Dada - ndi chiyani ichi? Oimira Dada kupenta

Masiku ano, anthu kulipira lofunika kwambiri kwa chikhalidwe chawo ndi kukula m'nzeru. Si zokwanira kukhala katswiri mu malo amodzi kuti asunge nkhani zochititsa chidwi mu kampani wanzeru.

Kupitiriza ndi moyo ndipo sataya nkhope pa nthawi yobvuta, tiyenera nthawi zonse kusintha ndi zinthu zatsopano.

Aliyense amene wadzikwaniritsa munthu wophunzira ndi zinthu wolemera, ayenera kumvetsa osachepera azah luso ndi kupenta, chifukwa ndi imodzi mwa nkhani ambiri kucheza anthu achilendo pakati pa anthu anzeru.

Pali masitaelo ambiri mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana anausankha ojambula zithunzi ndi olemba, kuchokera chakale kuti wamatama prim ndi chisokonezo chotere mobisa.

Today ife kulankhula za chimodzi mwa zinthu analankhula za masitaelo a zaka mazana makumi awiri - za Dada.

Dadaism: Tanthauzo

Monga mukudziwa, chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri, anthu chidwi ndi nkhanza awo ndi akuchitirana nkhanza. Dziko lonse lasanduka wovulalayo Kumenyana anabweretsa chifukwa cha dyera, n'kosathandiza ngakhale maniacal zimene anthu ena andale. Kukwiya misa unakula. Onse mavuto izi anasonkhanitsa ndi kusamvetsa zimene zikuchitika ankathamanga kudzera malangizo a zilandiridwenso pa nthawi imeneyo.

Dada palokha - izo ndi avant-garde luso malangizo, akana malamulo onse ndi azidzipereka mtundu kuphatikiza mizere bwino ndi akalumikidzidwa zojambula. Mu 1916, akatswiri a zojambulajambula, wodabwa zinthu zoopsa za kunkhondo, anthu anapeza azimuth izi mu mabuku, nyimbo, kupenta, zisudzo ndi mafilimu a kanema. Mtundu uwu wa kitsch, anayesa kusonyeza kunyoza kwawo boma, olamulirawo ake, kusowa umunthu, logic ndi nkhanza anachita, maganizo awo, chifukwa cha kusagwirizana pakati pa maiko awiri.

Wotsatira wa m'madera monga dada - surrealism, amene akana zokongoletsa.

Kukhumudwa, kumverera kwa meaninglessness aliko, mkwiyo komanso kusowa chikhulupiriro mu m'tsogolo - kuti zimayambitsa zikuchikazi, negating malamulo onse a kukongola.

Dada - kalembedwe kuti poyera anatsutsa nkhondo ndi bourgeoisie, kuyesera chisokonezo ndi chikominisi.

Kodi dzina la

Mutu umenewu otaya, ndikuzindikiritsa meaninglessness n'komwe Kusamvetsetseka zimene zikuchitika mu mphamvu ya zaka, kunali kofunika kupeza mawu oyenerera.

Tristan Ttsana, akuyesera kuti apeze dzina oyenera kalembedwe yatsopano, leafed kudzera dikishonare ndi zinenero a mafuko Negro ndipo anapeza mawu akuti "dada".

Choncho Dada - latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku chinenero cha African fuko Crewe - mchira wa ng'ombe. Patapita kuti m'madera ena a Italy yonenedwa namwino ndi amayi, komanso "Dada" ndi ofanana kwambiri mwana babble.

wojambula anaona kuti dzina bwino malangizo avant-garde, ndipo si koyenera.

Anayambitsa otaya ndi

Dada anabadwa pa nthawi yomweyo mu Zurich ndi New York, aliyense dziko paokha. Kuti anayambitsa zochita odana ndi zokongoletsa monga: wolemba ndakatulo ndi Wolemba wina wa German Hugo Mpira Richard Hyulzenbeka, Samuel Rosenstock - French ndi Romania ndakatulo (a Myuda ndi mtundu), imadziwika kugulu pansi pa dzina la Tristan Tzara, ndi German ndi French ndakatulo, ziboliboli ndi zojambulajambula Arp Jean , ndi German-French wojambula Max Ernst ndi Marcel Janco - Israel Romania zojambulajambula. anthu onsewa otchuka - oimira wowala wa Dadaism mu kupenta, mabuku, nyimbo ndi zina luso.

Wu, amene wasankha pa yokha, gulu lino la anthu kulenga, anali "Cabaret Voltaire". Almanac kupelekedwa ndi Dadaists nthawi, lili ndi dzina la bungwe ili.

