapo. Iye adzabwerera ku ofesi yake malinga, mu maganizo a auditors, kodi si akwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za mfundo odana ndi ziphuphu.

Corruption ndi lawmaking

Woyamba odana ndi ziphuphu Kupenda cholinga kuonetsetsa kukhwimitsa chitetezo ndi kofunika kuteteza maubale ku gwero zotheka ziphuphu. Iwo angayambe m'madera osiyanasiyana ndi ntchito.

Mwachitsanzo, ponena malamulo, osanenapo maguluwo - nzika za ndondomeko malamulo yopanga. Iwo ali omumvera chikoka kunja. Zimasonyeza zikuchitika ku yamalamulo Russian mu 2002, pamene 80 mamembala 179 wa bungwe Federation ndi wazamalonda kapena lobbyists a mabungwe osiyana. M'mawu ena, malamulo onse okhudza bizinesi, chidwi akutengedwa.

Mu zochitika zina, anthu a makampani akuluakulu akhoza kumupatsa mwayi kwambiri kumsika kupweteketsa mpikisano. Zinthu zimenezi nthawi zambiri zinachititsa kuti zikamera owona mafakitale. Ndithudi, izi ndi chitsanzo Lawmaking chivundi njiru ndi odana ndi ziphuphu Kupenda akufuna malamulo chabe combats zinthuzo.