Helium: katundu, makhalidwe, ntchito

Helium - inert mpweya wa gulu 18 tebulo nthawi. Ichi ndi chinthu chachiwiri lightest pambuyo wa hydrogen. Helium - mpweya popanda mtundu, fungo ndi kukoma amene akukhala madzi pa kutentha -268,9 ° C. kuwira mfundo ndi mfundo zake yozizira koopsa poyerekeza kuti a ina yodziwika mankhwala. Ndi chinthu chokha chimene si alimbitse ndi yozizira pa kuthamanga yachibadwa mumlengalenga. Anasamukira ku boma olimba ayenera kukhala 25 atmospheres, pa kutentha 1 K.

History of anapeza

Helium anapezeka mu mpweya m'mlengalenga ozungulira dzuwa, French zakuthambo Pierre Zhansenom kuti 1868 panthawi ya kadamsana ndi wapeza yowala chikasu mzere mu sipekitiramu wa chromosphere dzuwa. Poyamba izo anaganiza kuti mzere uwu ukuimira zinthu ndi sodium. Mu chaka chomwecho, English zakuthambo Dzhozef Norman Lockyer anaona mzere chikasu mu sipekitiramu dzuwa, zomwe zizigwirizana mizere kudziwika ndi sodium D ₁ ndi D _2, ndipo kotero dzina mzere D _3. Lockyer anapeza kuti chifukwa cha mankhwala mu Sun osadziwika pa Dziko Lapansi. Iye ndi sayansi Edward Frankland mu mchitidwe mutu ntchito dzina Greek 'Helios' Dzuwa

Mu 1895, a sayansi British Sir Uilyam Ramzay watsimikizira kuli helium Padziko Lapansi. Iye analandira chitsanzo cleveite ureniamu zobala mchere, ndipo atafufuza mpweya anapanga pa Kutentha, iwo anapeza kuti yowala chikasu chingwe sipekitiramu wa chikugwirizana ndi mzere D _{3 anati} mu sipekitiramu dzuwa. Choncho, chinthu chatsopano potsiriza anaika. Mu 1903 Ramsay ndi Frederick Soddy anapeza kuti helium ndi mankhwala a oipa mowiriza zinthu nyukiliya.

Kufalitsa m'chilengedwe

Unyinji wa helium ndi za 23% ya misa okwana m'chilengedwe chonse, ndipo amafotokozera ndi wachiwiri ambiri mu mlengalenga. Iwo anaikira mu nyenyezi, kumene wa hydrogen aumbike ku maphatikizidwe chifukwa. Ngakhale helium mu mkhalidwe uli mu ndende ya 1 mbali TH 200. (5 ppm) ndipo ali wochepa mchere nyukiliya, kugwa kwa miyala yochokera England, komanso magwero mchere, yambiri zinthu zopezeka mu United States (makamaka Texas, New Mexico City, Kansas, Oklahoma, Utah, ndi Arizona) monga chigawo (kwa 7.6%) cha gasi. Small ndi nkhokwe zake anapeza mu Australia, Algeria, Poland, Qatar ndi Russia. Mu kutumphuka helium ndende ndi okha 8 ppb.

isotopes

Phata la aliyense wa helium atomu lili mapulotoni awiri, koma monga ndi zinthu zina, ali isotopes. Iwo ali ku neutrons wina sikisi, kotero manambala awo misa kuyambira atatu atatu. Khola awa ndi zinthu miyeso anatsimikiza ndi helium atomiki nambala 3 ⁽³⁾ and 4 ^(4). Onse nyukiliya ena ndipo mofulumira kuwola mu zinthu zina. helium lapansi si gawo loyambirira la dzikoli, inakhalapo chifukwa cha kuwola nyukiliya. Alpha particles panamveka ndi mtima zinthu nyukiliya katundu ali isotope ⁴ phata. Helium si kudziunjikira lalikulu zedi mu mlengalenga, chifukwa yokoka dziko lapansi singakwane pofuna kuti pang'onopang'ono ikudontha mu mlengalenga. Kuda ³ Iye mu dziko anafotokoza zoipa beta kuwola wa hydrogen osowa-3 mchitidwe (tritium). ⁴ Iye ndi ambiri isotopes khola: ⁴ chiŵerengero cha Iye maatomu kwa ³ Iye 700 zikwi kwa 1 m'mlengalenga ndi za 7 miliyoni ndi 1 ena mchere helium kulemera ..

