Spaceports a dziko (mndandanda). The spaceport loyamba

Mbiri anthu nthawi zonse anayang'ana kumwamba ndi chidwi ndi matupi osiyanasiyana wakumwamba. Pali nthano amati anthu oyamba anapita ku malo kuyambira Kale, koma chikalata ali mu zosatheka anatsimikizira. Koma dziko akumana ndi kudabwa ndi chimwemwe pamene mu 1961, Soviet kapitawo Yuri Gagarin anapita ku malo asanabwerere ku Earth.

The Launch loyamba la spacecraft Soviet anachokera ku malo obisika otchedwa ndi Baikonur Cosmodrome. M'nkhaniyi, ife musangoganizira wotchedwa Launch PAD, komanso malo ena ofunika.

mpainiya

"Research Kutsimikizira Ground" - dzina anatenga polojekiti, ovomerezedwa ndi General Wogwila Utumiki wa chitetezo wa USSR mu 1955. Kenako malo imeneyi itadziwika ngati Baikonur cosmodrome.

chinthu ili mu Kyzylorda Oblast ku Kazakhstan, pafupi ndi mudzi Toretam. malo pafupifupi 6717 sq. Km. Ndipo kwa zaka zambiri spaceport woyamba wa dziko imodzi mwa atsogoleri makampani chiwerengero cha ayamba. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2015, ndi iye anayikidwa mu kanjira 18 mivi. Otchedwa pansi kukhazikitsa imalankhula danga ku Kazakhstan anausiya ndi Russia mpaka 2050. Ntchito pamalowo pafupifupi theka la biliyoni 6 Russian rubles pa chaka.

Mlingo mwachinsinsi

ndi spaceports onse a dziko - nyenyezi ya gombe, amene kutetezedwa bwino, ndipo Baikonur pankhaniyi - yotero.

Choncho, ntchito yomanga doko akunja anali limodzi ndi kumanga onama Baikonur Cosmodrome pafupi m'mudzi. Msampha umenewu ankagwiritsa ntchito pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, pamene airfields asilikali zinamangidwa ndi njira zonama chidude.

Amagwira ntchito yomanga cosmodrome yomanga asilikali battalion ndi alonda. Mwachidule, iwo anapanga ft weniweni wa ntchito, chifukwa iwo akhoza kumanga Launch PAD kwa zaka ziwiri.

Mavuto a lero

Masiku ano, lodziwika bwino Baikonur anadza nthawi m'malo ovuta. Poyambira vuto tinganene kuti mu 2009, pamene iye anachoka usilikali, ndipo chinthu anawamvera kwathunthu pansi ulamuliro wa Federal Space Agency. Ndipo onse chifukwa, pamodzi ndi spaceport asilikali anatayika ndithu kuchuluka kwambiri ndalama zimene poyamba anali allocated maphunziro ndi kuyezetsa.

Inde, chida Launch makina kumathandizanso ndalama, koma masiku ano si adachita zambiri ngati kale, pamene roketi anavula pafupifupi mlungu uliwonse. Komabe, spaceport akadali anazindikira mtsogoleri dziko mu imalankhula danga.

Russian chimphona

Komabe, kuganizira malo kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko, kungakhale kulakwa kuti kulabadira zinthu zina zofanana, mmodzi wa limene lili m'dera la Chitaganya cha Russia. Luso maluso ndi padera mu yomanga ndi chitukuko ndalama kuti athawire kuthamanga ndi mtima kuchuluka kwa makina siteshoni danga Earth kanjira.

Plesetsk Cosmodrome - Russian danga gombe, ili 180 Km from Arkhangelsk. Chinthu Kukula liri mahekitala 176.200.

Plesetsk cosmodrome kwenikweni ake ndi wapadera zovuta kwambiri sayansi ndi luso zovuta, limene lakonzedwa kuti ntchito za nkhondo komanso zolinga mtendere.

The zikuchokera cosmodrome kumaphatikizapo maofesi ambiri:

1. Maofesi kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chonyamulira maroketi.
2. Maofesi (kupereka maroketi maphunziro ndi zina magalimoto danga).
3. Kudzazidwa-siteshoni Mipikisano zinchito neutralization. C wapatsidwa kudzera boosters ake, boosters.
4. Pafupifupi 1,500 ndi nyumba.
5. 237 zinthu kupereka zonse kwa mphamvu cosmodrome.

Far malo osewerera

Mmodzi wa spaceport zatsopano mu Russia ndi East, limene lili pafupi ndi tauni ya Tsiolkovsky m'dera Amur (Far East). Doko ntchito yokhayo yotumikira zolinga wamba.

Kumangidwa kwa malo anayamba mu 2012 ndipo mwachangu limodzi ndi zoipa zosiyanasiyana chivundi ndi kunyanyala antchito chifukwa sanali malipiro malipilo.

The Launch woyamba kuchokera Baikonur East chinachitika ndi posachedwapa - April 28, 2016. Yamba analola kuika mu kanjira atatu makina yokumba. Pankhaniyi, pa malo pa nthawi ya onyamula oyambitsa analipo panokha Pulezidenti Russian Vladimir Putin, ndi Russian wachiwiri Nduna wotchedwa Dmitry Rogozin ndi mutu wa boma la Russia makonzedwe Sergei Ivanov.

