Ernest Hemingway (Ernest Miller Hemingway): biography ndi chilengedwe (chithunzi)

Wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi, wolemba wa ku America Ernest Hemingway anapatsa mbali yowerengera ya dziko zambiri zolemba zamakono. Iye analemba za zomwe anaphunzira, anaona, adadzimverera yekha. Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya Ernest Hemingway ndi yokondweretsa, yolemera komanso yosangalatsa. Maziko a zolemba zake ndi nkhani zinali moyo wokha, muzosiyana zake zonse. Kuphweka kwa kufotokozera, kusinthasintha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana mu ntchito za Hemingway kwabweretsa mitundu yatsopano kwa mabuku a zaka za m'ma 1900 ndipo anaipindulitsa. M'nkhaniyi, tidzayesa kuunika mbali za moyo wake wolenga, zobisika kwa maso a wowerenga.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Ernest Hemingway (chithunzi choperekedwa ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa wolemba) anabadwa kumapeto kwa zaka: July 21 mu 1899. Makolo ake ankakhala nthawi yomweyo pafupi ndi Chicago, mumzinda wawung'ono wotchedwa Oak Park. Bambo a Ernest - Clarence Edmond Hemingway - adagwira ntchito monga dokotala, mayi - Grace Grace - anapereka moyo wake wonse pokweza ana.

Kuyambira ali mwana, bambo ake anapanga Ernest kukonda zachilengedwe, kuyembekezera kuti adzatsata mapazi ake - adzaphunzira sayansi ndi mankhwala. Clarence nthawi zambiri ankatenga mwana wake paulendo, ndikumupereka pazinthu zonse zomwe ankadziwa. Pofika zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, Ernie wamng'ono adadziwa mayina a zomera, nyama, nsomba, mbalame zomwe zimapezeka ku Midwest. Chikondi chachiwiri cha Ernest wamng'ono anali mabuku - amathera maola ambiri mulaibulale yapamwamba, akuwerenga mabuku a mbiri yakale ndi ntchito ya Darwin.

Amayi a mnyamatayo akukonzekera za mwana wamwamuna wam'tsogolo-mwamunayo anamukakamiza kuti achite seweroli ndi kuimba muyaya ya tchalitchi, nthawi zambiri ngakhale kuwononga ntchito za sukulu. Ernest Hemingway mwiniwake amakhulupirira kuti analibe luso lililonse la kulankhula, chifukwa mwa njira iliyonse akhoza kupeŵa kuzunzika kwa nyimbo zowawa.

Chimwemwe chenichenicho chinali chachinyamatayu waulendo wa chilimwe akupita kumpoto kwa Michigan, kumene Hemingway anali ndi kanyumba "Windmere." Kuyenda m'malo okongola, osangalatsa modabwitsa pafupi ndi nyanja ya Vallun, pafupi ndi nyumba yake, Ernest anasangalala kwambiri. Palibe amene anam'kakamiza kuti azisewera ndi kuimba, analibe ufulu wambiri panyumba. Angatenge ndodo yosodza ndikupita tsiku lonse ku nyanja, kuiwala nthawi, kuyenda m'nkhalango kapena kusewera ndi anyamata achimwenye ochokera kumudzi wapafupi.

Kulakalaka kusaka

Ernest anali ndi ubale weniweni ndi agogo ake aamuna. Mnyamatayo ankakonda kumvetsera nkhani zokhudzana ndi moyo wa milomo ya munthu wachikulire, zomwe ambiri mwa iwo adasamukira ku ntchito zake. Mu 1911, agogo aamuna anapatsa Ernie mfuti, ndipo bambo ake anamudziwitsa munthu wamwamuna wakale ntchito - kusaka. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, mnyamatayu ali ndi chilakolako china m'moyo, chomwe amatha kupereka nkhani yake yoyamba. Ntchito zambiri zimatenga zomwe bambo, yemwe umunthu wake ndi moyo wake wakhala akudandaula nthawi zonse Ernest. Kwa nthawi yayitali pambuyo pa imfa yovuta ya kholo (Clarence Edmont Hemingway adadzipha mu 1928), wolembayo anayesa kufufuza izi, koma sanazipeze.

Wolemba

Pambuyo pa sukulu, Ernest sanalowe ku yunivesite monga makolo ake adafunira, koma anasamukira ku Kansas City ndipo adapeza ntchito yolemba kalata. Anapatsidwa udindo wa chigawo cha mzindawo kumene sitimayi, chipatala chachikulu ndi apolisi analipo. Kawirikawiri pa nthawi yogwira ntchito Ernest anayenera kuthana ndi opha anthu, ochita uhule, othawa, umboni wa moto ndi zina zomwe sizinali zokondweretsa. Munthu aliyense, yemwe mnyamatayu adamutsatira, adawoneka ngati x-ray - adayang'ana, amayesa kumvetsetsa zolinga za khalidwe lake, adagwira manja, momwe adayankhulira. Pambuyo pake, zochitika zonsezi ndi zozizwitsa zidzakhala nkhani za ntchito zake.

