Katundu Public: zitsanzo. Koyera ndi kusakaniza katundu anthu

katundu Public, zitsanzo zomwe zapatsidwa pansipa kuimira makhalidwe atengeka ndi nzika zonse pamodzi. Kugwiritsa iwo sadalira anthu a malipira kapena ayi. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane zinthu zambiri anthu: mitundu ndi makhalidwe a makhalidwe amenewa.

mwachidule

katundu Private ndi anthu kusiyana kwambiri. Monga zinanenedwa pamwamba, wachiwiri kwa nzika zonse pamodzi. Woyamba logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kupindula mwachindunji mwini. katundu payekha ndi anthu pa funso zosiyana ndi kuchita wotuluka nawo. Lachiwiri kovuta kugulitsa. katundu Public ndi misonkhano ntchito ndi nzika ndi zosangalatsa zokwanira. Komabe, anthu ambiri amakana kulipira mtima awo.

Koyera ndi kusakaniza katundu anthu

Pali zizindikiro zina, malinga ndi zomwe gulu la makhalidwe abwino. Choncho, pali kusiyana pa katundu koyera kuphatikizapo anthu. Woyamba ndi amene ali ndi zizindikiro neisklyuchaemosti ndipo sanali selectivity. Features kuti ntchito gulu angakhale ndi magulu a kuwonetseredwa. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, ubwino awiri ndizodabwitsa neisklyuchaemosti selectivity ndi zizindikiro, koma mmodzi wa iwo, makhalidwe awa akuwonetseredwa mu Mbali wamng'ono kapena wamkulu. Komanso, pali osakaniza katundu ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana.

Chosaneneka ndipo neisklyuchaemost

Kupereka katundu koyera pagulu munthu mmodzi N'zosatheka nawo anthu ena. Chifukwa ndi mowa losonkhanitsidwa. Munthu onsene amagwiritsa ubwino wabwino. Pankhaniyi, phindu limene yotengedwa kuti ena wene, osati yafupika. Palibe amene angathe amachotsedwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu izi. Zitsanzo za izi ndi izi: nzika iliyonse amagwiritsa amapindula nyengo, popanda kuchepetsa phindu limene anachira mwa ena. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi malaibulale odzacheza, kuyenda pa motorway lapansi.

magulu Common

Zotsatirazi mitundu ya ubwino:

• Information. Zikuphatikizapo "yothandizira" katundu anthu. Zitsanzo: TV, wailesi.
• Limited ntchito. madalitso amenewa amapezeka nambala inayake ya ogwiritsa pa nthawi imodzi. msewu mlatho pa ola limodzi "pachimake" kuwachitira.
• Local. Ichi ndi kupezeka kwa anthu a osiyana gulu chikhalidwe kapena dera katundu anthu. Zitsanzo: malaibulale dera, m'mapaki ndi mabwalo.
• Apawokha (owonetsera zakale zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho, zojambula mu tambirimbiri), free (ntchito thandizo mfundo za lamulo), zoipa (maphunziro a maphunziro) ndi zabwino (mabasi ndi magalimoto) ndalama.

Kupereka katundu anthu zofunika kukopa payekha. Buku la malire otsiriza okwana boma revenues, amene anapanga makamaka chifukwa polandirira msonkho chindapusa zosiyanasiyana ndi misonkho.

madalitso wosanganiza

Mu gulu ili ndi subtypes ambiri. Monga tatchulazi, mbali ubwino wa chibadidwe, akhoza kupezeka mu umodzi kapena osakaniza ina. Choncho, sanali selectivity akhoza pamodzi excludability ndi mosemphanitsa. Pa nkhani imeneyi, izo angatchedwe zitsanzo zambiri za katundu anthu. Kodi pali mfundo zosiyana neisklyuchaemosti otsika ndi mkulu - selectivity. Awa amatchedwa ambiri (ntchito olowa) phindu. Zikuphatikizapo danga ufulu pa gombe. Zilipo kwa anthu onse. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo ngati munthu amene akutenga malo pa gombe, iwo sadzatha kupeza mwayi wa munthu wina. Pa nkhani imeneyi, amalandira zizindikiro za selectivity. Monga makamaka apindule mokomera chakuti kuletsa ntchito zawo amagwirizana ndi ndalama kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, zilipo pa m'deralo (dera) mlingo. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zitsanzo zimenezi katundu anthu: mipata anthu, m'mapaki, m'mapaki galimoto ndi zina. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo adachemera kwambiri "limodzi". Kuuza chuma, mu nkhani iyi amasonyeza mkulu mlingo wa mpikisano poyerekezera ndi ntchito zawo. Tikuyankhula zokhudza mfundo ya "amene anabwera koyamba, ndipo iye anatenga ntchito."

