Kodi malire a mkokomo. Kuswa malire a mkokomo

Kodi ife kulingalira tikamva mawu akuti "Mawu chotchinga"? A malire zina ndi zotchinga ndi kugonjetsa omwe mwina kwambiri bwanji kumva ndi kumverera. Childs, phokoso chotchinga ikukhudzana kuti agonjetse airspace ndi ntchito woyendetsa.

Kuthana ndi vuto limeneli angathe hule chitukuko cha matenda aakulu, ululu syndromes ndi thupi lawo siligwirizana. Kodi izi maganizo zolondola kapena ali okhazikika olakwika? Kodi ndi chifukwa chilichonse yoona? Kodi malire a mkokomo? Kodi ndi chifukwa kumachitika? Zonsezi ndi ena mokoma zina, komanso mabuku a mbiri yakale kugwirizana ndi lingaliro ili, tidzayesetsa kupeza nkhani imeneyi.

Ichi sayansi - Aerodynamics

Mu sayansi ya aerodynamics, cholinga kufotokoza zochitika m'munsili gululi
ndege, pali mfundo "malire a mkokomo." Nkhani zochitika chifukwa cha lamulo la ndege supersonic kapena maroketi kuti kuyenda pa liwiro pafupi liwiro phokoso kapena wamkulu.

shockwave ndi chiyani?

Mu ndondomeko ya supersonic otaya mu mphepo mumphangayo zida za yoweyula mantha. kuda ake Tingaone ngakhale ndi apoyera. Pansi, iwo anasonyeza mzere chikasu. Beyond chulucho mantha pamaso pa mzere chikasu pa ndege pansi ngakhale lomveka. Imathamanga choposa Sonic, otaya Sonic zapitazi thupi zobvundukuka otaya zimenezi zingabweretse yoweyula mantha. Izo zikhoza kukhala chimodzi chimene chimadalira pa mawonekedwe a thupi.

kutembenuka shockwave

Kutsogolo kwa yoweyula mantha, lomwe limatchedwa yoweyula mantha, ali ndi makulidwe m'malo ang'onoang'ono, kulola koma younikira kusintha mwadzidzidzi katundu otaya, kuchepa liwiro lake wachibale kwa thupi ndiponso kuchuluka lolingana mu kuthamanga ndi mpweya kutentha otaya lapansi. The mphamvu kayendedwe ndi pang'ono lidzasinthidwa mphamvu mkati mwa mafuta. Kuchuluka kwa kusintha zimadalira otaya supersonic. Monga funde mantha ukusunthira kutali zida za, kuthamanga madontho ndi kuchepetsedwa, ndi mafunde mantha ndi n'kukhala phokoso. Chimakhudza ndi kunja amatsata amene akamva kulira chosiyana chokhala ndi kuphulika. Akukhulupirira kuti umenewu ndi umboni wa kupambana chipangizo liwiro phokoso, chotchinga phokoso pamene ndege amasiya m'mbuyo.

Kodi zilidi?

Otchedwa mphindi ya kuswa malire a mkokomo kuchita akuimira Ndime ya yoweyula mantha ndi kuwonjezeka injini ndege phokoso. makina tsopano patsogolo phokoso m'munsili, kotero injini phokoso angamvele pambuyo pake. Chiyerekezo cha liwiro la ndege kuti liwiro phokoso chimatheka ngakhale pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, koma ndege anaona zizindikiro chenjezo la ndegeyo.

Nkhondo itatha, ambiri opanga ndege ndi oyendetsa anayesetsa kuwafika liwiro phokoso ndi kuswa phokoso chotchinga, koma ambiri a chiwembu momvetsa chisoni. Asayansi amenewa ankanena kuti kuposa malire zimenezi n'zosatheka. Si experimental, koma njira sayansi kumufotokozera anatembenuka maganizo "malire a mkokomo" ndi kupeza njira zothetsera vutolo.

Kuvomereza anachokera ndege otetezeka

Otetezeka flights mu yoweyula transonic ndi supersonic ongofuna mavuto zotheka, yatsoka a potsata magawo kuuluka bwino potsatira njira ya ndege ndi kutalika kwa sefa umatulutsa. Kusintha kwa mlingo wina ndi liwiro wina kuchitidwa mwamsanga ntchito afterburner, zimene zingakuthandizeni kupewa ndege yaitali funde la zone mavuto. Wave mavuto monga mfundo anachokera zoyendera madzi. Iwo ananyamuka pa nthawi ya magalimoto ndi mathamangidwe pafupi ndi mathamangidwe mafunde padziko madzi. Contact ndi mavuto yoweyula kumatanthauza mlingo wa kukula kwa vuto, ndipo ngati n'kotheka monga kuthetsa mavuto yoweyula, ndiye inu mukhoza kupita motsetsereka kapena kutsetsereka mode padziko madzi.

