DC galimoto: mfundo kanthu. DC galimoto: chipangizo

Choyamba anatulukira m'zaka 19 onsewo makina magetsi ndi DC galimoto. Mfundo ntchito wakhala kuyambira pakati pa zaka zana wotsiriza kwa nthawi pano DC Motors (DPT) kupitiriza mokhulupirika munthu, atakhala pa zoyenda zosiyanasiyana makina zothandiza ndi njira.

The DPT loyamba

Kuyambira 30s kwa zaka za m'ma 19 pa chitukuko iwo akumana ndi magawo angapo. mfundo ndi yakuti mpaka cha m'ma otsiriza injini alternators yekha gwero la mphamvu anali galvanic selo. Choncho, onse a Motors woyamba magetsi akhoza kuthamanga yekha panopa mwachindunji.

anali woyamba DC galimoto chiyani? Mfundo zikugwira ntchito chipangizo ndi injini mukumangidwa mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19, ali motere. Munda waukulu anali amodzi ya maginito kapena electromagnets okhazikika ndodo, analibe ambiri chatsekedwa maginito dera. Zazikulu-mzati armature anapanga maginito angapo osiyana ndodo pa olamulira wamba, amene anathamangitsidwa ndi mphamvu amanyansidwa ndi wokongola kwa mitengo yonyamulira ya inductor lapansi. oimira ankaikira iwo anali injini W. Ricci (1833) ndi B. Jacoby (1834) okonzeka ndi masiwichi makina pano mu electromagnets ndi armatures makina ojambula mu dera la armature kumulowetsa.

Monga injini ikulira Jacobi

anali makina mfundo za ntchito iti? Engine Jacobi zonse panopa ndi analogs ake adzalandira kugunda mu atomu makokedwe. Pa nthawi ya mgwirizano zake osiyana armature ndi inductor ndi maginito kukopa mphamvu galimoto makokedwe msanga anafika pazipita. Ndiye, pamene malo mzati wa armature pandunji pa mitengo yonyamulira ya inductor ndi, lophimba makina ndi kuswa pano mu electromagnets wa armature lapansi. Makokedwe akutsikira ziro. Chifukwa inertia wa armature ndi lotengeka limagwirira nangula mizati kuchokera pansi mizati inductor, pa mfundo imeneyi iwo ku lophimba panopa umaperekedwa zosiyana, polarity awo kubwezedwa, mphamvu yokoka kuti mzati yapafupi ya inductor ali m'malo mwa mphamvu chonyansa. Choncho, galimoto ya imazungulira Jacobi motsatizana zodabwitsa.

Zikuoneka annular nangula

Pa maziko a armature solenoids injini Jacobi panopa nthawi mwadzidzidzi, iwo kulenga maginito osaonekanso, ndi mphamvu yake adziwonetsa kutentha zomvetsa mu windings wa. Choncho, electromechanical kutembenuka mphamvu panopa gwero armature (electrochemical foni) mu makina zinachitika m'menemo intermittently. Chomwe chinafunika chinatsekedwa ndi mota mosalekeza kumulowetsa panopa lomwe kuti ikuyenda zonse pa nthawi yonse ya ntchito zake.

Ndipo fuhtufn amenewa unakhazikitsidwa mu 1860. A Pachinotti. Kodi osiyana akalambula ake DC mota? Mfundo ntchito olimbana ndi chipangizo Pachinotti zotsatirazi. Monga anangula anagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo mphete ndi masipoko kuliika pa kutsinde choimirira. Pankhaniyi, nangula analibe mizati zazikulu. Iye anakhala neyavnopolyusnym.

armature koyilo kumulowetsa anali atamangika pakati masipoko a mphete, ndi malekezero a omwe ogwirizana mu mndandanda pa nangula, ndi mfundo za kugwirizana aliyense coils awiri zinalengedwa mpopi olumikizidwa kwa mbale wokhometsa anakonza pamodzi circumference a pansi pa galimoto kutsinde, chiwerengero cha zomwe liri chiwerengero cha coils. The armature lonse chinatsekedwa yokha ndi mfundo siriyo kugwirizana coils ake olumikiza mbale pafupi wokhometsa, amene Wopanda pa awiri panopa kotunga odzigudubuza.

