Dicotyledons: Mwachitsanzo. Monocots ndi dicots

Zomera - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa yaikulu komanso osiyanasiyana mitundu ya maufumu a chilengedwe. Iwo anapereka zamoyo zonse kupuma mpweya wabwino popanga mpweya umene timapuma. Kupereka anthu ndi nyama zambiri chakudya ndi zakudya, kukongoletsa moyo wathu ndi kupanga izo wokongola. Limodzi mwa madera ambiri osiyanasiyana ufumu zodabwitsa angiosperms. Za iwo ndi kulankhula zina.

Angiosperms: Gawo

dipatimenti zikutanthauza zikuchokera awiri akuluakulu nambala yake ya makalasi:

• monocots;
• bipartite.

Aliyense wa iwo ndi wofunika osati chilengedwe wonse, komanso anthu makamaka. Ndipotu, wina ali yekha dzina osachepera oimira ochepa, amene wapangidwa monocots ndi dicots, zitsanzo yomweyo kutsimikizira kufunika kwambiri zothandiza anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuphatikizapo:

• rye, tirigu, Mapila, mpunga, buckwheat;
• rosehips, mbatata, tomato, biringanya ndi mbewu zina;
• chiwerengero chachikulu cha zitsamba mankhwala.

Nthawi zambiri, zosiyanasiyana angiosperms mu masauzande (za 350,000). Choncho onse monocots ndi dicots zitsanzo za zingachititse nthawi yaitali, iwo ndi makhalidwe awo mu dongosolo, njira ya moyo, zamoyo. Tikambirana mmodzi wa magulu - dicots. Tiyeni tione zimene makhalidwe ndi zomera, zimene zikugwirizana iwo ndipo kodi phindu lake.

dicots banja kalasi

Gawo angakhale osiyana. Pali zingapo zimene mungachite:

• Takhtajan dongosolo;
• Rivila dongosolo;
• APG;
• Dahlgren ndi Thorne;
• Cronquist.

Aliyense kutenga monga maziko zizindikiro zina ndi kuwagawa kalasi lonse mkulu wa banja kapena boma makalasi. Anthu wamba, bwino kwambiri kusukulu wagawo izi taxonomic monga banja. Choncho, tikungotchula magulu ambiri ndipo ambiri amene ali m'gulu la funso.

1. Gulugufe, kapena nyemba. Kodi zomera ndi dicotyledonous pano? Mwachitsanzo: nandolo kufesa, nyemba, clover, chiponde, udindo, mthethe, astragalus, nsawawa, carob, ndi ena.
2. Rosaceae. Zitsanzo: ananyamuka m'chiuno, apulo, peyala, maula, sitiroberi, rasipiberi ndi ena.
3. Cruciferous, kapena Brassica. A nthumwi ankaikira - kabichi. Dicots, chitsanzo cha zomwe angathe zimachitika banja - radish. Ndiponso: mpiru, yozizira cress, sverbigi, chikwama m'busa. Only za 3 zikwi mitundu.
4. Asteraceae - monga mwa umembala wake ambiri zomera udzu, mankhwala, chakudya ndi chakudya. Oimira: chamomile, dandelion, aster, cornflower, mpendadzuwa ndi ena.
5. Nightshade. Dicots, chitsanzo cha tingayambe pano - phwetekere. Pamodzi ndi iwo, ndipo ambiri a mbewu yaikulu masamba nalo munthu (mbatata, biringanya, etc.). N'chimodzimodzinso ndi banja ndipo ndi belladonna chakupha kwambiri.

Siikudziwika bwino m'dziko lathu ndi mabanja monga:

• mlombwa;
• Crassulaceae;
• portulacaceae;
• mphesa;
• mchisu;
• dzungu;
• Begoniaceae;
• nati;
• msondodzi;
• ambulera;
• Birch ndi zina.

Ndipotu, ambiri a iwo, zimavuta ati onse. Tiyeni tsopano tione zimene mbali wamba wogwidwa ndi nthumwi zonse bipartite.

Features ya kapangidwe ka bipartite

Ngati zomera onse apamwamba, ali ndi tsinde, tsamba, muzu, duwa. Pankhani mitundu mtengo, ndiye thunthu ndi nthambi. Ambiri, kapangidwe ka mbewu bipartite si wosiyana ndi wa ena. Komabe, pali komanso zimaonetsa kulola gulu la mitundu ina kwa kalasi.

Izi deta khalidwe ndi khalidwe lawo ndi ku monocots, chifukwa maluwa onse a mbali yaikulu ofanana, zovuta bwino correlate mitundu ya taxa, ngati simukudziwa mbali yapadera.

mbali Ofunika

Motero, magawo zotsatirazi anakhazikitsa:

1. Venation masamba ambiri ukonde.
2. dongosolo muzu - ndodo, kawirikawiri yaitali.
3. Chilinganizo dongosolo maluwa: W ₄ L ₄ T _{2 + 4} P _1. Nthawi zambiri, chiwerengero cha mbali ayenera kukhala angapo a mwina 4 kapena 5.
4. Pakati pa xylem ndi phloem ili cambium wosanjikiza ndi mitundu yambiri ndi zake tsinde.
5. Lamina pafupipafupi zoipa odulidwa.

Zizindikiro izi dicotyledons sindikunena kuti mamembala onse anakonza momwemo ndi sakanachita. Monga kwina, apa palinso kuchotserapo, ena ma.