History pa kayendetsedwe ka ndege

Munthu oyamba kufika supersonic airspeed woyendetsa ndege - ndi American woyendetsa Chak Yeger. adakwaniritsa chilemba mbiri ya October 14, 1947. Mu USSR, phokoso chotchinga atapezeka December 26, 1948 Sokolowski ndi Fedorov, amene anathamanga ndi womenya odziwa.

A boma ndege yoyamba kuswa phokoso chotchinga yonyamula Douglas DC-8 zomwe August 21, 1961 anafika liwiro 1.012 M, kapena 1262 Km / h. Flight udaikidwa kusonkhanitsa deta ndi mapangidwe ake mapiko a. Pakati aircrafts mbiri dziko anapereka aeroballistic hypersonic chida "mpweya dziko," womwe ndi Russian Army. Pa okwera makilomita 31,2 wa chida ali pamwamba liwiro 6389 Km / h.

zaka 50 pambuyo kuswa chotchinga oganiza mpweya England Endi akumwetulira anapanga kupambana ofanana ndi galimoto. Mu freefall Ine anayesa kuthyola mbiri ya American Dzho Kittinger, amene anagonjetsa msinkhu wa makilomita 31,5. Lero, October 14, 2012, Felix Baumgartner kumuchotsera mbiri dziko, popanda thandizo la zoyendera mu ufulu kugwa kwa msinkhu wa makilomita 39, kuswa malire a mkokomo. liwiro lake kufika makilomita 1342,8 paola.

The zachilendo kwambiri kuswa phokoso chotchinga

Ndi chachilendo kuti, koma yoyamba Kutulukira kuswa malire ichi, wasanduka chikwapu wamba, amene anatulukira Chinese wakale za 7000 zapitazo. Pafupifupi asanayambe kujambula yomweyo mu 1927, palibe amene amaganiziridwa kuti chikwapu Dinani - Muzikumbukira Boom Sonic. Lakuthwa yoweyula ndipamene kuzungulira, ndi liwiro la kumawonjezera kwambiri, zomwe zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kiliki. Sound chotchinga wagonjetsedwa mu dongosolo la 1200 Km / h liwiro.

Mwambi wa mzinda wotukuka

Nzosadabwitsa okhala m'matauni ang'onoang'ono ndi kuona likulu kwa nthawi yoyamba. Kuchuluka zoyendera mazana odyera ndi enawo zosangalatsa ndi zovuta ndi kugonja pa zikufuna. Chiyambi cha masika mu likulu nthawi pachibwenzi April osati March Mkuntho opanduka. Mu April, ndi mitengo ndi mitambo, akuthamanga mitsinje ndi masamba. Anthu amatopa kwa nthawi yaitali yozizira, wokulitsa zenera cha ku dzuwa, ndi Kasupe wa phokoso msewu m'nyumba. Pa msewu kunagwa akulira mbalame zikuimba ojambula zithunzi amaloweza ndakatulo mokondwera ophunzira, osanenapo phokoso, chotipinga ndi sitima. Ogwira ntchito zaumoyo m'madipatimenti amanena kuti kukhala nthawi yaitali mu mzinda wotukuka zoipa thanzi. likulu phokoso tichipeza kayendedwe,
ndege, mafakitale ndi banja phokoso. The zoipa kwambiri basi phokoso galimoto monga ndege zimauluka mkulu mokwanira, ndi phokoso ku makampani kusungunuka nyumba zawo. Phokoso zonse galimoto kwambiri misewu lotanganidwa kuposa malamulo onse zovomerezeka kawiri. Monga likulu yopuma chotchinga bwino? Moscow ndi oopsa kuchuluka kwa phokoso, kotero okhala likulu anaika mawindo awiri Khoma kuti muffle phokoso.

Kodi asilikali ake phokoso chotchinga?