Nangula annular agulidwa pakati pa mitengo yonyamulira ya awiri atathana electromagnets inductor-stator, moti mizere ya mphamvu analengedwa ndi iwo malemeredwe maginito m'gulu lakunja cylindrical pamwamba pa galimoto armature kumpoto mzati malemeredwe anadutsa annular armature, popanda kusamukira mkati mwa dzenje ake, ndi kuchokera pansi kum'mwera mtengo.

Monga injini ikulira Pachinotti

Kodi iye anali ndi mfundo kanthu? DC galimoto Pachinotti ntchito chimodzimodzi ngati DPT ano.

The maginito zake inductor ndi polarities uyu wakhala nambala inayake ya akuwauza wa armature kumulowetsa panopa ndi malangizo zonse, mmene inductor pansi mizati zosiyanasiyana za armature malangizo panopa wakhala anyamata. Izi anali zimatheka ndi kuwayika panopa kotunga odzigudubuza, amene zinthu ngati maburashi, mu malo pakati pa mitengo yonyamulira ya inductor lapansi. Choncho armature yomweyo panopa unaturuka kwa koyilo kudzera wodzigudubuza, ndi mbale wokhometsa ndipo amakondanso thereto n'kudzandigunda, amenenso mu malo pakati pa mitengoyo, ndiye unaturuka mbali zosiyana pamodzi awiri poluobmotkam-nthambi, ndipo potsiriza unali kudutsa mu mzere nthambi, mbale wokhometsa ndi wodzigudubuza mu interpolar wina imeneyi. Pochita zimenezi, koyilo nangula pansi pa mitengo yonyamulira ya inductor zinasintha, koma akulowera panopa sichinasinthe mu iwo.

Mwa Chilamulo Ampere a, aliyense wochititsa wa armature koyilo ndi apano mu mphamvu ya maginito a inductor mzati, mphamvu zimene anatsimikiza ndi malangizo a ulamuliro odziwika "lamanzere." Wachibale kwa olamulira a injini, mphamvu kulenga makokedwe, ndi Uwerenge mphindi a magulu onsewa amapereka nthawi onse a DPT, umene uli kale pansi mbale zingapo wokhometsa ndi pafupifupi nthawi zonse.

DPT ndipo ndi annular armature kumulowetsa grammovskoy

Nthawi chinachitika m'mbiri ya sayansi, kuyambitsa A. Pachinotti sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito. Iwo aiwala kwa zaka 10 mpaka mu 1870 izo paokha osati kubwereza Franco-German zatsopano H. Gramm zomangidwa ndi ofanana ya DC jenereta. Mu makina amenewa, olamulira a kasinthasintha ndi yopingasa ndipo wakhala ntchito mpweya maburashi kutsetsereka pamodzi wokhometsa mbale ziwembu pafupifupi ano. Ndi 70 TH zaka za m'ma 19 mfundo reversibility makina magetsi wakhala wodziwika ndi makina Gramm ntchito monga jenereta ndi DC galimoto. opaleshoni ake mfundo kale tafotokozazi.

Ngakhale kuti kutulukira kwa mphete armature anali mbali yofunika kwambiri chitukuko cha DPT chake kumulowetsa (otchedwa grammovskoy) anali drawback kwambiri. The maginito zake inductor ndi okhawo a ochititsa ake (wena otchedwa yogwira), womwe unali pansi mizati izi pa akunja cylindrical padziko armature lapansi. Kuti iwo anali limodzi ndi maginito mphamvu ya Ampere, ndi makokedwe ndi ulemu kwa galimoto olamulira. Anthu ochititsa anafooka kuti kudutsa kabowo mphete nangula sanali nawo chilengedwe cha mphindi. Iwo okha opanda ntchito ankakhala moyo wotayirira mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a imfa kutentha.