Ngakhale kuti munthu pamwamba ankaona oyambitsa takambirana njira yathu, zaka pang'ono pochimanga wodziwika mu dziko lonse "sukulu fuizma", analengedwa ndi wojambula Artur Sapekom ndi wolemba Alphonse ale m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa, izo wandipitirira ntchito luso ndi nyimbo zimene zichita udindo yaikulu ya malangizowo.

Ambiri mwa ntchito bohemia mu Dada kalembedwe, anakakhala ku France ndi Germany, kumene pang'onopang'ono pa anaphatikizidwa avant-garde ndi surrealism.

Dada mu Russia anatchuka chifukwa cha wotchuka Moscow ndi Rostov Nichevke gulu zolembalemba, koma kumapeto linakhalapo.

Ndi 1923, izo kusintha kumene watsopano ndi zogwirizana mumaganiza amaganiza dziko. Dadaists retrained mu expressionists ndi surrealists.

Dada kupenta

Njira yotchuka kwambiri ya luso kalembedwe izi kuti anali collage: ojambula zithunzi zambiri, nkhani iliyonse yabwino, muiike zidutswa zosiyanasiyana za pepala akuda, nsalu, ndi zipangizo zina diso kugwira.

Dada kujambula futuristic ndi constructivist mu chikhalidwe, kumene zokonda zapatsidwa kwa chongopeka analenga zinthu makina, osati munthu ndi moyo wake.

Fans wa azimuth ndi zilandiridwenso kuyesera kuti ayiwononge chinenero miyambo ya chikhalidwe m'njira wodziika mawu.

oimira onse a Dada luso pa ntchito yake kwathunthu kukana zonse zomveka kuwononga kusanduka zaka zambiri malamulo wauzimu ndi chikhalidwe, m'malo akukankha muziyendayenda analikodi, kupusa ndi opusa arealistichnostyu zojambula wake ndi collages. Komabe, iwo ndi kupambana kwakukulu, monga kwathunthu mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Palibe wapafupi malangizo a mabuku kuposa Dada kupenta. Ojambula zithunzi za nthawi nthawi zambiri limodzi, choncho, kuti njira yochititsa chidwi kwambiri zimaonekera ntchito zawo m'madera awa awiri (R. Hausmann, G. Arp, K. Shviters, F. Picabia).

Monga tanena kukopa wapadera pa tsogolo la Dadaists anali "fumizma" sukulu.

Oimira Dada zambiri ntchito ya wojambula ntchito Marcel Duchamp anali avant-garde lathu pa chiyambi cha ntchito yake.

Wa zojambula mu ntchito yake anapereka lalikulu udindo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, nkhani unremarkable kuti m'njira - kwambiri Dadaism. Zitsanzo za ntchito yake - ndi "crusher kwa chokoleti №2» ndi «The mawilo a njinga."

luso lake, wojambula, komanso Dadaists onse, akungondinyoza cholinga waukulu ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa zojambulajambula, kunena kuti ufulu wa luso ndi misala.

Dada mu phokoso la nyimbo ndi ndakatulo

Kuwonjezera zojambula, ndi Dadaists ndipo analanda zina zilandiridwenso. Iwo anakwanitsa zimagwirizizirana zojambula wina chionetsero, nyimbo mokweza, kuwerenga Zomwe analemba ndi kuvina.

Kurt Shviters - Dadaist, amene anakhala anayambitsa phokoso ndakatulo, amene ayitana "ndakatulo zabwino." Mu mawonekedwe a ulaliki wa nkhani mabuku imachitika mogwirizana ndi nyimbo Mwachitsanzo, amasonyeza phokoso la nkhondo ndakatulo ndi. Ndakatulo ziwirizi zambiri kunyamula lingaliro kwa odana ndi nkhondo ndi atiburzhuaznoy apamaliro. Andakatulo kusekedwa iwo mphamvu ndi makhalidwe anakhazikitsa.

Mbalinso ya ndakatulo nsembe onse kuti ndikuuzeni mawu ndi mawu, ndi inkakhala ya phokoso makalata, kulalata ndiponso nyimbo mokweza.

Dada - izo ndi nyimbo anabweretsa ndi umunthu ngati otchuka monga: Francis Pikebiya, Zhorzh Ribemon-Desey, Erwin Shulhoff, Hans Heusser, Albert Sevigny, Erik Satie. Nyimbo awo anali phokoso khalidwe ndiponso anasonyeza akamanena za dziko nyama sizinali nthawi zonse Poyera wokhala yosavuta.

Kuvina umenewu, kwambiri, sichoncho amasiyana ya kayendedwe yosalala ndi ofanana, zovala ndi ovina anali sewn mu kalembedwe ndi yokhotakhota-cubism, kuti sanali kuwonjezera iwo aesthetics.

