Fullerene - ndi chiyani ichi? Katundu ndi ntchito fullerenes

Maselo allotropic mtundu wa mpweya kapena kusinthidwa ake, fullerene, - yaitali mzere C _{N (n>} 20) masango atomiki, amene atsekedwa otukukira kunja polyhedra anamanga maatomu a carbon ndi kukhala pentagonal kapena hexagonal nkhope (pano pali chosowa kwambiri kuchotserapo). Mpweya maatomu mu fullerenes unsubstituted amakhala SP ² boma -Hybrid ndi kugwirizana chiwerengero cha 3. Choncho aumbike ndi ozungulira conjugate unsaturated dongosolo malinga ndi chiphunzitso valence muzikondana.

mafotokozedwe ambiri

Kwambiri thermodynamically khola pansi yachibadwa zinthu mtundu wa mpweya - graphite, amene amaoneka ngati mulu nkomwe chikugwirizana ndi aliyense mapepala ena graphene: lathyathyathya latisi, wopangidwa mwa maselo hexagonal, kumene mfundo - mpweya maatomu. Aliyense wa iwo amagwirizana ndi maatomu atatu yapafupi, ndipo lachinayi valence elekitironi ndipamene PI-dongosolo. Choncho, fullerene - ndi ndendende mawonekedwe maselo, mwachitsanzo chithunzi SP ² -Hybrid boma lodziwikiratu. Ngati ife timathandiza mu graphene pepala ziwonongeke geometrical amatipeza ndipamene dongosolo chatsekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, yopanda chilema ndi zisanu ziwalo mphete (pentagonal nkhope), chimodzimodzi, pamodzi ndi wamba hexagonal mpweya zimapangidwira.

Lingaliro Lovomerezeka Euler umanena kuti ulimi wa polyhedron chatsekedwa ndi mfundo trohkoordinirovannymi zotheka ngati ife timathandiza pentagons khumi, kaya chiwerengero cha nkhope hexagonal. Motero, kukula osachepera fullerene ndi - ndi yokhala C ₂₀ dodecahedron. Komabe kupindika nyumba ofanana, ndi ochepa maatomu mpweya ndi mkulu, choncho kuti SP ² -Hybrid boma si yabwino kwambiri chifukwa mpweya wakonda planar kugwirizana. Ndicho chifukwa wamng'ono mtundu woyera ake analandira fullerene - ndi C _60, ndi dongosolo la truncated icosahedron zonse. Mu nkhope hexagonal ali anapatukana ndi pentagonal onse. Fullerene Chemistry adzaitana mfundo imeneyi lakutali Pentagon ulamuliro, ndipo ndi nkhani ku fullerene kwenikweni paulendowo.

chilinganizo

Gidrantirovanny amaimira C ₆₀ fullerene (C ₆₀ HyFn). Izi cholimba hydrophilic supramolecular zovuta, chomwe molekyulu mmodzi wa fullerene C ₆₀ mpope woyamba chipolopolo ndi makumi anayi mamolekyulu madzi. Izi ndi fullerene amene chilinganizo - C _60. (H ₂ O) _24. Amakhala hexagons makumi awiri ndi pentagons khumi ndi awiri, kunja chokhala mpira. Komanso, ambiri fullerene C ₇₀ zowonjezera monga nyumba wapakatikati, amene adzakhala pentagons onse akutali, kulibe. Popeza C ₇₈ fullerene dongosolo zimathandiza kusunga isomers angapo khola aliyense mafupa mpweya. Theoretically n'zotheka kuti pali fullerenes ndi maatomu mpweya wa ngakhale nambala iliyonse, "fullerenes apamwamba".

The yokonza fullerenes ndi Arc kumachitika kawirikawiri kapena zinthu zosiyanasiyana za mtengo njira ndi laser evaporation wa graphite mu mlengalenga helium. Mwaye, amene kumaundanitsa padziko riyakitala, ndi kutichitira refluxing benzene, toluene, xylene kapena solvents zina organic. The njira ndi chamunthuyo, n'kupanga condensate wakuda, teni mpaka fifitini peresenti ongokhala C ₇₀ C ₆₀ fullerenes komanso wochepa kwambiri wa fullerenes apamwamba.

Chiŵerengero pakati furellenami osiyana zingasiyane malingana magawo kaphatikizidwe, koma amangoona ₆₀ C chichitika, ndi kangapo wamkulu. Anthu ambiri C apamwamba _78, C ₇₆ C _84. Pa cithunzithunzi ambiri pali kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha fullerene kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala onse. Ichi ndi chifukwa, nthawi zambiri, ndi Mwina otsika wa kusonkhana nyumba yaikulu ya masango ang'onoang'ono poyamba chamunthuyo.

