Carl Menger: yonena zolemba

Carl Menger, amene yonena nkhani zotsatirazi m'nkhani anabadwa mu 1840, pa February 23. Iye ankatchedwa zachuma ndi chapadera ndi woyambitsa wa ku Austria School. Pa ulamuliro wa Hitler, izo ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anthu ake onse, kuphatikizapo anayambitsa, anali Ayuda.

Carl Menger: yochepa yonena

Anabadwa chuma m'tsogolo m'tauni yaing'ono ya wotchedwa Galicia. Iwo anali pa nthawi imeneyo ku Austria Ufumu. bambo Menger anali wazamalamulo, ndipo mayi ake anali mwana wa wamalonda anachokera ku Bohemia. Onse m'banjamo anali ndi ana atatu. Max (Senior) wakhala nawo zandale, ndi Anton - kutsatira mapazi a bambo wake. ubwana wake Carl Menger anakhala mu Western wotchedwa Galicia, m'midzi. Mderali analipo pa nthawi asapita ang'onoang'ono. Mu yunivesite ya Vienna ndi Prague Menger iye anaphunzira za malamulo. Mu TH 1867 iye anachita chidwi ndi sayansi ya zachuma. Mu Kraków, mu University Yangellonskom, anali kufotokoza nkhani yolembedwa wake. Mu 1871 bukulo zikomo lofalitsidwa amene zinadziwika Carl Menger. Wambiri zachuma ndi 1873 kugwirizana ndi kuphunzitsa. Pa zaka 30 iye anali pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Vienna. Kuyambira zaka 1876 kuti 1878, Carl Menger anali Mlangizi Austria wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu, Korona Prince Rudolf, amene pambuyo wadzipha. Mu TH 1879 anakhala mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti ya Economy ndale Vienna. Kwa zaka Menger, kuwonjezera pa ntchito yake kafukufuku zachuma, nawo kusintha ndalama pagulu. Patapita kanthawi iye anapita ku Komiti Supreme wa Nyumba ya Malamulo a ufumuwo. Kudutsa Frederick f. Wieser (wake wophunzira) mpando, Menger anayamba ntchito yake sayansi. Mu 1921 iye anafa, ndipo popeza anamaliza kusindikiza kwachiwiri kwa buku lake pa malo chuma ndale. Mipukutu lofalitsidwa ndi mwana wake (komanso Carl). Menger Jr. chikudziwika ngati masamu a. dzina lake Lingaliro Lovomerezeka.

Lingaliro la phindu

Economist anakana mfundo ntchito pa mtengo gwero la. Carl Menger mwachidule anafotokoza mfundo wake motere:

"Ubwino ali ndi chikhalidwe zotengera malingaliridwe. Palibe kunja kuzunza munthu. Ntchito, amene anakhala kwa phindu la ulimi, sangachite kaya gwero kapena makhalidwe monga chuma."

mwapadera Ankapereka kwa chododometsa Smith. Kwenikweni umenewu chagona pa funso lakuti: "N'chifukwa chiyani mtengo wa diamondi ndi apamwamba kuposa madzi, ngakhale kuti madzi diamondi zothandiza kwambiri kuti munthu?" Mu chuma chakale ndale, kutsutsana izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti mtengo wa mankhwala, ngati ntchito si ofanana ntchito pa ulimi wake, zimadalira mwachindunji. Malinga Menger, zilibe kanthu, diamondi anapezeka mwangozi kapena m'zigawo ake ikuchitika ntchito ntchito. Bol, mu kuchita, palibe aliyense amaganizira za mbiri ya chiyambi cha ubwino uliwonse. Phindu zimadalira kuzindikira zotengera malingaliridwe a anthu amene amazindikira katundu ndi anthu osowa kapena ntchito - choncho anati Carl Menger. Chiphunzitso cha mtengo ntchito, choncho pa maziko a mfundo imeneyi unakanizidwa ndi oimira sukulu Austria. Komabe, chuma Kodi kuganizira mfundo zofunika. chiphunzitso Labor ankaona zinthu kuŵeta ntchito mankhwala (kapena kuthekera ntchito) ndi makina. Pankhaniyi, chuma ndale za mitengo ya zinthu zojambulajambula, Zosayiwalika, prototypes ndi ikufotokoza ayi, kapena kuphunzira konse.