Komabe, chinthu chofunika kwambiri - ndi dicots mbewu ndi cotyledons awiri, anakonza wina ndi mnzake. Pa chitsanzo cha mtedza kapena nyemba n'zotheka kuona ndi apoyera. Apa pali chizindikiro wamba onse mopanda oimira kupatulapo bipartite. Zinali iye, ndipo anatenga dzina lawo.

Dicotyledons: zitsanzo, zithunzi

Ife kale zitsanzo zambiri za anthu osiyanasiyana a kalasi. Koma makamaka iwo anakhala yekha pa mitundu amene kukula mu dziko lathu. Pansipa mukhoza kuwona zithunzi za ena endemics yachilendo Russian nyengo si abwino. Mwachitsanzo:

• mlombwa;
• Delonix regia;
• sundew;
• Sarracenia;
• Nepenthes;
• teak;
• Black ndipo ananyamula ndi ena.

chithunzi zikusonyeza kuti zonse ndi wokongola komanso zowala ndi kuunika kozungulira mutu. Nthawi zambiri, pafupifupi onse dicotyledons ndi maluwa modzionetsera. Komabe, pali kuchotserapo mwa namsongole.

Magnolia kalasi chidwi. Uliwonse wa - izo dicot. Chitsanzo cha banja - Magnolia stellata. wokongola kwambiri ndi onunkhira zomera East. Za iye kulemba nthano zachilendo ndi chikondi. Magnolias ndi mbali ya chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mayiko ambiri a ku South.

zomera zokometsera

Pakuti dicots ndi monga oimira kwambiri onunkhira mitundu, zonunkhira - zokometsera. Mwachitsanzo, monga:

• sinamoni;
• mlombwa;
• mapira;
• chitowe;
• tsabola;
• katsabola;
• ya parsley;
• allspice, ndi ena.

Kumene, udindo wawo makampani chakudya ndi lalikulu. Ndipotu, kuwonjezera pa cholinga ankafuna - kusintha kukoma kwa mbale okonzeka ndi kuwapatsa kukoma zapadera, ntchito ndi mmene mitundu mlingo.

ambulera

Maphunziro dicots zikutanthauza umembala wake banja monga ambulera, kapena udzu winawake. zimasiyanitsa yaikulu mbali - ndi inflorescence khalidwe mu mawonekedwe a ambulera ndi. Small Magulu a maluwa asonkhana mu wotumbululuka, mitundu kawirikawiri yowala. Komabe, kodi chimasiyanitsa iwo, ndi fungo. nthumwi zonse zili yambiri mafuta n'kofunika, tannins, alkaloids. Choncho, kununkhira ambulera zofalikira padziko m'dera limene iwo mwakula.

Oimira zotsatirazi:

• mapira;
• kaloti;
• azhgon;
• udzu winawake;
• fennel;
• parsnips;
• yachitika chakupha ;
• hemlock;
• ng'ombe parsnip;
• thoroughwax;
• astrantia;
• feverweed;
• goutweed ndi ena.

Pali monga chakupha, ndi zothandiza kwambiri mbewu anthu. Komanso, ambiri kukongoletsa.

Rosaceae

Wotchuka kwambiri woimira - zakutchire ananyamuka kapena ananyamuka. Ndi dicotyledon zomera, chitsanzo chimene nthawizonse amatsogolera, nkomwe adza kwa banja Rosaceae. Koma, ndithudi, osati ndi mbali ya taxon chokoma. Chifukwa zokoma? Chifukwa ndicho chimene chimaperekedwa:

• rasipiberi;
• chitumbuwa;
• kukhetsa;
• quince;
• nkhuyu;
• apulo mtengo;
• Saskatoon;
• rowan;
• apurikoti;
• chitumbuwa;
• amondi ndi nthumwi zina za kulakalaka kwambiri.

Kuwonjezera palatability, iwonso ali zopalira wapatali mavitamini, mchere macro- ndi microelements ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana.

Pakati alipidwa busa form: bloodroot wamba, nettle, hemp, avens ndi ena.

Asteraceae

Kuti banja ili ndi herbaceous, kawirikawiri zake zomera, perennials. Oimira zambiri moti amapezeka mwapadera lonse lapansi. Asteraceae pali mu kotentha ndi Arctic. Ichi ndi ochuluka kuposa ndi osiyanasiyana gulu la bipartite onse.

Zitsanzo zingachititse mazana. Kodi wotchuka kwambiri, ndi kukhala bwino za makamaka mbewu iliyonse mu funso:

• aster;
• mpendadzuwa;
• dandelion;
• dahlia;
• chicory;
• marigolds;
• chamomile;
• Daisy;
• Serratula;
• Ambrosia ndi ena.

Oimira chidwi kwambiri ndi:

• Scalesia Pedunculata;
• brachylaena muyeso.

Iwo chidwi chifukwa iwo ndi zamphamvu kwambiri mtengo kutalika mamita 20/40, motero. Mu skalezii maluwa onunkhira kwambiri chikasu, anasonkhana pa nsonga ya nthambi. A kuchuluka kwa mtengo amenewa kupanga lonse matabwa Islands Galápagos.

Brachylaena Meran umakhala South Africa ndi Madagascar. Mpaka mamita 40. Maluwa lalikulu kwambiri, anasonkhana panicles pamwamba pa nthambi.