Dadaists atatopa chidani mayiko, amene anabweretsa nkhondo, kulota anthu kulenga ya dziko mogwirizana lonse limodzi. mizere akukondedwa "Cabaret Voltaire" omwe ankaoneka Bohemia pafupi ndi chikhalidwe, anali: African music, jazi ndi kusewera balalaika.

Art ku Germany

Mu Germany Dada - ndi koposa zonse, Zionetsero ndale, kudzera chinachake choterocho ngakhale mobisa luso.

magulu Luso la dziko sali kolimba anakana tanthauzo la zinthu, monga mmene anachitira oimira kalembedwe izi limati zina. Apa Dada anali m'malo khalidwe ndale chikhalidwe ndiponso anasonyeza kuwawa anthu onse chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi zotsatira zake mu mawonekedwe a bwinja ndipo sindingathe kuuka kwa mawondo ake dziko.

Ndiponso German Dadaists H. Hench ndi G. Gross, ntchito yake, anasonyeza chifundo kwa Russia, yomwe ili pa nthawi mu mkhalidwe zisinthe.

Dada m'zaka za m'ma 20 akadali nabwera kwambiri kuti ntchito zaluso, pamene Gross, Hartfield, Heche ndi Hausmann anayamba photomontage, ndi anamasulidwa angapo magazini ndale.

M'chaka cha 1920 ulemu chifukwa cha nkhondo anzeru tanena akukonzekeretsa Dada Fair, amene amakopeka bohemians padziko lonse.

Iwo anali mu Germany, wakhala kumatheka collage, monga kudalirana ndi Cubism pa panali zinthu za photomontage.

Kuwonjezera ntchito motsogozedwa kupenta, Husman akupanga chopereka kwambiri kuti ntchito mabuku, anapereka kwa anthu ochepa "umboni" ndakatulo, wopangidwa chabe cha mndandanda wa phokoso amatikumbutsa hiss shamanic.

Makolo Dadaist kokaonera mafilimu amakhulupirira Richter ndi Egelenga.

mu France

Dada luso makamaka kwakukulu akuti mu France kuyambira pomwe linayamba linayamba ngakhale pamaso pa dzina gulu limeneli.

Preddadaistskimi ntchito ya kanjedza otchuka monga Duchamp, Picabia ndi "ndakatulo ankhonya" - Amalonda.

magazini Last anamasulidwa "nthawi yomweyo", pomwe achipongwe otchuka ndi kupanga kafukufuku, kuphatikizapo nkhani anatulukira.

Kumeneko anakhala woyambitsa wa Dada Tristan Ttsana.

Paris imatengedwa kuti ndi kasupe wa avant-garde a nthawi. Erik Satie, Picasso ndi Koto analenga zankhanza kuvina, sizikugwirizana mu lingaliro la makhalidwe zachikhalidwe. Mu dziko lino, zonse anagwira Dada zitsanzo manifestos, zisudzo ndipo zimatulutsa kwambiri magazini.

Duchamp umabala zojambula wotchuka reworked zapamwamba. Dada ankaona mwaluso koona Mona Lisa ndi masharubu pririsoval wolandira dzina la "Iye kale mumamva moto."

Ernest, kulenga zojambula wake, amagwiritsa ntchito zidutswa zipsera akale. Iye akupereka chithunzi bwino kwa onse, koma pa-ano zimalimbikitsa nthabwala wakuda.

Ttsana Khotili pa anthu ntchito modabwitsa "Mafuta Mtima" umene pa 1923 ndi chipolowe mwa kucheza "Dada," ndi Andre Chiburetoni akuitana otaya kugawanika ndi mapangidwe wotsatira wa surrealism.

Mu 1924 Ttsana nthawi yotsiriza ndi tsoka "mpango mitambo."

Dada ku New York

kunyumba yachiwiri mwa ochepa NY, amene wakhala malo kwa chiwerengero chachikulu cha boma osafunika mayiko ena ojambula zithunzi.

Marsel Dyushan, Francis Picabia, Beatris Vud ndi Mann Ray kukhala mtima wa United States of America Dada, Posakhalitsa ndi Arthur Crewe kuchizemba yolembedwa usilikali France. Anasonyezera ntchito zawo pa zomera Alfreda Shtiglitsa ndi m'nyumba ya akazi Arensberg.

New York Dada manifestos si bungwe, iwo anasonyeza maganizo awo m'mabuku monga "akhungu" ndi "New York Dada", pomwe iwo kutsutsa mwambo, endorses zakale.

American Dadaism zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi European, iye alibe anagwira kuukira ndale, ndipo inachokera pa nthabwala.

Mu 1917 Duchamp anasonyeza ojambula zithunzi urinal pachionetsero, amene munakhala chizindikiro kuti "The Kasupe" zinachititsa kuti mantha pa omvetsera. Choletsedwa mu masiku amenewo, chosema tsopano ankaona chipilala cha chimakono.