Madzi okhala fullerenes

Ambiri ndipo kwambiri kuphunzira ndi C _60, komwe kam'bulu kamodzi ka mankhwala kwenikweni ndi tinthu madzi twente-foro. Izi molekyulu fullerene ali ndi chosokonekera mkulu, kumene maatomu onse ali ofanana. mawonekedwe ake ozungulira ndi mtunda kuchokera pakati pa mtima atomiki pafupifupi 0,36 nm ndi utali wozungulira pafupifupi 0.5 nm. Ndipamene galasi maselo imene mamolekyulu ndi nkhope zokha kiyubiki latisi, atatu wosanjikiza densest ozungulira wazolongedza. Pa kutentha, ₆₀ C sublimes popanda kuchita gawo madzi. Best zonse uli kusungunuka mu mankhwala onunkhira a mtundu wa solvents mpweya disulfide, ndi kumalo ozizira - zikuipiraipirabe. An elongated ellipsoidal mawonekedwe ₇₀ C, komanso fullerenes apamwamba ali thupi katundu zofanana kwambiri ndi C _60.

Ndi m'munda zimapangidwira ali mochuluka wopatsa ndi kupereka mpata uliwonse kuti makalasi awo osiyanasiyana ofanana nawo: Metallofullerenes, heterofullerene. Banja la mankhwala watanthauzo ekzoendralnogo onse (outer-) kugwirizana, chifukwa aliyense atomu mpweya - zilipo anachita malo. Awa ndi katundu wa fullerenes. Likugwirizana ndi kulenga zatsopano, maatomu halogen ndi wa hydrogen, organic ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira, amayanjana ngakhale m'zinthu angayambe. Choncho analandira zipangizo polima munali fullerenes Multigrade pawiri. ₆₀ K C akulowa kuti substituents forte-eyiti popanda kuwononga mpweya mafupa. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, akamagwira C ₆₀ F _48, ndipo ambiri mankhwala amenewa ntchito, mmene maziko ali fullerenes.

ntchito

Pafupifupi fullerenes ndi chidwi ku zinthu zosiyana kwathunthu. Polingalira za katundu wawo pakompyuta tinganene kuti iwo ndi ena ofanana awo monga semiconductors. Fullerenes zimatentha dzuwa limakhala lamphamvu, iwo ndi mkulu zinthu zosiyanasiyana za pochoka luso. katundu onsewa n'zotheka kuti ntchito pa photovoltaic ndi, zimatulutsa photoelectric, dzuwa zoyendetsedwa ndi zipangizo za magetsi zosiyanasiyana maselo. Fullerenes zosungidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala monga nthumwi mavairasi oyambitsa ndi antimicrobial, monga wothandizila mu mankhwala photodynamic ndi m. P.

umisiri wamakono asiya ndi mofulumira kuonjezera chiwerengero cha mayunitsi kuti fullerenes kwambiri komanso ali bwino ndi zosavuta njira ntchito mankhwala awo. Ndicho chifukwa chake mtengo wa Mwachitsanzo, C ₆₀ wathetsedwa zayamba pa zaka khumi zapitazi ndi theka (ndi zikwi khumi madola teni mpaka fifitini pa gram). Tsopano ife takumana ndi vuto kumene ntchito kwenikweni mafakitale ndi fullerenes kugwa kwa munthu. ntchito yawo kukula tsiku lililonse.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za kutsegula

Fullerenes dzina pambuyo wamanga wotchuka ndi injiniya Richarda Bakminstera Fullera, amene pamaziko a dongosolo lawo anatulukira kapangidwe geodesic. Poyamba, kalasi ya mankhwala okha kwa kapangidwe, zimene zinaphatikizapo yekha zisanu ndi pentagonal nkhope. Ngati zikuchokera kwa fullerene molekyulu kuwonjezera maatomu mpweya alipo osiyanasiyana mankhwala zinthu, ndipo zili mu mpweya mafupa, amene munaitanidwa fullerenes endohedral. Ngati maatomu a zinthu zina zili kunja fullerenes ndi analandira exohedrally. mayina awo, mawonekedwe maselo sanali kale - mu 1985, gulu la ofufuza mwafufuza mwadzidzidzi fullerene. Small, Kroto, azipiringa ndi zina akatswiri kuphunzira graphite awiriawiri amene analandira ndi laser ablation (walitsa) olimba. nsonga anapezeka amene anali kumveka yayikulu lolingana masango a makumi asanu ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri maatomu mpweya.