Mpaka 1947 panalibe umboni wa anthu bwino kukhala mu cockpit kuti ntchentche mofulumira kuposa phokoso. Mwamwayi, kuswa malire a mkokomo amafuna mphamvu zina ndi kulimba mtima. Pa ndege zimaonekeratu kuti palibe chitsimikizo kuti apulumuke. Ngakhale dalaivala akatswiri akhoza motsimikiza ngati chimbalangondo kuukira ndege kapangidwe zinthu. Pasanathe mphindi, ndege amangokhala kugwa. Ndichiyani anafotokoza? Tikumbukenso kuti kayendedwe ka ndi mathamangidwe subsonic amalenga lamayimbidwe mafunde mogwirizana monga mabwalo atagwa ku mwala. Supersonic liwiro amanditenga mafunde mantha, ndi kuyima pa nthaka munthu amamva mkokomo ngati kuphulika ndi. Popanda makompyuta amphamvu zinali zovuta kuthetsa zovuta maikwezhoni masiyanidwe, ndipo adali kudalira kuwomba zitsanzo una wa mphepo. Nthawi zina pamene pali osakwanira mathamangitsidwe ndege mantha yoweyula umalandira mphamvu kuwuluka mawindo a nyumba imene ndege ali kuwuluka. Kuswa malire a mkokomo sangathe aliyense, chifukwa pa nthawi imeneyi kugwedeza dongosolo lonse, kuwonongeka ndithu angalandire ogwiritsa zida. Choncho n'kofunika kwambiri oyendetsa thanzi labwino ndiponso asamakhale ndi nkhawa. Ngati ndege amapita mofewa, koma chotchinga phokoso kuthetsa mwamsanga, ngakhale woyendetsa kapena okwera zotheka Simumva zomverera zosasangalatsa kwambiri. Makamaka anagonjetsa phokoso chotchinga inamangidwa ndege kafukufuku January 1946. Kupanga makina anali kuyamba ndi dongosolo la Utumiki wa silikhali, koma m'malo zida izo modzaza zida sayansi kuti inamva zimagwirira ntchito ndi zida. m'ndegemu anali ngati ano sitima zida ndi injini anamanga roketi. Kuthana ndi ndege cha phokoso chotchinga zimachitika pa liwiro 2736 Km / h.

Amawakonda ndiponso zipilala kugonjetsa liwiro phokoso

Zachitika kuti asiye malire a mkokomo kwambiri amtengo lero. Choncho, ndege imene Chak Yeger nthawi yoyamba wagonjetsedwa, tsopano pamalo a National Air ndi Space Museum, limene lili mu Washington. Koma magawo luso anatulukira ichi anthu, adzakhala wachabe popanda nyota woyendetsa sitima. Chak Yeger anapita Flight School ndipo ndinamenya nawo Europe, asanabwerere ku England. Mokondera kuchotsedwa kwa ndege sanali kuphwanya mzimu wa Jaeger, ndipo lakwaniritsa kuvomereza Mkulu wa asilikali a ku Ulaya. Mu zaka zotsalazo mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo, Yeager anali nawo mautumiki nkhondowo 64 imene anawomberedwa pansi ndege 13. Home Chak Yeger anabwerera ndi udindo wa mkulu. tingachidziwe awa yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale phenomenal, wodekha zosaneneka ndiponso kupirira zinthu yovuta. Osati kamodzi Yeager anapereka zomwe zinalembedwa ndege yake. ntchito pambuyo pake chinali mu mayunitsi Air Force, komwe anagwira pophunzitsa ndege. Nthawi yotsiriza Chak Yeger anaswa chotchinga phokoso mu zaka 74 amene anali ndi chikumbutso makumi asanu ndege wake ndi mbiri ya 1997.

Zovuta ntchito ndiAmene wa ndege

MiG 15 ndege kudziwika kwa dziko lonse anayamba kulenga mu mphindi pamene kutukula anazindikira kuti simungathe ngati akutsatira kuswa phokoso chotchinga, ndipo ayenera kuthetsa mavuto zovuta luso. Zotsatira zake zinali makina ndi bwino kuti anaima kusinthidwa anatengera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. m'maofesi osiyanasiyana kapangidwe nawo mtundu wa mpikisano, kumene mphoto anali setifiketi ya ndegeyo bwino kwambiri ndi zinchito. Zokha ndege mapiko yosesedwa zinali kusintha ziwembu zawo. Chipangizo abwino ayenera kukhala amphamvu, kusala komanso amazipanga kugonjetsedwa ndi kuwonongeka kuchokera kunja. Chinapululutsa mapiko mbali ya ndege, chomwe chinawathandiza kulera katatu liwiro phokoso. Komanso mlingo ndege anapitiriza kukula chifukwa kuwonjezeka mu mphamvu injini, ntchito zipangizo nzeru ndi kukhathamiritsa wa magawo kuuluka bwino potsatira njira. Kuswa malire a mkokomo chimatheka ndi chenicheni ngakhale kwa layman, koma si owopsa izi sichikwiya, kotero ekstremal aliyense ayenera mwabwinobwino kuwunika mphamvu zawo, musanaganize pa kuyesera amenewa.