Chifukwa kuchoka kwa wotchuka kampani Dadaist Duchamp anakomoka.

Mu Netherlands,

Mu Netherlands Dadaists wotchuka anakhala Theo galimoto Desburg yemwe anapereka magazini yotchedwa "De Stizhl". Masamba a m'bukuli, anadzaza ntchito za otsatira wotchuka wa avant-garde kalembedwe.

Pamodzi ndi anzake ndi Vilmos Shtirvesom Huszarom ndi mkazi wake Nelly galimoto Disberg analenga kampani Dutch Dada.

Atamwalira Disberga anatulukira kuti mu kulemba kwake anafalitsa ndakatulo za mwini wake, Koma pansi pa pseudonym wa IK Bonset.

zotsatira Dada

Pakutha 1924 ngati osiyana Dada kuyenda mu luso ali unatha. Iye anaphatikizidwa surrealism ndi Kuzindikira chikhalidwe mu France ndi chimakono ku Germany. Iwo anatuluka m'nthawi ya kusimidwa national kwa akatswiri ambiri moyenerera amatchedwa wotsogolera postmodernism.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, ambiri ojambula zithunzi Dada anasamukira ku United States.

Adolf Hitler, kuzindikira okha akutsatira, ankaona luso la "Dada" otsika, chidetsa woona (maganizo ake) kufunika ndi osayenera kuli kalembedwe, kotero iye anathamangitsa, ndi kuika mu ndende msasa amisiri amene ankagwira ntchito malangizowo. Mtokoma wa wagwa mu German ojambula zithunzi msasa anali mizu Ayuda, mogwirizana ndi zomwe anthu adziwa kuzunzika kowopsya ndi kuphana.

Kumatikumbutsabe wa Dada ndipo tsopano atawonetseredwa mu magulu odana ndi luso ndi ndale bohemians Mwachitsanzo, "ndi cacophony a anthu." Umakopa gulu "Chamboemba" maganizo amadzitcha yekha wotsatira wa Dada.

Ena olemba mukukhulupirira Lenin membala wa Club Dada, monga anachita nawo mu Balalaika Orchestra, omwe anakondweretsa omvera mu "Cabaret Voltaire", ndipo kuti nthawi ina iye sanakhale kutali nyumbayi, kumene oimira anasonkhana kukuchititsa zimenezi.

Nthawi zakale wotchuka bungwe yoonetsa ntchito malangizo Dadaist. chionetserochi unachitikira mu 2006 pa Museum wa Art Contemporary ili Paris, ku Washington, DC, pa Gallery National wa Art ndi Center Georges Pompidou ku Paris. Fashion ntchito mu "Dada" kalembedwe - msonkho kwa aluso amene anafa pa Nazi Germany.

Choncho tiyeni mwachidule mwachidule zomwe ndi izi, ndi kutifotokozera malo amafotokoza.

• Dada luso ndi lathu antipolitical ndi bourgeois. Iye wokanayo onse ziriri, zokongoletsa ndi wauzimu, kutengera khalidwe la boma la nthawi.
• Painting - dera zofunika kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 20, chimene chidadzadza Dadaism. Amisiri amene ankagwira ntchito mphamvu, kawirikawiri collage, chomwe chili zosiyanasiyana nyenyeswa yowala zipangizo, clippings nyuzipepala ndi chithunzi montage.
• Music operekedwa ndi otsatira zikuchikazi, ndilo chikhalidwe cha phokoso.
• Literature komanso si waphindu kwambiri, makamaka kuyambitsa wa Dadaists anakhala ndakatulo imene mawu ntchito m'malo phokoso amatikumbutsa anapemphera kwa milungu ya anthu akale.
• Mafilimu ndi masewero kukuchititsa zimenezi komanso n'kosathandiza ndi incoherent maina zachilendo.
• ziboliboli awo - izi ndi wamba ntchito mu ntchito zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku. Dada kwambiri wotchuka chipilala - ndi urinal, zomwe wolemba anaitcha "Kasupe".
• Kalembedwe choreography chimaoneka ndi thandizo la ovina zovala unsightly.
• Antics bohemians nthawi angatchedwe kusonyeza Dada mu chikhalidwe cha khalidwe.

M'nkhani ino, tiyenera kumvetsa zimene kalembedwe "Dada" ndipo mogwirizana ndi chomwe chikanachitika, kuwerenga dzina lake, amakamba za oyambitsa zake, lapeza kusiyana Dada m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndipo anaonerera malo ake enieni nyimbo, mabuku, zithunzi, mafilimu a kanema , kuvina ndi zomangamanga.

Tikukhulupirira tinatha mafunso anu onse.