The thupi katundu wa helium

kuwira ndi limatsogolera mfundo za chinthu ichi ndi wotsikitsitsa. Pachifukwa ichi, helium alipo ngati mpweya kupatula zinthu monyanyira. Iye mpweya uli kusungunuka mu madzi osachepera kuti mpweya wina aliyense, ndi mlingo wa mayamwidwe m'thupi olimba katatu woposa wa mpweya. index ake refractive wa wapafupi wakudza 1.

The madutsidwe matenthedwe ya helium ndi yokha wa hydrogen matenthedwe madutsidwe, kutentha enieni ndiponso zodabwitsa mkulu. Pa kutentha wamba ndi mkangano pa thambo ndi pansi 40 K - utakhazikika. Choncho, pa T <40 K helium zikhoza kusinthidwa n'kukhala madzi ndi kuwonjezera.

Amafotokozera ndi insulator, ngati si mu boma ionized. Monga mpweya wina wolemekezeka, helium ali ndi milingo mphamvu metastable zimene zingathe kuti ionized ndi nthendayo magetsi pamene voteji ndi pansipa angathe ionization.

Helium-4 ndi wapadera kuti ali mitundu madzi ziwiri. Mwachizolowezi otchedwa helium Ine ndi alipo pa kutentha kuyambira kuwira mfundo ya 4,21 K (-268,9 ° C) pafupifupi 2,18 K (-271 ° C). M'munsi matenthedwe madutsidwe wa 2,18 K ⁴ Iye akukhala nthawi 1000 woposa wa mkuwa. fomu iyi akutchedwa helium II, kusiyanitsa izo kwa wamba. Izo superfluid: kukhuthala ndi otsika kuti sangathe anayeza. Helium II kufalikira mu filimu woonda padziko chinthu chilichonse chimene nkhawa, ndi filimu imeneyi loyenda popanda mikangano otsutsana yokoka.

Pasanathe zambiri helium-3 ndipamene magawo atatu osiyana madzi awiri amene ali superfluid. Superfluidity ⁴ Iye anatulukira ndi wasayansi Soviet Petrom Leonidovichem Kapitsey m'ma 1930s, ndi mliriwu mu ³ Iye Poyamba ndi Douglas D. Osheroff, David M. Lee, ndi Robert C. Richardson ya United States mu 1972.

A osakaniza madzi a isotopes awiri helium-3 -4 pa kutentha m'munsimu 0,8 K (-272.4 ° C) lagawidwa zigawo ziwiri - ndi lofunikira koyera ³ ndi ⁴ osakaniza 6% ya helium-3. Yanyumba ^{3 4} Iye limodzi ndi zotsatira yozizira omwe ntchito mu nyumba cryostat imene helium kutentha ndi m'munsimu 0.01 K (-273,14 ° C) ndipo anakhalabe kwa masiku angapo.

kugwirizana

M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, helium ndi mankhwala inert. Mu kwambiri angalenge chinthu pawiri kuti pa yachibadwa kutentha ndi kuthamanga zizindikiro si khola. Mwachitsanzo, helium akhoza kupanga mankhwala ndi ayodini, tungsten, fluorine phosphorous, ndi sulfure, pamene chinaperekedwa kwa chowala kumaliseche magetsi kapena ndi elekitironi bombardment mu boma plasma. Choncho iwo unalengedwa HeNe, HgHe _10, WHe ₂ ndi ayoni maselo Iye ₂ ⁺ ₂ ^++, HeH ⁺ ndipo HeD ^+. Njira imeneyi wakhala ndi ndale molekyulu Iye ₂ ndi HgHe.

plasma

M'chilengedwe chonse advantageously anagawira ionized helium, amene katundu amasiyana zayamba ku maselo. The ma elekitironi ndi mapulotoni sanali zogwirizana, ndipo ali mkulu kwambiri magetsi madutsidwe ngakhale mu mkhalidwe pang'ono ionized. Tinthu mlandu imene'yi kufooketsedwa ndi mphamvu ya maginito ndi magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, mu mphepo dzuwa ndi ayoni helium kucheza ndi ionized magnetosphere wa hydrogen lapansi, kuchititsa Aurora borealis.

