Dynamite - ndi kuyambitsa Alfreda Nobelya

Dynamite - osakaniza wapadera zachiwawa, ozikidwa pa nitroglycerine. Dziwani kuti mankhwala ndi oopsa kwambiri monga kuliri. Ngakhale impregnation olimba absorbents nitroglycerin kuvumbitsira abwino kusungiramo ndi ntchito, yabwino ntchito. Dynamite inunso muli zinthu zina. Monga ulamuliro, misa anapanga ali ndi mawonekedwe cylindrical ndi mmatumba mu pepala kapena mapulasitiki.

Kutulukira dynamite

Chochitika chofunika chifukwa cha kutulukira dynamite anali atulukira nitroglycerin. Izi zinachitika mu 1846. Anakhala mpainiya wa ku Italy sayansi Ascanio Sobrero. Pakuti mabomba amphamvu yomweyo anayamba kumanga mafakitale padziko lonse. Mmodzi wa iwo chinamasulidwa mu Russia. akatswiri zoweta Zinin ndi Petrushevsky kufunafuna njira momwe ntchito bwinobwino. Mmodzi mwa ophunzira awo anali chabe Alfred Nobel.

Mu 1863 Nobel anatsegula detonator chipewa, amene kwambiri wosalira ntchito yeniyeni ya nitroglycerin. Iwo anakwanitsa kukwaniritsa zimenezi mwa kutsegula kwa munthu zachiwawa ndi thandizo la mankhwala enaake fulminate. Anthu ambiri masiku ano amakhulupirira kupezeka Nobel wofunika kwambiri kuposa Mipukutu ya dynamite.

Dynamite yekha Swedish sayansi okhala mu 1867. Mpaka chapakati pa m'zaka otsiriza ntchito ngati zachiwawa yaikulu pa ntchito m'mapiri ndipo, ndithudi, m'munda usilikali.

Dynamite ndi kusesa dziko

Koyamba ntchito ya dynamite zolinga asilikali ali anadzipereka yekha Nobel m'chaka pamene iye ndi okhala. Komabe, pamene lingaliro ankaona kulephera, chifukwa ndi woopsa kwambiri.

Mu kupanga mafakitale-ang'ono a dynamite ayamba kuyambira 1869. Munthu woyamba ankaperekerako industrialists Russian. Kale mu 1871 icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu m'zigawo za malasha ndi nthaka miyala.

kupanga mabuku dynamite anakula exponentially. Ngati matani 11 zinalembedwa mu 1867, kenako patatha zaka 5 - matani 1570, ndi 1875 zinabala matani 8000.

Kodi dynamite - ndi chida chachikulu, woyamba kumvetsa Germany. Anayamba aphulitsa nyumba milatho zinam'pangitsa ntchito French. Mu 1871, zachiwawa izi anaonekera asilikali ukachenjede wa Austria ndi Hungary.

Kodi dynamite?

Atangomva industrialists ndi asilikali a dziko anamva kuti mbali ya dynamite, iwo nthawi yomweyo anakhazikitsa kupanga ake. Pitirizani kubala lero. Masiku ano ndi makatiriji ndi masekeli mpaka magalamu 200, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito pasanathe miyezi sikisi. Pali High-umboni ndi nkhani otsika chidwi.

Popeza kuti zikuchokera dynamite ku opanga osiyana anali yosiyana, zigawo zikuluzikulu, ndithudi, kukhala sichinasinthe.

Chief pakati pawo - nitrosmes. Iwo anayamba ntchito pokonzanso chisanu kukana. Mpheroyi nitroglycerin ndi dinitrogikolya. Izi ndi chigawo chachikulu kuti umachitika 40% ndi kulemera. The zigawo zotsatirazi ndi buku - ammonium nitrate (30%), pafupifupi 20% anathera pa nitrate ndi sodium. The zigawo zikuluzikulu atsala ntchito digiri kwambiri wamng'ono - ndi nitrocellulose, ufa nkhuni, balsa ndi talc.

Dynamite mu utumiki wa apandu

Mwa oyambirira kumvetsa zimene dynamite, upandu a mitundu yonse, ndi zigawenga. Mmodzi wa upandu choyamba ntchito zachiwawa izi zinachitika mu US mu 1875. American yapamadzi William Kong Thomassen anayesa kuti afooketse inakhazikitsa mu nyanja chotengera "Moselle" kuti inshuwalansi. Komabe, mbiya ya dynamite amamwa chakumene kumbuyo pa doko pa potsegula. Tsoka ankanena miyoyo ya anthu 80.

Komabe, kulephera woyamba sanaleke atsogoleri a dziko chigawenga ndi zigawenga. Kuyambira mamembala 1883 ndi 1885 a bungwe monyanyira, kulimbikitsa kulekana kwa Ireland ku Britain, amene ankachitika mndandanda wa mabomba ndi dynamite. Kuphatikizapo kuphulika ku likulu la apolisi ku Britain ndi ku Scotland Yard koneze London Bridge.

Ntchito mankhwala ndipo otsutsana autocracy mu Russia. Makamaka, chipani "Narodnaya Volya". Ku Ulaya, wambiri dynamite ntchito n'ngopandukira.

dynamite kutchuka imagwera

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu ambiri opanga ankakhulupirira kuti dynamite - ichi ndi zachiwawa chachikulu migodi ndi Kupezeka kwa madipoziti latsopano mchere. Kupirira mpikisano nitrate mpaka m'ma XX atumwi. M'mayiko ena - mpaka m'ma 80s. Mwachitsanzo, dynamite anali wotchuka kwambiri mu South Africa. Izo ntchito m'migodi golide. Ndi pafupi ndi 90 TH chaka pansi mavuto okhaokha malonda zinasintha kwambiri zomera kuti mabomba otetezeka zochokera nitrate ammonium.

Mu Russia, ndi dynamite ndi misa opangidwa pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Makamaka otchuka anali trudnozamerzayuschy zikuchokera. mabomba ku makampani zoweta anatenga 60 okha.

M'mayiko ambiri, dynamite - ndi zotchipa komanso legkoproizvodimoe zachiwawa. Izi zilili inatenga zaka pafupifupi 100. Pakali pano, ndi dynamite sakondwera oposa 2% ya zolowa okwana zinthu zonse zachiwawa mu dziko.