Chiphunzitso cha mtengo: maonekedwe, mitundu ndi ntchito. Chiphunzitso cha mtengo zotsala: kufotokoza

chiphunzitso chakale cha mtengo laperekedwa kwa mbali zofunika kwambiri yothandiza zachuma. Popanda n'zosatheka malonda masiku ano ndiponso unansi ndalama za opanga zosiyanasiyana ndi ogula.

chiphunzitso chakale

Chiphunzitso odziwika bwino kufunika umatchedwanso chiphunzitso ntchito ya phindu. tate wake ndi wotchuka Scottish wofufuza Adam Smith. Iye analenga sukulu ya zachuma chakale English. The nkhani yolembedwa waukulu wasayansi wakhala kuganiza kuti moyo wa anthu likhoza kukula kuchuluka zokolola za ntchito yake. Choncho, Smith ananena poyera kuti kusintha kwa zinthu ntchito ya anthu onse English. chiphunzitso wake wa mtengo limanena kuti gwero la mtengo ndi gulu chikhalidwe cha ntchito muzochitika zones za ulimi.

nkhani yolembedwa wakhala anayamba zachuma china chapadera chiyambi cha XIX atumwi Davidom Rikardo. The England ananena kuti mtengo wa chinthu chilichonse anatsimikiza ndi ntchito wofunikila kupanga ake. Pakuti chiphunzitso Ricardo Smith ya mtengo wakhala maziko a zachuma onse capitalist.

chiphunzitso Marxist

Labor chiphunzitso cha mtengo anatengera inanso zachuma odziwika. Iwo anali Karl Marx. German nzeru zapamwamba ndi ideologist anaphunzira nzeru katundu pa msika n'kugamula kuti mankhwala onse (ngakhale kwambiri sakanikira) ndi okhutira womwewo wa khalidwe eni. Zinali ndalama. Choncho, mankhwala onse ndi ofanana ndi mnzake mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero ena. Marx otchedwa luso limeneli kuti phindu kuwombola. Mundawu ndi kwenikweni chibadidwe china chilichonse. Maziko a zodabwitsazi ndi ntchito chikhalidwe.

Marx yapangidwa maganizo ake ofunika a Smith. Mwachitsanzo, iye anali woyambitsa wa lingaliro lakuti ntchito ali ndi chikhalidwe wapawiri - onse konkire ndi zosaoneka. Kwa zaka zambiri, wasayansi German bungwe nzeru zawo m'munda wa chuma ndale. Izi khamu lalikulu la maganizo ndi mfundo anakhala maziko a nzeru zatsopano Marxist. Ichi chinali chiphunzitso otchedwa phindu zotsala. Iwo anakhala wa mfundo zikuluzikulu mu wunika chi a dongosolo capitalist.

mtengo zotsala

A chiphunzitso chatsopano cha mtengo Marx ananena kuti ndi kugulitsa ntchito zawo, n'kudziwa molakwika ndi bourgeoisie lapansi. Pakati proletarians ndi capitalists panali nkhondo, chifukwa umene unali mtengo wa dongosolo la zachuma European. eni ndalama kuchulukitsa kudzera mu ntchito za ntchito, ndipo kuti izi wa Karl Marx anadzudzula kwambiri.

Mtengo wa katundu, omwe amakhazikitsa capitalist, nthawi zonse kuposa ubwino ndi ntchito ntchito ndi proletariat lapansi. Choncho, bourgeoisie kupindula ndi chakuti iwo kuchuluka mitengo ndalama zawo. Mu ntchito iyi wakhala analipira malipiro otsika, chifukwa iwo sakanakhoza kulowa mwa chilengedwe chawo molakwika. Kuti ali mu mkhalidwe kudalira abwana ake.

Mtheradi kufunika zotsala

Chiphunzitso Marxist wa mtengo ntchito mulinso mawu monga "mtengo zotsala mtheradi". Kodi zikutanthauzanji? Izi mtengo zotsala, amene analandira ndi capitalists kutalikitsa tsiku ntchito ya atumiki.

Pali ena mafelemu nthawi yoyenera kuti apange katundu. Pamene eni kupanga proletarians ntchito kunja malire awa, masuku pamutu ntchito inayambika.

The mtengo mmphepete

Chiphunzitso cha zofunikira owonjezera kapena njira ina - chiphunzitso cha mtengo mmphepete ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa chuma angapo odziwika bwino za m'ma XIX: William Jevons, Carl Menger, Friedrich Von Wieser, etc. Iye adayamba kulongosola ubale pakati pa mtengo wa katundu ndi maganizo maganizo .. wogula. Malinga ndi mfundozo waukulu ogula kugula zinthu zimene zingakhale gwero awo wosangalala kapena zosangalatsa.

Mmphepete chiphunzitso zofunikira wapanga zinthu zingapo zofunika. Choyamba, chifukwa izo anakonza njira yatsopano kuphunzira mavuto a kulima dzuwa. Kachiwiri, anali woyamba ntchito malamulo ndi. Patapita nthawi, anatsanziradi ndi ziphunzitso zina zambiri zachuma. Chiphunzitso cha mtengo mmphepete ali kukakamizidwa asayansi kuloza kuyang'ana pa kafukufuku zoyambirira komaliza ndalama kupanga chifukwa. Ndipo potsiriza, kwa nthawi yoyamba pakati pa phunziro kunapezeka kuti khalidwe la ogula.

marginalism

Chakale chiphunzitso cha mtengo umene otsatira anali Smith, Ricardo ndi Marx ankakhulupirira kuti mtengo wa chofunika - izo ndi phindu cholinga, chifukwa zimadaliranso ntchito mwakhama kupanga. Chiphunzitso cha zofunikira mmphepete lilinso zosiyana vutoli. Izi zinadziwika Marginalism. Chiphunzitso chatsopano ndi phindu chofunika ndi watsimikiza ndi ndalama kupanga ntchito, koma ndi mmene zimakhala kuti wogula.