Kupezeka kwa madipoziti mu US

Pambuyo tikubooleza mu 1903 mu Dexter, Kansas, izo akamagwira mpweya si flammable. Poyamba, sankadziwika kuti lili helium. Amene mpweya anapezeka, kuzindikiridwa boma Erasmus Haworth miyala ndi nthaka, amene wanyamula zitsanzo wake ndi University of Kansas kudzera akatswiri Kedi Gamiltona ndi David McFarland anapeza kuti muli 72% asafe, 15% methane, 1% hydrogen ndi 12% anali sakudziwika. Atakhala pa kusanthula wotsatira, akatswiri anapeza kuti 1,84% ya nyemba helium. Kotero ife tikudziwa kuti chinthu mankhwala alipo lalikulu zedi mu kuya kwa Great m'Chigwa, kumene akhoza yotengedwa kuchokera gasi.

mafakitale

Izi wapanga United States kupanga dziko la mtsogoleri helium. Pa mfundo ndi Sir Richard Threlfall, ndi US Navy ndalama zolipirira atatu ang'onoang'ono woyendetsa chomera kutulutsa mankhwala pa First World nkhondo kuonetsetsa akukhudzidwa balloons opepuka si flammable zochotsa mpweya. Malinga ndi pulogalamu zinalembedwa ku okwana 5700 mamita ³ 92 peresenti Iye, ngakhale kuti anali analandira malita yekha osachepera 100 mpweya. Part cha ndalamazo anamugwiritsa ntchito choyamba helium airship dziko la US Navy C-7, amene anapanga ulendo wake buthulo ku nyumba ya Hampton Misewu (Virginia) pa Bolling Field (Washington, DC) December 7, 1921.

Ngakhale ndondomeko otsika kutentha madzi mpweya pa nthawi imene sanali mokwanira anayamba kukhala zikuluzikulu pa Dziko Lonse Yoyamba, kupanga anapitiriza. Helium amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati Nyamulani mpweya mu ndege. Kufunika kwa chathandiza pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World pamene icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lotetezeka Arc kuwotcherera. Amafotokozera alinso zofunika kwambiri chilengedwe cha bomba la atomiki "Manhattan".

malo US National

Mu 1925, boma la United States analenga malo National ya helium ku Amarillo, Texas, kupereka airships asilikali pa nthawi ya nkhondo ndipo airships malonda mu yamtendere. The ntchito mpweya anagwa pambuyo World Chachiwiri, koma katundu linawonjezeka mu 1950 kupereka pakati zina, amapereka monga coolant ntchito yopanga chopopera mpweya-wa hydrogen pa malo mpikisano ndi Cold nkhondo. Ntchito helium mu United States mu 1965, nthawi zisanu ndi zitatu kuposa mowa pachimake mu nkhondo.

Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo pa helium 1960 Migodi Bureau Streak 5 makampani kuchotsa zinthu kwa gasi. pulogalamu imeneyi anamanga payipi 425 wa makilomita kulumikiza zomera ndi munda mpweya boma pang'ono zatha pafupi Amarillo, Texas. Helium-asafe osakaniza amawapopa mu m'nkhuti, nakhalabe kumeneko kufikira palibe mmenemo.

