Hanuka - ndichiyani? Mbiri ndi miyambo ya Hanuka

Chaka chilichonse dziko Ayuda kuchokera pa 25 Kislev, ndi TH 2-3 ya Tevet akuti holide chachikulu - Hanuka. Kodi "kuyeretsedwa" ndi "pomwe," womwe unawonjezera dzina la mwambo uwu? Kodi mwambo wa mapulagi, chakudya chokoma ndi chikondwerero chosatha masiku asanu ndi atatu? Yesetsani kumvetsa.

Kodi "Hanuka"

Mawu "Hanuka" m'Chiheberi imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri. Choyamba, "Khan" amatanthauza "akwaniritsa mtendere." Chachiwiri, "akuti ka" - osakaniza makalata amene n'zosangalatsa kumva mtengo - twente-faifi. Izi zikufanana ndi nkhondo imene anapambana ndi wauzimu wa Ayuda pa Agiriki, chinachitika 25 Kislev (malinga ndi kalendala ya Chiyuda) mu 164 BC.

dzina la holide "Hanuka" - anachokera ku mawu akuti "lahanot" kutanthauza "kudzipereka" ( "kuyeretsedwa"). Lero anali kachiwiri opatulidwira guwa la kachisi ku Yerusalemu, zomwe ziri chimodzimodzi 3 zaka isanafike tsiku mafano iyi, chidetsedwa. M'masiku a Chanukah amatchedwa kwambiri "chikondwerero cha magetsi".

Mbiri ya Hanuka

Anatinso Hanuka chikondwerero kwa masiku atatu. Umayamba kwa tsiku la 25 la Kislev, zomwe kawirikawiri kugwa mu November kapena December. Chochitika, imbaenda ku chiyambi cha nkhani ya Hanuka, zinachitika pa nthawi Aleksandra Velikogo (Chimakedoniya), pamene m'dziko la Isiraeli linali gawo la Syria, wakale, nayenso, chigawo cha ufumu Greek. Kwa nthawi yaitali, Ayuda ndi Ahelene anapeza chinenero. Chilamulo Ayuda okhazikika anamvera malamulo okhazikika ndi adani, ndipo kuchiyang'anira Wamkulu a zikhulupiriro zina m'malo ololera. Komabe, zinthu zinasintha pamene wachifumu Siriya anasonyeza kuti Antiochus IV Epiphanes.

Moto ndi lupanga iye anayesa kukakamiza mitundu wochepa chipembedzo chawo. Pansi ululu wa imfa, Ayuda sanaloledwe mdulidwe, kuphunzira Torah, kusunga malamulo a Shabbat. Mu kachisi wa Yerusalemu pa behest mfumu inamangidwa guwa la Zeus - mkulu wa milungu ya gulu chawo.

Chifukwa, mu Modin - m'mudzi waung'ono pafupi ndi Yerusalemu - zipolowe kunabuka. Iwo ankapita ndi mmodzi mwa akulu a kukagawira, Myuda Mattiyagu, ndi pambuyo pa imfa yake, zomwe zinachitika patapita chaka, opandukawo anapitiriza kutsogolera mwana wake, Yuda Makabe.

Okwana kulimbana ndi kumasulidwa kwa Ayuda m'goli Siriya kwa zaka twente-faifi. Komabe, zaka zitatu pambuyo chiyambi cha kugalukira ndi Amaccabee anakwanitsa kumasula Yerusalemu. Chinthu choyamba opambana anayamba aukhondo anadetsa kachisi. Mafano anaponyedwa, anabwezeretsa guwa wosweka, koma m'malo golide menorah (a menorah), amene anali atabedwa, mongoyembekezera kuyika chitsulo wamba.

Komabe, pamene nthawi kuyatsa menorah kutsogolo kwa guwa, kunapezeka kuti mafuta onse amene anachitika mu mpingo anadetsa. Woyera kunangotsala yekha chigubu ting'onoting'ono, zimene zingakhale zokwanira kwa tsiku limodzi lokha la moto. Ndipo kungafune masiku asanu ndi kukonzekera mafuta latsopano ...