Kotero ife kudziwa molekyulu C ₆₀ C _70, komanso amanena kuti molekyulu woyamba wamangidwa mu mawonekedwe a icosahedron truncated. Ndi ambiri C ₆₀ dzina lake bakminsterfullerenom ndi ena molekyulu - fullerenes chabe.

Asayansi-akatswiri bwino odziwa zomangamanga ndi anakumbukira Fuller, amene anamanga mzikiti pa nyumba kotero - pentagons, hexagons ogawika, ndiye maziko a dongosolo la zinthu zamanyazi ndi maselo a mwamtheradi onse fullerenes. Komabe, izi - ndi nkhani zochititsa chidwi komanso alibe mbiri yochititsa chidwi. Pa kuti kuli a mamolekyu otere penapake kale lidalembedwa Japan (1971), ndi maziko ongolankhula chinapezeka ndi lofalitsidwa mu USSR (1973). Komabe, Kroto, azipiringa ndi Small analandira mphoto ya Nobel mu zimapangidwira.

Nature ndi luso

Kukonzekera fullerene koyera n'zotheka ndi kaphatikizidwe yokumba. mankhwala awa pitirizani intensively anaphunzira m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, atakhala mavuto mapangidwe awo zikachitika, ndipo ankaona fullerene kapangidwe ndi katundu wawo. An munda kunadetsa kukula kwa ntchito. Anapeza kuti kwambiri kuchuluka kwa fullerenes ali mwaye, umene unakhazikitsidwa pa maelekitirodi graphite mu Arc kumaliseche. Kale mfundo imeneyi konse chabe anawona kachiwiri.

Pamene fullerenes anali opangidwa m'mikhalidwe choyezera, mamolekyulu mpweya n'kuyamba kuonedwa mu chilengedwe. Mu Karelia, ife nawapeza ali shungites zitsanzo, India ndi United States - mu furulgitah. Komanso ambiri pafupipafupi mamolekyulu mpweya mu meteorites ndi m'dambo pansi, ndilo osachepera zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu miliyoni. Padziko Lapansi fullerenes woyera akhoza kupangidwa kwa mphezi ndi kuyaka wa gasi. zitsanzo Air analanda Mediterranean, afufuza mu 2011, ndipo anapezeka kuti zitsanzo zonse anatengedwa - kuchokera Istanbul ku Barcelona - pali fullerene. thupi katundu wa mankhwala a kuyambitsa mapangidwe lachibadwa. Komanso ndalama yaikulu akupezeka danga - ndi boma gaseous, ndi mawonekedwe olimba.

kaphatikizidwe

The zatsopano loyamba kudzipatula fullerenes zinachitika kudzera nthunzi Zachepetsedwa wa graphite, amene anali akamagwira walitsa wa laser walitsa zitsanzo olimba graphite. Anakwanitsa kufika kuda yekha wa fullerenes. Only mu 1990, akatswiri Huffman, Mwanawankhosa ndi Kretschmer anayamba njira yatsopano ya ulimi wa fullerenes zedi gram. Anali kuchita moto maelekitirodi graphite ndi Arc magetsi mu chikhalidwe cha helium ndi opanikizika otsika. Ndi kusokonezeka kwa anode ndi makoma chipinda anaonekera kwa mwaye munali fullerenes.

Komanso, mwaye uli kusungunuka mu toluene kapena benzene, ndi njira chifukwa anaima magalamu mamolekyulu koyera C ₇₀ C _60. Chiŵerengero - 1: 3. Komanso njira kumaphatikizapo olemera ndi awiri peresenti apamwamba kuti fullerenes. Tsopano zinali zosavuta: kusankha magawo mulingo woyenera evaporating - zikuchokera m'mlengalenga, kuthamanga, elekitirodi awiri, panopa ndi zina zotero, kukwaniritsa zokolola pazipita fullerenes. Iwo anali kwa khumi ndi ziwiri peresenti ya anode zinthu zenizeni. N'chifukwa chake fullerenes okwera mtengo ndi.

kupanga

Onse ankafuna asayansi experimental poyamba anali pachabe: lapansi ndi mtengo njira yopangira fullerenes ali. Ngakhale moto woyaka wa chimasanduka kapena kaphatikizidwe mankhwala analephera. magetsi Arc njira wakhala asonyeza, amalola kuti amalandira munthu galamu ya fullerenes paola. The kampani Mitsubishi zachitika njira zotsimikizira kuyaka wa chimasanduka, koma iwo sali fullerenes wangwiro - iwo ali okosijeni. Ndipo mpaka patsalanso bwinobwino limagwirira la mapangidwe mankhwala, chifukwa njira Arc ndi sinkakhala ku mfundo thermodynamic maganizo, ndipo mwamphamvu kwambiri kumabwezera mmbuyo kuganizira za chiphunzitsochi. Only umboni wosatsutsika wakuti amatenga munthu fullerene mpweya maatomu, i.e. C ₂ zidutswa. Komabe, chithunzi bwino mapangidwe mankhwala sichinayambe anapanga.

