Mmphepete zofunikira

Mmphepete zofunikira ndi chiwerengero cha zofunikira zina, amene anawonjezera kuti mowa uliwonse wotsatira wagawo wabwino. Mfundo kwambiri a zofunikira, ngakhale chikhalidwe chake umboni, wachita kale ntchito chiphunzitso zachuma, kuti kudziwa mlingo wa zosangalatsa, kukhutitsidwa, kapena phindu limene anthu amapeza kumwa katundu wina.

Mmphepete chiphunzitso zofunikira anatuluka mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 19 pamene njira ina maganizo ntchito chiphunzitso cha mtengo. Iwo anayamba kupanga ndi oimira School ku Austria: E. Böhm-Bawerk, Menger, Schumpeter, FF Wieser ndi A. Marshall, U. S. Dzhevons ndi L. Walras.

Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti chinthu chachikulu zokhudza phindu la mankhwala ndi zofunikira zake owonjezera potsata iwonso pa zotengera malingaliridwe aziona munthu zosowa zawo. Chifukwa ndi losavuta kumva, ganizirani zotsatirazi. Tiyerekeze miliyoneya anali mu chipululu cha Sahara ndi pa kutentha 40 ° anali ndi ludzu kwambiri. Mu thumba la buluku lake ndi ochepa diamondi. Ndiyeno pali mtundu wa Bedouin ku matumba a madzi ndi amapereka kwa diamondi malonda pamadzi. Kuti mu nkhani iyi munthuyo ndi phindu? N'zoonekeratu kuti madzi monga momwe zimayendera chiopsezo kufa popanda izo.

Tengani chitsanzo china. Tiyerekeze kuti pa otentha July tsiku, inu anapeza kiosk ndi ayisikilimu, ndipo mwaganiza kugula katundu wina. , M'mene kudya gawo loyamba, tinagula chachiwiri, chifukwa ngakhale ayisikilimu mukufuna, ngakhale monga mwamphamvu. Pambuyo phukusi chachiwiri kale kuyambira kuganiza, kugula wachitatu kapena ayi. Ndipo ngati wina atakupatsani kudya wachinayi kapena wachisanu, inu zimavuta kugwirizana. Mwachitsanzo umu lamulo la kuchepetsa zofunikira limene limanena kuti ngati machulukitsidwe wa anthu akufunika phindu la zinthu iye kutha.

Othandiza chiphunzitso cha zofunikira mmphepete ndikukhulupirira kuti kumwa mankhwala kapena utumiki wina aliyense kuti munthu 'owonjezekera "chikhalidwe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wogula zambiri satsatira mfundo ya "kapena kanthu" ndipo pang'onopang'ono kuonjezera chiwerengero cha katundu consumable misonkhano, malingana ngati kuti njala yawo.

Choncho, podziwa kuti ndi zofunikira mmphepete, tikhoza kutengapo maganizo zazikulu zitatu:

1. Pakuti aliyense ogula mankhwala owonjezera lingaliro zofunikira zina, wotchedwa "mmphepete."
2. The katundu wogula akhoza zimawononga, chindichepere zothandiza Choncho aliyense wagawo wotsatira wa mankhwala. Choncho, tikhoza kunena kuti zofunikira mmphepete ikuchepa khalidwe. Ndipo pakati pa mtengo wa katundu ndi zofunikira za mmphepete pa ubwenzi osiyanitsidwa. Kwenikweni ake ndi ang'onoang'ono kuchuluka kwa katundu (katundu) munthu, ndi wofunika kwambiri kwa iye mankhwala. Iwo likukhalira kuti phindu lake anatsimikiza ndi mlingo wa zofunikira, amene ali otsiriza unit wa zinthu zabwino zimene angathe kukwaniritsa wamng'ono mwamsanga kufunika.
3. Pamene wonyeketsa nambala inayake mayunitsi chobalidwa (mwachitsanzo, ayisikilimu), munthu amalandira kuchuluka kwa zofunikira, kucheperachepera nthawi iliyonse. Chiphunzitso zachuma wotchedwa muyezo woyezera mmphepete zofunikira "Jutila." Ngati kumwa ayisikilimu choyamba munthu phindu 7 Jutila, chachiwiri - 6, wachitatu - 5, ndi wachinayi - 4 Jutila, phindu okwana mankhwala amenewa adzakhala wofanana 22 Jutila (a zofunikira mmphepete ndi 4 Jutila). Kulephera kwa aliyense mtanda zonse ayisikilimu adzakhala kuchepetsa okwana (akukhudzidwira) zofunikira ndi munthawi yomweyo kuchuluka kwa mmphepete zofunikira ma CD komaliza. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu anakana pa gawo lachinayi zofunikira kwathunthu (Lachiwiri) adzakhala wofanana mayunitsi 18, ndi zofunikira mmphepete (Mu) adzakhala 5, ngati kulephera kwa gawo lachitatu la Lachiwiri adzakhala 13 mayunitsi, ndipo Mu zingawonjezere 6, ndi zina zotero. Etc. .