Tikumbukenso kuti Launch bwino ku Baikonur East zinachitikadi yekha pa ulendo wachiwiri. Poyamba izo zinakonzedwa Launch galimoto "Soyuz 2.1A" kuyamba April 27, koma miniti yokha ndi theka isanayambe basi zimafika izo. Guide Roscosmos anafotokoza zinachitika mwangozi kulephera dongosolo kulamulira, chifukwa mu Launch anali kulephereka kwa tsiku.

List of waukulu afunika malo dziko

Tsopano alipo malo kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko lili pa nambala malinga ndi tsiku yozungulira Launch lake loyamba (kapena kuyesa), komanso chiwerengero cha bwino kuyamba akuluakulu ndi zolephera. Lembani tsopano amaoneka ngati izi:

1. Baikonur.
2. Base wa United States Air Force pa Cape Canaveral.
3. Vandenberg (United States).
4. Wallops.
5. Kapustin Yar (Russia).
6. Hammaguir (France).
7. Plesetsk (Russia).
8. Utinoura (Japan).
9. San Marco (Italy).
10. Kennedy Space Center (United States).
11. Woomera (Australia).
12. Kuru (France, ndi European Space Agency).
13. Jiuquan (China).
14. Tanegashima (Japan).
15. Satish Dhawan Space Center (India).
16. Xichang (China).
17. Taiyuan (China).
18. Palmachim (Israeli).
19. Al-Anbar (Iraq).
20. Free (Russia).
21. Alcantara (Brazil).
22. Musudan (Korea North).
23. "Nyanja Launch" (Russia, USA, Norway, Ukraine).
24. Kodiak (United States).
25. Reagan Mayeso Site (USA).
26. Semnan (Iran).
27. Naro (Korea South).

Mtsogoleri American

Cape Canaveral (USA) ntchito ndi asilikali kuyambira 1949. Zinali ndiye kuti akatswiri asilikali anayamba kuyesa awo mwa kukulozani mabomba osiyanasiyana yaitali. Malowo osankhidwa Sichangozi, chifukwa spaceport ili pafupi kwambiri equator, ndipo nawonso, zimathandiza kuti ntchito mphamvu ya kasinthasintha lathuli kwa chombo mathamangitsidwe. Mu 1957, boma anaganiza kukhazikitsa kachipangizo dzina lake Vanguard TV3. Mwatsoka, pofuna zinalephereka (roketi chakumene).

Kale kuyambira 1958, imalankhula mivi anali kutsogolera malo bungwe NASA. Komabe, yokhala Launch malo akadali mu oyamba a US Department of silikhali. Space Harbor tichipeza 38 kukulozani malo, 4 amene zachangu.

French avant-garde danga

Guiana Space Center, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Kourou spaceport (French Guiana), anakhazikika kumpoto kwa America South. chinthu inamangidwa pa Atlantic gombe pakati pa mizinda iwiri: Sinnamary ndi Kourou. Baikonur ili mu ntchito anzake a European Space Agency ndi Center National kwa Space Studies.

m'dera izi zikuyamba kwa nthawi yoyamba anatumiza chombo mu danga April 9, 1968. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti Launch malo ili makilomita asanu okha zana kuchokera pa mzere kunyanja kuti maximizes kuthamanga ndege pa ndi mpita geostationary padziko lapansi. Komanso, udindo Hrs doko akunja amenewa kuti chiyambi ngodya nthawi zonse wofanana madigiri 102, koma chithunzi ichi ndithu chimafikira osiyanasiyana trajectories akuyamba zinthu ntchito pochita zosiyana.

Mphamvu ya PAD Launch patali kuti anali chidwi makasitomala ambiri makampani ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana: USA, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, Azerbaijan.

Mu 2015, a European Space Agency ali padera pa € 1.6 biliyoni mu wamakono wa zomangamanga wa cosmodrome lapansi. Komanso, mwapadera ayenera mlingo wokweretsa wa chitetezo cha pamalowo. Space Harbor lili m'dera limene kuli yokutidwa ndi rainforest yamphamvu. Mu izi kulibe asezare dipatimenti yokha. Komanso, palibe chiopsezo ngakhale zivomezi anafooka kapena mphepo. Chitetezo pazipita kwa adani kunja pa spaceport ili 3 Regiment wa Legiyo okhonda (France).

olowa ntchito

Launch nsanja "Odyssey" Ndipotu, yaikulu kudziletsa injini, theka-submersible catamaran. pamalowo inamangidwa Norway zochokera pa nsanja mafuta. The zikuchokera spaceport a m'manja anafotokoza monga:

• kukulozani PAD;
• kukhazikitsa okhazikitsa;
• mafuta kudzazidwa dongosolo ndi wothandizila oxidizing;
• dongosolo kulamulira kutentha;
• kupereka dongosolo asafe;
• chingwe Posakhalitsa.

danga Launcher Maritime kwa ogwira kuchuluka kwa anthu 68. Kwa iwo, zogonamo zimamangidwa, malo zachipatala ndi chodyera m'dera.

Yachokera nsanja ku doko la Long Beach, California (USA kum'mwera). M'malo okhazikika dislocation mafakitale chimphona makampani awo danga anafika pansi mphamvu zake, kupanga njira mwa Khwalala la Gibraltar, ndi Suez Canal ndipo Singapore.

Pomaliza

Pomaliza Ndikufuna kuona kuti onse spaceports alipo masiku ano kulola anthu athe kutenga kukhala ndi kufufuza malo. Ndi malo zipangizo kuchotsa pa kanjira dziko lapansi ikuchitika ntchito zosiyanasiyana kwa malo zosakhudzana ndi usilikali.