mfundo losonkhanitsidwa

Osati zonse bwinobwino gulu alipo. Choncho, ogula ambiri amafunira anthu aluso nkhani imeneyi: "Perekani zitsanzo za katundu anthu ntchito gulu". Kuyamba, tisaiwale kuti makhalidwe amenewa ndi otsika digiri ya selectivity ndi mkulu neisklyuchaemosti. Monga mmodzi wa zitsanzo kwambiri omveka bwino kupeza pa Intaneti. Pa nthawi yomweyo mpata umenewu ndi mwayi anthu ambiri. The mtengo mmphepete mwa kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha makasitomala pa nthawi yomweyo kukhala ziro. Zimenezi, zikutanthauza kuti mpikisano wa (kusankha) ndi kumwa yabwino ali ndi digiri otsika. Komabe, kuwapatsa iwo khalidwe ndi excludability sachiza. Izi zimatheka chiyambi cha chindapusa cha kugwirizana kwa Intaneti. Monga mbali ya madalitso amenewa ndi kuthekera kuchepetsa mwayi ndi mtengo wochepa.

thandizo boma

Chiwerengero cha katundu anthu ali ndi zochepa kwambiri kuposa boma. katundu ambiri anthu amaona kuti kukhala excludable kapena mpikisano mu ntchito, ndi zina nazo zonse mwa zizindikiro zimenezi. Mungathe kunena za makonzedwe a sekondale. Mwa kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha ana ndalama abwino. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ena ophunzira Pankhaniyi adzalandira zochepa tcheru chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake wamkulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo chizindikiro cha excludability ndi phindu akhale oyamba chindapusa tuition. Ngati ena mwa ophunzirawo sadzatha kuti izo, sadzalandira ndondomeko maphunziro m'kalasi.

ankafuna kulunjika

Kufunika kwa izi kapena zinthu zina ataunjikidwa pa maziko a mfundo za kuchepetsa mmphepete zofunikira. Chifukwa chakuti ubwino kugwiritsa ntchito ankapoperamo zina ikuchepa, mzera wa kufunika munthu isiyana kunsi otsetsereka. Mofananamo, kusowa pamapindikira ndi oyera payekha zabwino. Komabe, kumbuyo kufananiza izi kunja zobisika kusiyana kwakukulu. Loyamba ndilochokera kuti kugulitsa katundu anthu choyera "chidutswa" sizingatheke. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo ali limodzi ndipo alinso ndi anthu onse. mowa awo - uyu si yoyenera yekha wa anthu. Phindu angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale anthu amene safuna kulipira iwo. Per wagawo, mu nkhani iyi, mtengo si ntchito yake, ndipo ogula angagwiritse ntchito buku lonse la linanena bungwe. M'mawu ena, ndi kuchuluka kwa nthaŵi iwo zimawononga wina ambiri.

limagwirira msika

Nthawi zina, ntchito n'zotheka kuthetsa yokakamiza amasulidwe ndalama katundu anthu. Zikatero, iwo umaperekedwa ndi minda payekha. Ndalama ikuchitika kudzera limagwirira msika. Timatha inu kukhazikitsa njira zimenezi bwinobwino, monga zosiyana kuti "okwera ufulu", komanso ang'onoang'ono modalirana ndi ndalama. Mbali yoyamba, ntchito miyeso opanikiza, kukana mwayi mowa. Chifukwa ndalama m'munsi mu nkhani iyi, phindu ngakhale kukhala selectivity, n'kukagulitsa komanso payekha.

udindo wa boma

Boma adzatenge ndalama kugwirizana ndi makonzedwe a katundu anthu ngati mmene HIV kunja akuwuka ntchito sangathe kukhala internalization aliyense ndi chifukwa ndalama kwambiri. Motero, boma akhoza kukhala mwachindunji ndi Mlengi. Mwachitsanzo, akhoza kuvutika ndi boma la mwadzidzidzi kapena chitetezo. Komanso, boma akhoza ndalama amasulidwe katundu ndi gawo payekha, kuchita nawo ntchito yomanga sukulu, zipatala ndi ena. Nthawi zonse, pamene otaya ndalama ku boma pa ndalama za nzika za misonkho deducted. kusankha buku mulingo woyenera kupanga zochokera kuchitira zinthu limodzi. Akamapatsa boma la katundu anthu si nthawi zonse zimatheka ndi buku ogwira kupanga awo. Kugwiritsa limagwirira msonkho amafuna kuthetsa mavuto zovuta kuti imakhudzana ndi kukwaniritsa linanena bungwe ankafuna.