Good phindu zinthu vesting

Carl Menger ankakhulupirira kuti mtengo sizimawoneka ngati chuma cholinga cha zinthu. Izo zimanyezimiritsa chiweruzo cha moyo pankhaniyi, mankhwala womwewo ukhoza kukhala mfundo zosiyana anthu osiyanasiyana. Monga chikhalidwe zofunika kupeza mfundo anaitana:

1. Phindu la munthu weniweni.
2. M'chipani.

mtengo zotengera malingaliridwe anatsimikiza ndi zofunikira za otsiriza unit wa mankhwala.

Chiphunzitso cha ubwino

Investigation ubale okhazikika pakati pa zinthu zofunika kwa munthu ndi luso nkhani kukwaniritsa iwo, Kodi mfundo yoyambira pa kusanthula zachuma, yomwe ikuchitika Carl Menger. ntchito wasayansi limasonyeza angapo mavuto phunziro akutembenukira kwa phindu:

1. Kupezeka kwa zinthu zofunika kwa munthu.
2. Kupezeka kwa inayake chinthu makhalidwe poyesetsa amene angathe kukwaniritsa zofuna za munthu.
3. nzeru za anthu za katundu izi wa chinthu.
4. Malo a chinthu, amene amapanga zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito makhalidwe kutero.

Mwamwayi, monga ankati ndi Carl Menger - ndi chinthu chimene angathe kukwaniritsa zosowa anthu. chiphunzitso Amakonda mitu itatu yoyambirira ya buku lake pa malo chuma ndale.

gulu la katundu

Carl Menger chimasiyanitsa mitundu ingapo:

1. Mlingo wa kuthungo. ubwino ndi zina zofunika mwamsanga munthu.
2. Mlingo wokweretsa. zinthu izi ntchito yopanga katundu m'munsi-dongosolo.
3. Kuthokoza - zinthu wowonjezera.
4. Mmalo - katundu fungible.
5. Ndalama - katundu, kufunika zomwe si upambana kuchuluka kupezeka pa mphindi.
6. Non-zachuma - zabwino, chiwerengero ndi wamkulu kuposa atawalamula.

chiphunzitso mankhwala

Iye lafotokozedwa m'mutu 7 ntchito chifukwa cha chuma ndale. Iwo Carl Menger limanena zokhudza kusiyana pakati pa zabwino zachuma ndi chofunika. Komanso amapereka kufotokoza makhalidwe waukulu wa mankhwala - malire ndi mlingo wa mphamvu yake kugwiritsa komanso mphamvu chithandizo. Pansi malire ayenera kumvetsa ndi akaphatikiza ogula akumufuna. Mlingo wa mphamvu kugwiritsa zofunika kwa mankhwala alibe phindu palokha, koma pamafunika zinthu za katundu wina. mtengo wa sayansi Menger anali oyamba mu ntchito mfundo monga okwanira ndi kufunika mtengo.

ndalama lingaliro

Bukuli lili adziwe kukhoza kugwiritsa katundu. Kenako, lingaliro ili kufufuza Mises. Kuphunzitsa za ndalama anafotokoza mu chaputala 8. Ndi pano 4 mbali. Woyamba limafotokoza chikhalidwe ndi chiyambi cha ndalama. Menger anatchulapo nkhani akutulukira mu ndondomeko ya kuwombola katundu ntchito monga gawo a anthu akale. Iye akuti chidwi ndi kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti anthu amapereka zinthu zawo mmalo mwa ena, chakudya mphamvu kwambiri, ngakhale kuti iwo safuna iwo onse zofunika atangochimwa atolankhani. Mbali yotsatira limafotokoza ndalama ntchito ndi anthu mu zonse nthawi zina. Mu magawo oyambirira chitukuko monga iwo anaonekera mu nyama Old World. patsogolo chikhalidwe ndi mapangidwe mizinda kutsogolera chakuti malonda kuchepetsedwa mphamvu nyama kufanana chomwecho chimene chimatulukira zitsulo zothandiza. Mkuwa anaonekera monga chuma yoyamba. Kenako, m'malo ndi golide ndi siliva.

Makamaka maonekedwe a ndalama

Iwo akufotokozedwa mu mbali yachinayi ya mutu wa 8. Normal kuwombola malonda pa zitsulo zitsulo kuti aonetse katundu wa katundu, m'mapapo akugulitsa kumafuna mavuto kudziwa pakutchulidwa wa nyemba. Monga chitsimikizo yabwino ya khalidwe zonse kutalika zitsulo Ndalama anayamba kuchita zinthu. Ganizo maonekedwe mowiriza ndalama kunathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha maganizo a Mises, Hayek, ndipo akuluakulu ena a ku Austria School of Economics.