Akamanena Marginalism akhoza anakonza motere. Ogula moyo mu dziko yakudzala katundu osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa zosiyanasiyana awo mitengo zotengera malingaliridwe. Akudalira yekha khalidwe Unyinji wa ogula. Ngati katundu adzakhala kufunika, ndiye mitengo kuyamba adzauka. Pankhaniyi, zilibe kanthu mochuluka bwanji Mlengi ntchito pa iye ndalama patsogolo. Onse zinthu ngati wogula akufuna kugula malonda. ubwenzi akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati unyolo wa zofuna ogula zofunikira wabwino, makhalidwe ake ndi mtengo komaliza.

Chilamulo cha mtengo

Chakale chiphunzitso cha mtengo kuganizira chilamulo cha mtengo monga chinthu chimodzi chofunika kwambiri ubale zachuma kuchokera kalelo. Kusinthana kwa katundu anatenga malo monga kutali uko ku Iguputo ndi ku Mesopotamiya zikwi zisanu zapitazo. Zimenezi zinatchulidwa wasayansi German ndi mnzake wapamtima wa Karla Marksa , Friedrich Chichewa. Ndiye panali lamulo la mtengo. Komabe, kwambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, iye anaona m'nyengo ya chitukuko capitalist. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mu msika chuma wobala katundu amakhala ambiri.

ndicho chilamulo cha phindu lanji? ndi uthenga waukulu chiyani? Lamulo limeneli limati nzeru katundu ndi kupanga awo akutsatiridwa mogwirizana ndi ndalama ndi ntchito zofunika. ubwenzi umakhala anthu kulikonse komwe kuli kuwombola. Amagwiritsidwanso zofunika ntchito nthawi yaikulu pa chilengedwe ndi yokonza katundu zogulitsa. The apamwamba a mtengo okwera mtengo wogulira.

Lamulo la mtengo, komanso chiphunzitso zikuluzikulu za mtengo ndi kuonetsetsa kuti munthu ntchito nthawi chikhalidwe zofunika zizigwirizana. ndalama Awa ndi ena mfundo zomwe ayenera kuikidwa opanga. Ngati iwo sangakhoze kupirira, izo agonje.

Ntchito za chilamulo cha mtengo

M'zaka za m'ma XIX chiphunzitso chuma cha mtengo amati ndi chilamulo cha mtengo ntchito yaikulu mapangidwe ubale zachuma. Msika wamakono pa milingo mayiko osiyanasiyana, kokha chimatsimikizira nkhani yolembedwa izi. Lamulo amapereka zinthu kuti pali kukondoweza kwa zachuma ndi chitukuko cha ulimi. mogwira umadalira pa ubwenzi ndi zochitika zina za chuma - mpikisano, okhawo ndi kufalitsidwa ndalama.

An ntchito zofunika za chilamulo cha phindu ndi pulogalamu yake Chigawo cha ntchito pakati muzochitika zosiyana za ulimi. Ndi nthawi ntchito zofunika kwa kupanga ndi maonekedwe awo pa msika. Mbali yofunika ya mbali iyi ndi mphamvu ya mitengo. Pamodzi ndi fluctuation a msika index amapezeka kugawira ntchito ndi likulu pakati pa zigawo zosiyana zachuma.

Kudzutsa ndalama yopanga

Chilamulo cha mtengo kumapangitsa ndalama kupanga. Kodi chitsanzo chimenechi? Ngati Mlengi imasankha yokha payekha ndalama zawo ntchito pamwamba anthu, ndiye adzachita kutaya ndalama. Ndi yosalephera chitsanzo zachuma. Pofuna kupita zinatha, Mlengi adzayenera kuchepetsa ndalama zawo ntchito. Kuti zimenezi amakakamiza ndi lamulo la mtengo, kumvera msika aliyense, kaya ndi osiyana mafakitale ina.

Ngati alimi adzakhala kuchepetsa phindu munthu wa chuma, apeza ubwino zachuma pa mpikisano awo. Choncho mwini alibe reimburse yekha mtengo wa ntchito, koma amalandiranso ndalama kwambiri. chitsanzo Izi zimapangitsa bwino msika osewera anthu opanga amene aganyali ndalama zawo mu bwino kupanga pamaziko a patsogolo sayansi ndi luso.

Chiphunzitso yamakono ya mtengo

Pamodzi ndi chitukuko cha chuma msika ndi kusintha maganizo a izo. Komabe, chiphunzitso yamakono ya mtengo kwathunthu zochokera malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi Adam Smith. Mmodzi zodzinenera zake zazikulu ndi nkhani yolembedwa kuti ntchito chikhalidwe lagawidwa pawiri - sayansi ndi luso dera ndi dera la kubalana.

kusiyana awo? dera Scientific ndi luso ntchito chikhalidwe amagwira ndi kupanga mankhwala atsopano potengera kufufuza mu sayansi. Inakhalapo monga phindu ntchito (mu chiphunzitso chatsopano zachuma limatchedwanso phindu mtheradi).

zinthu zina za kupanga ali m'munda wa kubalana. Pali aumbike mwa wachibale kapena exchangeable, mtengo. Amaonekera ndi ndalama mphamvu ya kubereka ya katundu ndi ntchito. Chiphunzitso yamakono ya Mtengo n'zotheka kudziwa malamulo tipeze phindu malipilo payekha. Kwakukulu zimadalira mmene dziko ndi kwa mphamvu ndi phindu la zapaderazi makamaka.