Khalifa ndi ndani? Mbiri ya caliphate

Tanthauzo la liwu lakuti "caliph" likhoza kumasuliridwa kuti "wotsatila" kapena "wotsogolera". Mutu umenewu unaperekedwa kwa Asilamu osankhidwa omwe chikhulupiriro chawo ndi kudzipereka kwawo kwa Allah sankamvetsa malire.

Khalifa ndiye mtsogoleri wa Asilamu, osankhidwa kuti atsogolere moyo wapadziko lapansi ndi wauzimu wa dzikoli. Koma ulamuliro wake unali wopanda malire, popeza anayenera kumvera malamulo olembedwa mu Sharia. Chifukwa chosiyana ndi choonadi cha wolamulira, sikunyozedwa kwa Asilamu okha, koma nthawi zina kungakhale imfa. Koma za chirichonse mu dongosolo.

Maonekedwe a khalifi woyamba

Kuti amvetse zomwe zilili, munthu ayenera kutembenukira ku magwero a dziko lachi Muslim.

Zonsezi zinayamba ndi Mtumiki Muhammadi, yemwe adatha kugwirizanitsa mafuko omwe akulimbana ndi chigamulo cha chikhulupiriro. Chifukwa cha ichi anayamba kukhala wolemekezeka, ngati woyera, amene mphamvu yake ndi chidziwitso chake chinapatsidwa ndi Allah mwiniwake. Koma, monga munthu aliyense wakufa, Muhammad anali kuyembekezera imfa. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mneneri, kunali kofunikira kupeza mtsogoleri watsopano, kuti ntchito zake zisasokonezeke.

Kotero, mu 632, njira ya Muhammad idapitizidwa ndi wophunzira wake wokhulupirika - Abu Bakr. Koma mphamvu zake zidatha zaka ziwiri zokha, kuyambira mu 634 anafa mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha matenda osachiritsika.

Koma mbewuyo idabzalidwa. Ndipo kuchokera nthawi imeneyo Califa ndi udindo woperekedwa kwa munthu yemwe amamuyesa wotsutsa wa mneneri pa dziko lapansi. Mawu ake ndi zochita zake ziyenera kuthandiza phindu la mitundu yonse ya Asilamu ndikulemekeza Allah.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha caliphate

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Abu, udindo wa mtsogoleri wachisilamu anapita kwa Umar ibn al-Khattab. Choyamba, anayamba nkhondo, cholinga chake chinali kugonjetsa mayiko a osakhulupirira. Ndipo adachita bwino kwambiri, chifukwa adatha kuphwanya magulu ankhondo a Byzantine ndi Perisiya, omwe magulu awo ankhondo sankagwedezeka. Umar nayenso anatha kutenga Yerusalemu. Koma imfa ndi yopanda chifundo ndipo saopa kutenga msilikali wamphamvu chotero. Moyo wake unatha mu 644.

Kodi caliph, yosamvetsetseka ndi mtsogoleri wacitatu wa Asilamu, olemba mbiri ambiri amaganiza bwanji. Uthman ibn-Affan adalibe mzimu wamphamvu, mosiyana ndi omwe analipo kale. Pakati pa anzake, adalemba abale ndi abwenzi, zomwe zinayambitsa kukayikira za nzeru ndi chilungamo chake pakati pa Asilamu ena. Ndipo ngakhale adatenga dziko lalikulu ngati Sogdian, Asilamu osakhutira adakonza zoti amuphe.

Khalifa wachinayi anakhala Ali bin Abu Talib. Iye anali wachibale wa Mneneri Muhammadi, kapena m'malo mwake msuweni wake. Iye ndiye yemwe adakhala "chipwirikiti cha chisokonezo" chomwe potsiriza chidagawaniza dziko lachi Muslim kukhala Sunnis ndi Shiite. Mu ulamuliro wake, dzikoli linkazunzidwa nthawi zonse ndi nkhondo zapachiŵeniweni ndi nkhondo za mpando wachifumu, kotero n'zosadabwitsa kuti anafa ndi tsamba lakupha. Pambuyo pake, chiopsezo cha mpando wachifumu wa khalifa chinapitirizabe nthawi zonse.

M'mbiri ya Akhalifa oyambirira oyambirira omwe amatchedwa olungama, chifukwa adayambira pachiyambi cha Islam. Zinali chifukwa cha zochita zawo kuti chikhulupiriro cha Muslim chinatha kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza mamilioni a okhulupirira.

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa Sunni ndi Shiite

M'zigawo zonse za chikhulupiriro cha Muslim, Caliph ndi mboni ya Mtumiki Muhammad pa Dziko. Koma vuto liri lakuti Sunni ndi Shiite ali ndi malingaliro osiyana pa omwe angakhoze kukhala izo.

Kotero, malingana ndi miyambo ya Sunnis, Msamariya aliyense, amene chisankho chake chimakwaniritsa zofunikira za Sharia (malamulo a chi Islam), akhoza kukhala mtsogoleri wa mderalo. Amphindi ambiri m'mbiri yakale anali Sunni, chifukwa nthambiyi ya Islam ndiyiyi yambirimbiri.

A Shiite ali ndi lingaliro lawo pa nkhaniyi, kapena molondola - okhawo achibale enieni a Muhammad akhoza kupatsidwa mphamvu ya Caliph. Ndicho chifukwa chake amitundu yonse yolungama amamudziwa yekha Ali bin Abu Talib. M'mbiri ya chidziwitso, olamulira ochepa okha a Ahimiti anali atakhala pampando wachifumu.

Caliph: Cholinga cha olembapo kuti apite mutu

Pofuna kukhala wolamulira, kunali koyenera kutsatira malamulo okhwima a Sharia. Malingana ndi iye, Caliph ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi udindo woteteza malire a dziko la Muslim, kuyang'anira umoyo wa anthu ake, kuletsa milandu ndi kulemekeza Uislamu patsogolo pa zikhulupiliro zina.

Kotero, molingana ndi malamulo a Sunni, Caliph ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira izi.

1. Icho chingakhoze kukhala munthu chabe.
2. Wosankhidwayo ayenera kukhala Muslim Muslim ndi kudziwa malamulo onse a sharia.
3. Khalani ndi maganizo abwino ndipo musakhale ndi matenda opatsirana.
4. Khalani ndi lingaliro la chilungamo ndipo musawope zoopsa.

Ponena za mpikisano, kupindula kunali kwa Akunkuni, koma oimira maiko ena Achiarabu angakhale amphatifi. Komanso, ngati panalibe Aarabu pakati pa ovomerezeka, mutuwo ukhoza kuperekedwa kwa munthu woyera, ngati akadakhulupilira Mulungu.