Kuchokera mphete ku nangula ng'oma

Kuthetsa vuto ili mphete anangula anakwanitsa 1873 ndi wotchuka German magetsi F. Gefner-Alteneku. Kodi ntchito DC mota? Mfundo zikugwira ntchito chipangizo, inductor ake stator n'chimodzimodzi ndi injini ndi mphete kumulowetsa. Koma kamangidwe ka armature ndi ake kumulowetsa anasintha.

Gefner-Altenek ananena kuti malangizo a armature panopa yotsika kuchokera mwa burashi amodzi mu ochititsa grammovskoy kumulowetsa malemeredwe mizati moyandikana ndi nthawi zosiyana, mwachitsanzo iwo akhoza kuwonjezekeredwa mu windings unali mu akunja cylindrical padziko koyilo ndi m'lifupi (phula) wofanana ndi phula mzati (a circumference wa armature, ku mtengo umodzi wa malemeredwe a).

Pankhaniyi, izo zimakhala zosafunika mu dzenje zozungulira wa armature, ndipo inasanduka yamphamvu olimba (ng'oma). Izi akutsirizika ndipo Nangula yokha analandira dzina la ng'oma ndi. Mowa mkuwa ndi nambalayi wa ochititsa yogwira ndi zochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi mu grammovskoy kumulowetsa.

Anchor zida akukhala

Makina ndi Gramm-Gefner Alteneka nangula padziko anali yosalala, ndi ochititsa ake kumulowetsa m'magulu kusiyana ndi mitengo ya inductor lapansi. Mtunda pakati pa concave cylindrical pamwamba zake malemeredwe ndi armature otukukira kunja pamwamba anafika millimeters angapo. Choncho, kulenga anakhumba maginito mphamvu chofunika kutsatira malemeredwe coils ndi lalikulu magnetomotive mphamvu (ndi ambiri ankasinthana). Izi kwambiri chinawonjezeka kukula ndi kulemera kwa injini. Komanso, yosalala pamwamba pa coils armature zinali zovuta kukonza. Koma kodi zingatheke bwanji? Inde, chifukwa cha kachitidwe pa kondakitala ndi panopa Ampere mphamvu kuyenera kukhala mfundo danga ndi minda mkulu maginito (ndi maginito kamwazi kachulukidwe).

Kunapezeka kuti sikofunika. American zatsopano H. limakhulupirira mfuti anasonyeza kuti ngati nangula kuchita ng'oma zida, ndi grooves unali pakati pa mano kuika koyilo kumulowetsa ng'oma, kusiyana mitengoyo ndi malemeredwe zikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi tuzigawo twa a millimeter a. N'zotheka kuchepetsa kukula kwa coils malemeredwe, koma makokedwe DPT si utachepa.

Monga ntchito imeneyi DC mota? Mfundo ntchito zachokera chakuti imodzi nangula maginito mphamvu umagwiritsidwa kuti ochititsa mu mipata ake (maginito nawo pafupifupi kwina), ndi mano kwambiri. Pamaso pa ziliri pa wochititsa mu poyambira ndi yovuta kwa pakutchulidwa wa mphamvu.

Kodi kuchotsa mafunde zimakochezapo

kusintha ina yofunika anapanga wotchuka zatsopano TA Edison. Kodi anawonjezera kwa DC mota? Mfundo opaleshoni sichinasinthe, koma nkhani imene anapanga nangula ake anasintha. M'malo zakale chachikulu anali laminated woonda electrically kutali mzake ndi mapepala zitsulo. Izi anachepetsa ukulu wa Mafunde zimakochezapo (Foucault mafunde) mu armature, amene adakula dzuwa la injini.

