Alfred Marshall. Cambridge School of Economics

The neoclassical sukulu zachuma zikuphatikizapo Cambridge ndi Anglo-American. Woyamba imatengedwa malangizo ofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chilango. Mapangidwe sukulu iyi ya zachuma kugwirizana ndi maina asayansi kwambiri. Pakati pawo - Valras, Clark, Pigou. A mwininkhani mapangidwe malingaliro atsopano anali Alfred Marshall (1842-1924). dongosolo, yemwe anayamba ichitikire ndi anzake, kunali kupitiriza kwa chakale ndi kulolerana wa chakudya cha latsopano njira ndi malire kusanthula. Zinali ntchito yake m'njira zambiri kumatanthauza malangizo tsogolo la dziko la kuganiza.

Alfred Marshall: yonena

Anabadwa chithunzi ichi cha m'ma 19 mu London. Iye maphunziro anga ku yunivesite ya Cambridge. Mu 1877 kampani anapezerapo ntchito yake yoyang'anira pa University Bristol. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1883 mpaka TH 1884 iye lectured pa Oxford. Atatero anabwerera ku University Cambridge ndi kuchokera 1885 mpaka 1903rd ntchito kumeneko monga Pulofesa wina. Kumayambiriro 90 ntchentche za m'ma 19, iye ankagwira ntchito monga membala wa bungwe la Royal ntchito. Mu 1908 iye adasiya Dipatimenti ya Economy Political pa Cambridge. Kuyambira nthawi mpaka imfa yake, iye anali kafukufuku wawo.

Alfred Marshall: chopereka kwa chuma

chithunzi ichi ndi chimodzi mwa anthu amene anayambitsa malangizo neoclassical. Iye anayambitsa mfundo chilango "zachuma", motero tsindikani nzeru zawo nkhani za kafukufuku. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti ndi lingaliro ili zambiri ndi molondola kusonyeza chinthu kuphunzira. Mwa sayansi kufufuza zinthu zachuma ndi mbali ya moyo, anthu preconditions kwa ntchito zachuma. Ndi chilango ntchito ndi sangatengedwe kukhala nkhani zokhudza. Komabe, nkhani mfundo zachuma sikugwirizana ndi nkhani yake. moyo wa zachuma, Marshall maganizo, ayenera kutengedwa kunja chikoka andale ndi phukusi boma. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti choonadi chimene achita patsogolo ndi zapamwamba, kodi kusunga phindu pa nthawi ya dziko. Komabe, ambiri a chakudya anayamba kale, ayenera kufotokozera ndi kutanthauzira, malinga ndi mikhalidwe wosinthika. mikangano anali pakati pa asayansi otchuka zimene amaonedwa monga gwero la mtengo: zinthu za kupanga ndalama ntchito, kapena zofunikira. Economist Alfred Marshall anatha mtsutso pa ndege ina. Iye anazindikira kuti palibe kudziwa gwero la mtengo. Nkokoma kwambiri kuphunzira zinthu zokhudza phindu la mlingo wake ndi mphamvu.

Funani ndi kotunga

Choyamba, tiyenera kudziwa yophunzirira osankhidwa ndi Alfred Marshall. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za chithunzi zochokera kutsutsana zokhudza ndalama. Mu ntchito zake, iye anatchula njira kuchotsa kwa nkhani ino. Poganizira chiphunzitso cha zinthu zokolola, iye ankakonda mmodzi wa mitundu yake - mfundo akuvutika chifukwa cha zinthu izi. Studies anapeza mtundu wa kunyalanyaza pakati masukulu osiyanasiyana a maganizo. Ganizo kiyi inkakhala mu kusuntha likulu yokoka ntchito za akatswiri bourgeois mikangano pa mtengo wa phunziro la mapangidwe dongosolo ndi anzake a kapezedwe ndi kufunika. Kuchokera pa ichi, nayenso akanakhala kupanga ziwawa ndi lingaliro. Choncho, adapempha kukondera kuphatikiza siyana zofunika kwambiri ndi mfundo ku madera osiyana ongolankhula. chiwerengero cha malingaliro a zinthu kupanga wakhala m'gulu maphunziro a regularities mapangidwe nsembe mankhwala. Mfundo za chiphunzitso cha zofunikira mmphepete, pamene ankalowa Zikatero, kufotokoza kapangidwe ka ogula kufunika mapangidwe malamulo. Phunzirolo lili mkati, njira zingapo atsopano atapereka, anayambitsa siyana ndi mfundo, ndiye mwamphamvu m'gulu chilangocho.