Pa ntchito ya mtolankhani, Ernest Hemingway adaphunzira chinthu chachikulu - molondola, momveka bwino ndikufotokozera malingaliro ake, osasowa chinthu chimodzi. Chizolowezi chokhalapo pakati pa zochitika zonse ndikupanga kalembedwe kazomwe zidzakhazikitsidwe pachiyambi. Ernest Hemingway, yemwe mbiri yake ndi yotsatizana, ankakonda kwambiri ntchito yake, koma anaisiya kuti apite ku nkhondo mwa kufuna kwawo.

Mawu oopsya "nkhondo"

Mu 1917, United States inalengeza kuti aloŵa mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yadziko Lonse, nyuzipepala za ku America zinakwiyitsa anyamata kuti avale yunifolomu ya nkhondo ndi kupita ku nkhondo. Ernest ndi chikondi chake sakanakhalabe wosayanjanitsa ndipo ankafuna kuti akhale gawo la zochitikazi, koma adakumana ndi kukana kolimba kwa makolo ndi madokotala (mnyamatayo anali ndi maso osawona). Komabe, Ernest Hemingway anakwanitsa kupita kutsogolo mu 1918, akulembera pakati pa odzipereka a Red Cross. Onse omwe anatumizidwa adatumizidwa ku Milan, komwe ntchito yawo yoyamba inali kuchotsa gawo la zida zamatabwa, zomwe zinaphunzitsidwa tsiku lomwelo. Pa tsiku lachiwiri, Ernest wamng'ono adatumizidwa ku mzere wa asilikali ku tauni ya Shio, koma ngakhale pomwepo adalephera kuona zenizeni zenizeni - kusewera makadi ndi mpira, omwe ambiri mwa asilikali anali nawo, sanafanane ndi maganizo a mnyamatayo pa nkhondo.

Akuyitanitsa kuti apereke chakudya kwa asilikali pa ambulansi mwachindunji pa nkhondo, kulowa mumtunda, Ernest Hemingway potsirizira pake anakwaniritsa cholinga chake. "Gwiritsani Ntchito Zida Zambiri!" Kodi ntchito yodziwika ndi mbiri ya anthu yomwe wolembayo anafalitsa maganizo onse ndi nthawi ya moyo wake.

Chikondi choyamba

Mu July 1918, dalaivala wamng'ono yemwe amayesa kupulumutsa munthu wovulazidwa anagwa pansi pa zipolopolo za mfuti za ku Austria. Atafika kuchipatala, ataperedwa, analibe malo okhala - thupi lonse linali ndi mabala. Atachotsa zidutswa makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi m'thupi ndi kuchiza mabala onse, madokotala anatumiza Ernest kupita ku Milan, komwe adalowetsedwa ndi phokoso la calyx pa puloteni ya aluminium.

Mu chipatala cha Milan Ernest Hemingway (biography kuchokera ku machitidwe apamwamba akutsimikizira izi) anakhala miyezi yoposa itatu. Kumeneko adadziŵana ndi namwino, momwe adagwera mwachikondi. Chiyanjano chawo chinapezekanso mu buku lake "Kulimbana ndi Zida Zambiri!".

Bwererani kwanu

Mu January 1919, Ernest anabwerera kwawo ku United States. Anakumana ndi munthu wolimba mtima, m'manyuzipepala onse omwe amatha kuwona dzina lake, mfumu ya Italy inapereka mpikisano wamtendere wa asilikali ku America ndi Medal "For Valor".

Chaka chonse, Hemingway amachiritsa mabala ndi banja lake, ndipo mu 1920 anasamukira ku Canada, kumene anapitiliza kufufuza. Nyuzipepala ya Toronto Star, yomwe inagwira ntchito, inapereka ufulu wa mtolankhani - Hemingway analibe ufulu kulemba chirichonse, koma analandira malipiro okha a zipangizo zovomerezeka ndi zofalitsidwa. Panthawiyi wolembayo amapanga ntchito zake zoyamba - za nkhondo, za oiwala ndi ankhondo omwe sakufuna, za kupusa ndi zowonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi.

Paris

Mu September 1921, Hemingway adalenga banja, ndipo adasankha kuti akhale a pianist Young Hadley Richardson. Palimodzi ndi mkazi wake, Ernest amaphatikizapo maloto ena - akusamukira ku Paris, komwe podziwa mosamala, maziko a kulembedwa kumachepetsa luso lake lolemba. Moyo ku Paris Hemingway wotchulidwa mu bukhu lakuti "A holide yomwe nthawi zonse ili ndi iwe", yomwe inadzitchuka pokhapokha atafa.

Ernest anali ndi ntchito yambiri ndi khama kuti adzipezere yekha ndi mkazi wake, motero mlungu uliwonse anatumizira nyuzipepala ya "Toronto Star" nyimbo zake. Ofesi ya mkonzi inalandira kuchokera kwa olemba ake omwe kale anali odzipereka okha zomwe akufuna - kufotokozera za moyo wa anthu a ku Ulaya mwatsatanetsatane komanso osapangidwira.