Komabe, menorah unayatsidwa Pamene izi zinachitika, chozizwitsa chinachitika: kuwala ndi mosadziwika kuwotchedwa masiku eyiti! Kachisi anali opatulidwira kachiwiri. Ndipo tsopano, mu ulemu wa mwambo umenewu chaka chilichonse inadzachitika phwando la Hanuka.

Chanukah Kodi

Tsopano kuti ife amadziwika tanthauzo mbiri ya Hanuka kuti ndi "Chanukah" nayonso zosavuta ndikulingalira. Otchedwa chikhalidwe makandulo kumbali Hanuka, kusonyeza mzimu wa kukana ndi chigonjetso cha wabwino zoipa.

Chanukiah mawonekedwe mindandanda yamasewera eyiti. Zimaimira chozizwa chimene chinachitika pa Makabe kugonjetsa Ahelene. Kale izo linatsegulidwa kukangamira pa msewu, kumanzere kwa nyumba yathu. Komabe, pambuyo pake, chifukwa ngozi ya moto, Hanuka anauzidwa kuyatsa nyumba, kuika pa sill zenera - kotero kuti chowala makandulo kukumbutsa oyandikana ndi anaima kuti Hanuka izi.

nyali izi zopangidwa chuma chilichonse: malata, nsangalabwi, mkuwa, dongo, chitsulo. Anthu amene waphindu ndi angakwanitse Hanuka golide kapena siliva. makulidwe awo ndi osiyana: kuchokera chidwi kwambiri tsiku loyamba la Hanuka nthawi anayatsa ku maofesi a boma, kuti wodzichepetsa ndi zazing'ono, zomwe kawirikawiri kuwotcha masiku amenewa mu nyumba zonse Ayuda.

magetsi poyatsira kuti

Malinga ndi mwambo wa Ambiri zofala, dongosolo la mphamvu chikondwerero mapulagi masiku awa malamulo yake okhwima.

Usiku woyamba kwambiri kawirikawiri kwambiri kwambiri anayatsa nyali kumanja. Usiku wachiwiri kubadwa kwa kuwonjezera amodzi zambiri kandulo kumanzere kwa amene anaika dzulo. M'bandakucha watsopano, anawonjezera nyali, ndi pite ku lamanja. njirayi akubwerezedwa usiku uliwonse: choyamba, kuwonjezera kandulo anayatsa onse nawonso, kuyambira naye, kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja.

Monga m'pofunika makandulo ndi

, Imatchedwanso mu mwambo wa Hanuka kuti ndi "shamash". Ichi ndi wapadera zofunikira pulagi, amene mwina anasiyanitsidwa ndi zina makandulo eyiti kapena ili pamwamba pawo. Kuyambira Shamash anayatsa madzulo aliwonse makandulo onse zikuluzikulu zomwe zili pa mlingo umodzi ndi pang'ono Chrixitu.

Malinga ndi mwambo, kuyatsa makandulo eyiti ayenera kutumikira monga chikumbutso cha chozizwitsa, chimene nkhani ya Hanuka anayamba. Iwo sangakhoze kumwedwa ina. Chifukwa makandulo awa ayenera anayatsa izo kuchokera Shamash, koma osati kwa wina ndi mzake.

Hanuka Miyambo anayatsa poyatsira

Chanukah makandulo anayatsa anaika nyumba, kumene nthawi zonse moyo, ndi kuti chipinda chake, kumene nthawi zambiri kutenga chakudya. Nyali (Chanukah) amayikidwa mu malo apamwamba mu chipinda.

Yambani kuyatsa Chanukah nyali, monga ulamuliro, usiku likamalowa (malinga ndi mfundo zina maonekedwe a kumwamba nyenyezi choyamba). Ngati pazifukwa zina sikunali kotheka pa nthawi iyi, izo amaloledwa kuyatsa nyali ndi kulankhula mawu a mdalitso kwa nthawi kuti pamene maso m'banjamo. Amene sanali kusamalira kutero kusanache, kuyambira moto tsiku kuti alibenso.

Madzulo tchuthi otsiriza kuyatsa makandulo eyiti. Monga ulamuliro, iwo akuyenera kuwotcha kwa theka la ola pambuyo maonekedwe a nyenyezi. Motero, m'nyumba kumene makandulo anayatsa mwamsanga pamene dzuwa linali litalowa, iwo kuwala kwa mphindi zosachepera makumi asanu.