Kukwera mtengo kwa fullerene anatsimikiza osati zokolola otsika pamene nazitentha. Kudzipatula, kuyeretsedwa, kulekana kwa fullerenes ya misa osiyana mwaye - njira zonsezi zovuta kwambiri. Makamaka izo nkhawa kupatukana kusakaniza mu tuzigawo twa osiyana maselo imene ikuchitikira ndi ndime koromatogarafe madzi kuthamanga. Pa gawo lotsiriza la zatsalira zosungunulira amachotsedwa pa fullerene kale olimba. Pakuti nyemba kusungidwa pansi zingalowe zazikulu pa kutentha madigiri kwa mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu. Koma ubwino ndi pa chitukuko cha fullerene C ₆₀ ndi kulandira izo zedi macroscopic kale umagwirira organic wakula palokha nthambi - kapangidwe ka fullerenes, amene wakhala amazipanga wotchuka.

phindu

opangidwa kuchokera Fullerene ntchito zosiyanasiyana za sayansi. Kulepheretsa ndi timibulu fullerene - michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi photoconductivity pansi walitsa kuwala. Timibulu C _60, ngati doped maatomu zitsulo zamchere, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha superconductivity. fullerene njira ndi osalunjika katundu kuwala, choncho angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati maziko a mawindo kuwala ofunika chitetezo ku cheza cha kwambiri. Komanso fullerene ntchito monga kuthandiza munthu diamondi kaphatikizidwe. Fullerenes ankagwiritsa ntchito zamoyo ndi mankhwala. Ndi ntchito katundu zitatu mamolekyulu awa: kudziŵa lipophilicity membranotropnyh, elektronodefitsit kupereka mphamvu mogwirizana ndi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira free, komanso luso kusamutsa mpweya molekyulu ochiritsira okondwa zawo boma ndi kutembenuzira mpweya singlet.

Chotero zinthu zotakasika kuukira biomolecules: zidulo mkati mapulotini, lipids. mitundu zotakasika mpweya ntchito mankhwala photodynamic mankhwala khansa. magazi wodwalayo umayamba photosensitizers, kupoletsa mitundu mpweya zotakasika - kwenikweni fullerenes kapena ofanana nawo zace. The otaya magazi chotupa ndi ofooka kuposa zimakhala wathanzi komanso chifukwa photosensitizers kudziunjikira mu izo, ndipo pambuyo walitsa malangizo a molekyulu ndi wokonda kupoletsa mitundu zotakasika mpweya. maselo a khansa akukumana aputosisi, ndi chotupa waonongeka. Kuwonjezera pamenepo - fullerenes ndi antioxidant katundu ndi msampha mitundu zotakasika mpweya.

Fullerene Sachita HIV integrase ntchito, mapuloteni kuti ali ndi udindo kwa kusakanikirana kwa kachilombo mu DNA ndi zimavuta nazo ndi kusintha conformation ndi kuwamana iye wowononga ntchito yaikulu. Ena mwa opangidwa kuchokera fullerene kucheza mwachindunji ndi DNA ndi ziletsa restiktaz kanthu.

Zambiri za mankhwala

Mu 2007, fullerenes madzi sungunuka anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito umbadya iwo wothandizila monga antiallergic. Maphunziro anali kuchitidwa pa magazi a anthu ndi maselo adziwa fullerene zotumphukira - C60 (ukonde) × ndi C60 (o) x. Mu zatsopano pa zamoyo - mbewa - zotsatira zake zinali zabwino.

Kale, chinthu ntchito ngati vekitala yobereka mankhwala, chifukwa madzi okhala fullerenes (timakumbukira hydrophobicity C ₆₀₎ likulowerera selo nembanemba ndi zophweka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, erythropoietin - impso timadzi analowa mwachindunji mu m'magazi, ndi khalidwe kwambiri mu kwambiri kuchuluka, ndipo ngati ntchito pamodzi ndi fullerenes, ndende ukuwonjezeka oposa awiri, chifukwa limalowera mu khungu.