Mfundo zikugwira ntchito ya DC galimoto

Mwachidule angathe kukonza motere: pamene kulumikiza armature kumulowetsa okondwa galimoto ku gwero mphamvu m'menemo ukapezeka panopa waukulu wotchedwa inrush ndipo ukumva kangapo mtengo oveteredwa. Komanso pansi mizati malemeredwe wa pandunji polarity chitsogozo cha mafunde mu ochititsa wa armature kumulowetsa mu zosiyana chomwecho monga tikuonera chithunzi pansipa. Malinga ndi ulamuliro, "lamanzere", atsogoleri awa ndi Ampere amakakamiza malangizo counterclockwise ndipo amanyamula armature atembenuza. Mu armature ndi kumulowetsa ochititsa anachititsa electromotive mphamvu (kumbuyo-EMF), imatsogoleredwa oppositely gwero kotunga voteji. Monga armature mathamangitsidwe ukuwonjezeka ndi kumbuyo-EMF mu kumulowetsa ake. Motero, armature panopa yafupika kuchokera poyambira pa mtengo lolingana makhalidwe injini opaleshoni mfundo.

Kuonjezera liwiro kasinthasintha wa armature ndi, m'pofunika kapena kuonjezera ziliri pa koyilo kapena kuchepetsa kumbuyo-EMF mu izo. Yotsirizira chingapezeke mwa kucheperachepera ukulu wa malemeredwe maginito ndi kuchepetsa panopa m'munda kumulowetsa. Njira imeneyi kulamulira liwiro DPT ambiri.

Mfundo zikugwira ntchito ya DC galimoto ndi malemeredwe osiyana

Ndi kulolerana wa kumunda kumulowetsa malo (ob) ndi osiyana mphamvu zoyendetsera (palokha OM) amphamvu DPT nthawi zambiri kuti izo yabwino kulamulira ukulu wa malemeredwe zikusinthira (kuti kusintha liwiro rotational). Pa katundu wa DPT ndi ufulu wodzilamulira ob zayamba ofanana DPT ndi ob, olumikizidwa ku kufanana ndi armature kumulowetsa.

Shunt DPT

Mfundo zikugwira ntchito za kufanana DC galimoto munda panopa anatsimikiza ndi khalidwe makina, i.e. kudalira wa liwiro kasinthasintha wa katundu makokedwe pa kutsinde ake. Pakuti injini liwiro kusintha pa kusintha kwa kusakhala ndi chochita ndi oveteredwa katundu makokedwe ndi kuchokera 2 10%. katundu izi makina otchedwa okhwima.

Choncho, ntchito mfundo ya DC galimoto ndi shunt amachititsa ntchito zake actuators ndi liwiro nthawi imene lalikulu katundu kusintha osiyanasiyana. Komabe, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu malamulo pagalimoto magetsi ndi liwiro variable. Komanso, liwiro lamulo yake ntchito monga kusintha kwa armature panopa ndi munda panopa.

Yotsatana malemeredwe wa DPT

Mfundo zikugwira ntchito ya DC galimoto ija malemeredwe ngati yomweyi, amaonekera ndi khalidwe makina, zomwe mu nkhani iyi ndi yofewa, chifikwa injini liwiro zosiyana kwambiri ndi kusintha katundu. Ali kwambiri bwino ntchito DC mota? The opaleshoni mfundo za galimoto liwiro sitima samatha amene ayenera ndichepe pa kugonjetsa auka kapangidwe ndi kubwerera kwa zoyenda mwadzina pamene m'chigwa wolingana ndendende ndi DPT ndi ob sequentially olumikizidwa kwa armature kumulowetsa. Choncho, mbali yaikulu ya sitima magetsi m'dziko zida ndi zipangizo zimenezi.

The opaleshoni mfundo ya DC galimoto mutu malemeredwe litsatira ngati kugunda panopa Motors samatha amene ali kwenikweni ofanana ndi DPT zogwirizana RH, koma mwapadera ntchito ndi kudzatha kale pa bolodi magetsi ali ndi ripple yokulirapo.