Kapangidwe nyumba ndi kumanga. Chiyani komanso mmene iwo ali m'magulu?

Mu boma, dziko ndi Russian malamulo a m'tawuni palibe chinthu monga osiyana "nyumba", "nyumba", "kumanga". Ndipo zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti milandu yambiri pa ntchito yomanga, komanso kuzindikira za malingaliro tatchulawa malo. vuto lina lodziwa zomwe wa nyumba ndi nyumba ndi zinthu likulu zomangamanga ndi zimene - palibe.

Kumanga. Ndi chiyani icho?

Luso ndi zolimbana kale anasonyeza kuti "dongosolo" ndi maganizo, "nyumba" ndi "kumanga". Kodi nyumbayi limafotokoza Chabwino 013-94 (National gulu la chuma atathana). Izi mapulani ndi ntchito yomangayo, cholinga polenga zinthu zina kuti mtsukowo bokosi, ntchito, misonkhano chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nyumba ayenera kukhala mbali zofunika (denga ndi makoma), komanso mauthenga mkati kuonetsetsa yachibadwa nthawi ntchito.

Aya mkati monga:

• dongosolo la madzi ndi sewerage;
• Kutentha dongosolo;
• dongosolo kuunikira ndi maukonde Kulumikizana;
• zimagwirira ntchito mpweya anakhazikitsa miyezo ambiri ukhondo;
• zikepe ndi chimakweza (pa mkulu-nyamuka nyumba).

Yomanga. ndi chinthu yomanga chiyani?

Yomanga - ndi zomangamanga ndi ntchito yomangayo, cholinga polenga zinthu kupanga ndondomeko popanda kusintha nkhani ya ntchito, koma ndi kukhazikitsa ena mwa zinthu zofunika luso. Nyumba zonse zopangilamo wosakwatiwa, yemwe ali mmodzi wa dongosolo lalikulu, motero kupanga chinthu wosakwatiwa, nayenso, amatchedwa nyumba.

Kodi izi amafotokozera, zitsanzo zotsatirazi zikusonyezera:

• Bridge (osakwatira chinthu), ndi zinthu zake: mlatho sitimayo zogwiriziza ndi superstructure - ndi dongosolo;
• Mafuta bwino - ndipo imakhala ndi nsanja casing;
• Overpass - imakhala ndi chapansi, sitimayo zogwiriziza, nyumba chikhato ndi mipanda.

Komanso, mphamvu mizere, mizere chingwe, mapaipi ndi zinthu zofanana akugwa pansi pa tanthauzo la "kukhazikitsidwa". Kodi mtundu uwu wa nyumba akhoza mwachidule mwachidule: izo zonse anamanga kukumana zakuthupi anthu ndi mwauzimu.

Kapangidwe. Ndi chiyani icho?

Malinga ndi lamulo Russian boma, yapachiweniweni malamulo kapangidwe - Chili mawu monga malingaliro ndi nyumba. Ndi dongosolo chotero, tinganene komanso mawu ena - ndi kumanga, idaluma dziko mwalamulo. Kuti, mu malamulo Russian ndi mawonekedwe a nyumba - dongosolo lomwe lili mitundu iwiri: yomanga ndi kumanga. Ndipo anthu ambiri alibe maphunziro luso, onse atatu mfundo izi zazindikirika monga ofanana.

zolinga gulu

Ntchito yaikulu ya gulu izi kuti magawowa njira yosafuna mu zinalengedwera, ndi kumanga mabvuto a nyumba ndi nyumba.

Maziko a nsoka wa nyumba m'magulu cholinga chawo ndi zoyenerera. Iwo anapereka:

• miyezo ntchito ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa uziyenda bwino za nyumba ya (m'dera ndi buku, amkati ndi kunja yokongola, kuikira, zimagwirira ntchito magetsi);
• malamulo kukaniza moto ndi durability wa zinthu payekha structural.

Kulekana kwa makalasi ndi nyumba chikuchitika payokha lililonse gulu la mitundu, ofanana cholinga chawo (nyumba, nyumba zomangamanga, mizere mphamvu, milatho ndi zina zotero).

Gulu lalikulu

Mwa maikidwe kungakhale:

• kutentha dongosolo mphamvu - ndi mizati mphamvu mzere ndi chithandizo, ndi zina zotero;
• boma ndi mafakitale;
• Kapangidwe luso (chitsanzo cha eg amenewa kungakhale damu);
• magalimoto (pano akhoza zimachitika overpass, msewu, mlatho ndi njira ziwirizo).

Nawonso, nyumbayi lagawidwa:

• nyumba (anafuna kuti anthu osakhalitsa kapena okhazikika);
• kupanga - zomwe m'nyumba osiyanasiyana kupanga;
• pagulu - ntchito kuti akomere mabungwe boma komanso yothandiza.

General gulu

Malinga ndi zinthu zimene anapanga, anawagawa:

• wasitimu;
• konkire;
• mwala;
• analimbitsa simenti.

Mwa njira yomanga nyumba anawagawa:

• monolithic;
• magulu;
• wa midadada atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena.

Malinga Masamu ndi:

• mfundo;
• areal;
• liniya.

Malinga zinthu ntchito akhoza kugawidwa motere:

• kukonza zonse zofunikira ndi nyumba;
• ntchito zosakhalitsa.

Malinga kufunika ogaŵikana:

• thandizo;
• zoyambirira.

Ukulu wa udindo:

• apamwamba msinkhu;
• misinkhu wabwinobwino;
• kungachepetse mlingo.

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu lagawidwa:

• otsika-nyamuka, amene apansi limodzi kapena awiri;
• m'ma kuwuka ndi zitatu apansi asanu;
• chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha mbewu (mbewu 6-7);
• multistory (eyiti kuti 29 apansi);
• vysokoetazhnye (30 100).

Kulekanitsidwa ngati zinthu deta ndiponso mogwirizana ndi mlingo wa durability, i.e. kuthekera kupulumutsa zinthu structural chofunika khalidwe ntchito zachilendo kwa ndondomekoyi:

• digiri yoyamba (kuposa zaka zana);
• digiri yachiwiri (50 mpaka 100 zaka);
• digiri wachitatu (20 mpaka 50);
• digiri wachinayi (pasanathe zaka 20).

Palinso gulu la moto kukana, amene amayambitsidwa yochepa nthawi:

• imfa ya kukhulupirika;
• imfa ya mphamvu katundu kumangopitirizabe;
• imfa ya kutchinjiriza.