Pa nthawi imene ayenera kuyatsa nyali Chanukah saloledwa kudya, kumwa, kapena kuchita china chilichonse.

Ndi zachilendo kandulo anayatsa akazi - iwo alipo yekha mmene kindles awo mwamuna kapena atate, ndi kuyankha "Amen!" poyankha mawu a madalitso, iye anati.

Anyamata anayamba angagwirizanitse kwa Sacramenti ya akuyatsa Chanukah nyali, monga ulamuliro, pa nthawi imene iwo amatha paokha kuyatsa kandulo ndi kunena dalitso.

Phwando miyambo Hanuka

Lambiri chakudya, limodzi ndi miyambo nyimbo ndi nkhani za zozizwitsa za Wamphamvuzonse mu masiku amenewo kwa makolo - kuti ndi Hanuka. Ayuda ankaona izi phwando la kusangalala ndi osangalala, motero masiku awa zoletsedwa kusala kapena kulira akufa.

Mu masiku a Chanukah ndi zofunika kukonzeketsera mbale chikhalidwe. Iwo latkes - zikondamoyo mbatata ndi donuts lokoma ndi kupanikizana kapena marmalade (sufganiyah). njira A kuphika - Frying mu masamba mafuta - nawonso anafuna kukumbukira chozizwitsa mbiri zochokera Hanuka.

Komanso, masiku awa kudya mkaka chakudya - makamaka zopangidwa tchizi. Pamene msuzi ndi zofala kwambiri ntchito zonona.

Customs Hanuka

M'zaka zapitazi, anthu ambiri padziko lonse kuphunzira zimene ali Hanuka. Pakati pa Ayuda panali mwambo kuyatsa Hanuka kwambiri m'madera a m'tawuni, ndi alendo amene anapita ku Israel mu masiku pamene holide chikondwerero, amakhalanso ndi mpata kuti agwirizane miyambo yakale.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti masiku a Hanuka sikoletsedwa ntchito. Komabe, akazi amene kutsatila wakale, monga ulamuliro, sizikugwira ntchito mpaka lamoto magetsi chikondwerero.

Pa masiku asanu ndi atatu a holide aliyense mapemphero amayenera kumanga mawu wapadera chiyamiko, ndi pamene m'mawa mapemphero kuwerenga mokweza ochokera Torah.

Mu masiku a Hanuka m'masukulu Israeli akubwera maholide. Mwa mwambo, pa usiku wa tsiku lachinayi kapena wachisanu wa holide, nthawi zambiri makolo ndi ana zidole kapena ndalama kuti lizikhala paokha. Komabe, ena mwa ndalama zimenezi amayenera kuti apereke kwa chikondi.

The masewera dreidel

Pali wina mwambo chidwi, amene anatchuka chifukwa Hanuka. Kodi ndi "dreidel" kapena "svivon" ziyenera kudziwika kwa mwana aliyense Ayuda. Ichi ndi wapadera tetrahedral pamwamba, amene anapanga kusewera masiku awa. Masewera izi, monga ulamuliro, ndalama ka "Chanukah ndalama", komanso - kwa maswiti, maapulo kapena mtedza.

Mu Isiraeli, mbali iliyonse ya pamwamba kwalembedwa kalata imodzi m'Chiheberi kuti: "Nun" (kutanthauza "kunyamula" - "Chozizwitsa"), "gimmel" ( "gadol" - "wamkulu"), "Hei" ( "Hai" - " zinali ") ndi" kumwa "(" pa "-" pano "). Pamwamba, imene ana kusewera ankagwiritsidwa Ayuda, kalata wotsiriza m'malo mwa "Turo" kutanthauza "lotereli" - "kumeneko", ndiye kuti m'dziko la Isiraeli.

Malinga ndi nthano, mu masiku pamene maphunziro Torah anachenjezedwanso kuti adzalangidwa ndi imfa, ana Ayuda anafika ku sukulu ndi nsonga izi, ndipo mu nkhani ya azondi kapena adani anayamba ndi kumulakalaka kusewera monga ngati ichi pano lero. Masiku ano, masewera adakali machesi chidwi, kutumikira pa nthawi yomweyo chikumbutso zakale, komanso miyambo ina yambiri ya anthu a chiyuda.