nthawi chinthu

Kufunika monga izo mu kusanthula mtengo anatsindika kafukufuku wake, Alfred Marshall. Mbali yaikulu mu maganizo ake, anali zimachitika pakati pa ndalama ndi kupanga ndi mtengo wa maphunziro. mogwirizana Izi amadalira chikhalidwe cha njira kugona kuwunika. Mu yochepa amathamanga pa kuwonjezereka yokulirapo mu ankafuna pa chakudya, kulephera kuthetsa ntchito imeneyi ndi mphamvu alipo akuthamanga otchedwa quasi limagwirira. Anthu amalonda yotulutsa mankhwala akadwala, isanafike oyamba a nthambi yatsopano ndi mwayi kwambiri pa mtengo. Chifukwa, iwo kupeza zapadera, "kvazirentny" ndalama ndi kupoletsa phindu anthu. Alfred Marshall anafotokoza zimene asilikali msika kusinthasintha nawonso ndi kufunika kwa kanthawi kochepa.

Akamanena za kukondera

Marshall chiphunzitso Economic wakhala anathandiza anthu a m'nthawi yake. Iye akufuna kukondera wakhala lolunjika pa zokolola za mwambo wa impasse imene lakumana kwa zaka za m'ma 19. mtengo chiphunzitso wake wakhala inakulitsidwa ndipo anayamba gawo la chuma ndale, ndilo lotchedwa yaying'ono chuma gawo. Wasayansi anaona anthu bourgeois monga dongosolo mwachilungamo zogwirizana, chimene chakhala mosatsata zotsutsana iliyonse yaikulu ya zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Alfred Marshall anachita kusanthula mozama mapangidwe ndi anzake siyana kiyi, anayambitsa mfundo zatsopano. Mwambo, maganizo ake, osati ikufotokoza chikhalidwe cha chuma. Phunziro loyamba nkhawa zolinga za ntchito zachuma. Mphamvu ya kuwalimbikitsa ndi kuwayeza ndalama - choncho anati Alfred Marshall. Mfundo za Economics, chotero, zochokera kusanthula khalidwe la anthu.

Anavutika ntchito ndi likulu

Alfred Marshall ankaona zokhudza nkhani mapangidwe mtengo ndi phindu magwero komaliza. Mu maphunziro awa, anapitiriza mwambo wa malangizo English. Chiphunzitso cha mfundo zotsatira za ntchito anali Seniora ndi angapo otsatira ake. Alfred Marshall amakhulupirira kuti ndalama ndalama opaleshoni ndi kubisala ndalama weniweni. Ndi iwo amene pamapeto pake kudziwa makope kuwombola anapangira katundu. mtengo weniweni dongosolo capitalist anapanga ndi likulu ndi ntchito akuvutika. ndalama atathana ndi lendi onse analandira zosiyana. Pofotokoza maganizo akuvutika ntchito, Alfred Marshall pafupi kwathunthu anatsatira chiphunzitso Seniora. gulu iye anamasulira monga zotengera malingaliridwe maganizo amene anali kugwirizana ndi mphamvu opaleshoni. Capital wovulalayo Marshall - ndi kupewa msanga ndalama munthu mowa.

Ndi zotsatira

Alfred Marshall m'mabuku ake anatchula sayenda ake ndi ambiguity. Komanso anafotokoza kuti malamulo a kulunjika, amene opareshoni zambiri mu mawonekedwe a akavalidwe. Wasayansi analankhula za kulunjika malamulo a zachuma. Ndi izi complicates kufufuza choonadi ndi chofunika ntchito njira yoyenera mawunikidwe. chiphunzitso zinali zochokera chiyembekezo kuti aliyense kufunafuna zosangalatsa ndi zabwino, anachokapo. Mu zilizonse anthu amakonda kupeza kwambiri ndi chilichonse ngati pali osachepera wina ndi mzake. Alfred Marshall akufuna njira imene choyamba muyenera kudziwa zifukwa kwambiri kwa osaphatikiza mmene zinthu zina. Iye anandiuza kuti chikoka cha zimayambitsa zikuluzikulu za zochita popanda ndi kuyambitsa zotsatira konkire. Komabe, zinthu izi zimachitika ngati pasadakhale adzakhala analandira kungoganizira, chimene palibe chongofuna chakuti chiphunzitso ikusonyezedwa bwino, silidzachotsedwa nkhani. Mu sitepe yotsatira amaganizira zinthu zatsopano kuphunzira. Mwachitsanzo, atengedwa mu nkhani okwanira ndi kufunika kusintha osiyana- siyana mankhwala. Kusinthasintha mu mphamvu anaphunzira, osati zochitika za pa. Amayesa mphamvu yosokoneza kayendedwe ka mitengo ndi kufunika.