Mu 1923, Ernest Hemingway, yemwe anthu ambiri amawerengapo kale, akubweretsanso zomwe adakumana nazo ndi anzake atsopano ndi maonekedwe ake, zomwe amatha kuziwerenga mwazochita zake. Wolembayo amakhala mlendo kawirikawiri mu kabuku ka mnzanu Sylvia Beach. Kumeneko amatenga mabuku a lendi, amadziŵanso olemba ndi ojambula ambiri. Ndi ena mwa iwo (Gertrude Stein, James Joyce) ku Hemingway kwa nthawi yayitali ubale wofunda wachikondi unayamba.

Kuzindikiridwa

Ntchito yoyamba yolembedwa ndi wolemba, yemwe anamutamanda, inalembedwa ndi iye kuyambira nthawi ya 1926 mpaka 1929. "Ndipo dzuwa limatuluka," "Amuna opanda akazi," "Wopambana sapeza kanthu," "Killers", "Chigwa Kilimanjaro" ndipo, ndithudi, "Khalani ndi Zida Zambiri!" Anagonjetsa mitima ya owerenga a ku America. Pafupifupi aliyense ankadziwa kuti Ernest Hemingway anali ndani. Zomwe analemba za ntchito yake, ngakhale zinali zosagwirizana (ena amaganiza kuti wolemba kwambiri ali ndi luso, ena - alibe luso), koma amapititsa patsogolo chidwi cha anthu ntchito. Mabuku ake adagulidwa ndikuwerengedwa ngakhale pavuto lachuma ku United States.

Moyo ukuyenda

Ernest nthawi zambiri ankasunthira kuchoka kumalo osiyanasiyana kupita kumalo, makamaka m'moyo omwe ankakonda kuyenda. Kotero, mu 1930, adasinthiranso nyumba yake, nthawiyi akukhala ku Florida. Kumeneko akupitiriza kulenga, kusodza ndi kusaka. Mu September 1930, Hemingway imagwa m'galimoto ya galimoto, pambuyo pake, mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, iye akubwezeretsanso thanzi lake.

Mu 1933, mlenje wolimbika anapita ulendo wautali kupita ku East Africa. Kumeneko anakumana nazo zambiri: nkhondo zowonongeka ndi nyama zakutchire, ndi matenda omwe ali ndi matenda aakulu, ndi chithandizo choopsa cha nthawi yaitali. Malingaliro ake a nthawi imeneyo ya moyo wake analemba mu bukhu lotchedwa "Green Hills of Africa."

Ernest Hemingway sakanakhoza kukhala pamalo amodzi. Mbiri ya wolembayo ili ndi chidziwitso chakuti sangathe kukhalabe chidwi ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Spain ndipo anapita kumeneko mwamsanga mwayi umenewu utawonekera. Kumeneko anakhala wolemba masewera a zolemba zokhudzana ndi nkhondo ku Madrid yotchedwa "Land of Spain".

Mu 1943 Ernest Hemingway anabwerera ku ntchito ya mtolankhani ndipo anapita ku London kukakumbukira zochitika za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mu 1944, mlembiyo akugwira nawo ndege zowonongeka ku Germany, akutsogolera gulu la a French, a nkhondo molimba mtima pa nkhondo ku Belgium ndi France.

Mu 1949, Hemingway anasamukiranso - nthawi ino ku Cuba. Anabadwa buku lake labwino kwambiri - "The Old Man and the Sea", zomwe mlembi adapatsidwa Pulitzer ndi Nobel Prizes.

Mu 1953, Ernest akukanso ulendo wopita ku Africa, kumene akusowa ndege yaikulu.

Mapeto omvetsa chisoni a mbiriyakale

Kuwonjezera pa kuti m'zaka zapitazi za moyo wake wolembayo anadwala matenda ambiri, adamva kupweteka kwakukulu. Nthawi zonse ankaganiza kuti akuyang'aniridwa ndi oimira FBI, kuti foni yake imamvetsera, makalatawo akuwerengedwa, ndipo mabanki a banki ankayang'aniridwa nthawi zonse. Kuchiza, Ernest Hemingway anatumizidwa ku chipatala chamaganizo, komwe anakakamizika kuchita masewera khumi ndi atatu a mankhwala opangira magetsi. Izi zinapangitsa kuti wolembayo alephera kukumbukira ndipo sakanatha kulenga, zomwe zinapititsa patsogolo vuto lake.

Patadutsa masiku ochepa kuchoka kuchipatala, Ernest Hemingway adadziwombera yekha mfuti kunyumba kwake ku Ketchum. Zaka 50 pambuyo pa imfa yake, zinadziwika kuti kuzunzidwa kwa Mania kunalibe phindu - wolemba anali kuyang'anitsitsa.

Wolemba wamkulu Ernest Hemingway, yemwe malemba ake amadziwika ndi mtima ndi mamiliyoni a anthu padziko lonse, anakhala moyo wovuta koma wowala ndi wolemera. Mawu ake anzeru ndi ntchito adzakhala kosatha m'mitima ndi miyoyo ya owerenga.