Ndi 1995, voliyumu ya katundu anali atasonkhana biliyoni kiyubiki mamita, pamene ngongole ya malo National a madola 1.4 biliyoni, zomwe zachititsa kuti US Congress mu 1996 kuti gawo mu icho. Zotsatirazi kukhazikitsidwa mu 1996 za lamulo pa wamba a helium Ministry of Natural Resources linakhazikitsa liquidation sitolo mu 2005.

Oyera ndi kupanga

Helium opangidwa mpaka 1945 chaka anali ndi chiyero cha 98%, ena 2% anali mu asafe kuti chikukwanira airships. Mu 1945, zinabala pang'ono peresenti 99,9 mpweya ntchito kuwotcherera Arc. Ndi 1949, chiyero cha mchitidwe chifukwa wafika 99,995%.

Kwa zaka zambiri anthu United States opangidwa oposa 90% ya helium malonda a dziko lapansi. Kuchokera mu 2004, chaka chilichonse anali zinayenda 140 miliyoni mamita ^3, 85% zimachitika mu United States, 10% zinachitikadi mu Algeria, ndi zina - mu Russia ndi Poland. Magwero waukulu helium m'dzikoli ndi minda gasi wa Texas, Oklahoma ndi Kansas.

The ndondomeko kupeza

Helium (chiyero 98,2%) ndi anachira kuyambira liquefaction wa gasi ndi zigawo zina pa otsika kutentha ndi pa mavuto mkulu. The kumamatira kwa mpweya wina utakhazikika adamulowetsa mpweya akhoza kukwaniritsa chiyero cha 99,995%. A pang'ono helium amapangidwa pamene mpweya liquefaction mwaunyinji. Wa tonnes pa 900 mpweya angathe kutenga za 3,17 kiyubiki mamita. mamita mpweya.

Minda ya ntchito

gasi wolemekezeka wakhala ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

• Helium, amene katundu kulola kupeza kutentha otsika kwambiri, ntchito ngati wothandizira yozizira mu LHC, Kujambula superconducting maginito apparatuses ndi nyukiliya maginito malumikizidwe spectrometers, zida Kanema, komanso kuti liquefaction mpweya ndi wa hydrogen mu mivi "Apollo".
• Ngati mpweya inert kwa kuwotcherera zotayidwa ndi ena. Miyala mu kupanga semiconductors ndi ulusi kuwala.
• .. Kuti akonze kuthamanga mu akasinja mafuta a injini roketi, makamaka opaleshoni wa hydrogen madzi, T yekha helium mpweya zimasunga uliri wa loitanirana pamene haidrojeni amakhalabe madzi);
• Iye-Nehemiya lasers mpweya ntchito aone barcode pa ofesi bokosi mu amagulako.
• Helium-ion maso amalola kuti fano bwino kuposa amagetsi.
• Chifukwa permeability mkulu wa mpweya wolemekezeka ntchito kuyesa kuchucha, mwachitsanzo mu galimoto machitidwe mpweya, komanso kudzazidwa mofulumira ndi airbag pa kugunda.
• Low kachulukidwe amalola mipira kukongoletsa wodzazidwa ndi helium. The mpweya inert m'malo mpweya wa hydrogen zachiwawa mu airships ndi balloons. Mwachitsanzo, mu meteorology, helium balloons ntchito kukweza chingwe chida.
• The coolant cryogenic ntchito, popeza kutentha kwa amafotokozera mankhwala osachepera zotheka boma madzi.
• Helium, zomwe zimatha bwanji ndi reactivity otsika ndi madzi solubility (ndi mwazi), mu osakaniza ndi mpweya wapeza ntchito mu formulations kupuma kwa kusambira pansi pamadzi ndi kugwira caisson ntchito.
• Meteorites ndi miyala ndi kusanthula zili chinthu ichi kudziwa m'badwo wawo.

Helium: katundu wa mchitidwe wa

Iye waukulu thupi katundu ali motere:

• Atomic number: 2.
• Unyinji wachibale wa helium atomu: 4,0026.
• Kusungunuka mfundo: ayi.
• Kuwira mfundo: -268,9 ° C.
• Kachulukidwe (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 0,1785 g / N.
• makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma 0.