tsankho mgwirizano

Alfred Marshall kuwamva monga msonkhano yeniyeni ndi odziwika zofooka za njira, imene imakhudza kuchotsa zinthu zomwe mulibe pa nthawi kusankha chinthu. zinthu Secondary kusokoneza maganizo ikumasuliridwa osiyana, wapadera "chipinda chodyeramo". Iye analemba kuti: "m'mikhalidwe inanso wofanana." Alfred Marshall chosungitsa ichi amakonda mmene zinthu zina, osati akuganiza pa inert chomwecho. Anyalanyaza mmene mongoyembekezera chabe. Motero, pali chifukwa chimodzi chokha - mtengo. Iwo amachita monga ngati maginito. Dziko zachuma ikusintha mchikakamizo cha yang'anira limodzi, ndi zolimbikitsa wonse, ndi mphamvu bwanji okwanira ndi kufunika dongosolo.

kusanthula mavuto

Alfred Marshall anafufuza nkhani apakhungu mu ndege ya zinthu leni la moyo zachuma. ntchito Yake wodzazidwa ndi mafanizo ambiri, zitsanzo zomwe iye analanda ntchito. Asayansi akuyesetsa kuphatikiza njira ongolankhula ndi mbiri yakale. Pa nthawi yomweyo njira zake zina, schematize, wosafuna zenizeni. Alfred Marshall analemba zoti chilango umalimbana, poyamba pa zonse, kupeza chidziwitso zokha. Ntchito yachiwiri amachita kulongosola nkhani zokhudza. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti m'pofunika kuganizira mwachindunji pa ntchito yofunika zakambidwa kuphunzira. Ntchito yomanga kafukufuku m'pofunika m'munsi si zochokera othandizanso, ndipo malinga ndi zomwe zili mu chinthu kusanthula. Marshall anatsutsa maganizo a Ricardo zokhudza chidwi kwambiri za ndalama kupanga kukakhala ndi sekondale malo kufunika kusanthula. Iwo wakhala monga mmodzi mwa zifukwa underestimating mtengo wa mafunso kafukufuku zokhudza kuphunzira zofuna anthu.

ankafuna pamapindikira

Iwo amagwirizana ndi ziyenera a zofunikira pa. Marshall kuika patsogolo pa machulukitsidwe chitsanzo kapena mfundo kucheperachepera mwachizolowezi, chuma chachikulu umunthu. Malinga ndi mapeto a sayansi ndi amene amafuna pamapindikira ambiri ali otsetsereka negative. Kuwonjezeka kuchuluka kwa ubwino amachepetsa phindu la malire a mayunitsi ake. Lamulo la kotunga mankhwala ndi Marshall mu mawonekedwe otsatirawa: ". Chiwerengero cha katundu, zimene zinabweretsa ukuwonjezeka kufunika ndi kuchepa mu mitengo ndi amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka ake"

The steepness a pamapindikira pa zinthu zosiyana m'njira zosiyana. Kwa ena ubwino, izo amachepetsa kwambiri, kwa ena - ndi ndi bwino. The otsetsereka digiri (ngodya) zimasiyana malinga ndi kusintha mu ankafuna mchikakamizo cha kusinthasintha mtengo. Ngati zimenezi zidzachitika mwamsanga, zidzakhala kusintha, ngati pang'onopang'ono, inelastic. mfundo izi zinali zachilendo kwa kuwunika chuma, ndi kuti Marshall kuwalowetsa chiphunzitsochi.

Okwanira ndi kupanga ndalama

Kufufuza magulu awa, Marshall nawo ndalama za zina ndi zofunika. Mu terminology ano, izi atathana ndi ndalama variable. Ena mwa ndalama mu yochepa sizingasinthidwe. Pa nkhani ya buku la katundu anakhudzidwa zikuluzikulu za ndalama variable. Kuchuluka akadakwanitsira mankhwala zimatheka pamene mtengo mmphepete equalized ndi ndalama mmphepete.

magulu latsopano

Mu kuchepetsa yaitali ndalama kupanga anachititsa ndalama kunja ndi mkati. mawu awa anali anayambitsa asayansi. Kukwaniritsa ndalama mkati n'zotheka mwa kuwongolera bungwe ndi kupanga luso. Kunja, nayenso ali wabwino ndi mlingo wa ndende, ndalama, mphamvu zoyendera. mfundozi zikukhudza anthu lonse. Ndipotu, pamalo zimenezi zimasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa ndalama tsankho ndi okwana kupanga.