Kremlin mu Moscow. Russia, Moscow, Kremlin

Woyamba apeza umboni wa malo m'dera la malo boma la Russia akale ndi msinkhu wa zaka ziwiri ndi mazana atatu. Ndipotu, yankho loyenera ku funso la amene anamanga boma la Russia mu Moscow, pali, monga pomanga stockade woyamba ochokera ku masiku Borovitsky Hill anali kuthetsa Dyakov mtundu. Kumangidwa mwachindunji maofesi anayamba ndi kuti Yuriya Dolgorukova pa erection makoma mu 1156.

Olympus Russian boma - Kremlin mu Moscow

Poyamba, khoma la nyumbayo mtengo, ndipo kokha mkubwela kwa wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy likulu anapeza dzina lake lodziwika - woyera mwala. Makoma n'kuyamba mwala, opangidwa kuchokera ku miyala ya laimu m'deralo. Mu ulamuliro wa Ivan III anaitanidwa mapulani Italy, amene anayamba yomanga watsopano (1475-1479 gg.) - kusanthula makoma woyera mwala ndi kumanga malo ake a njerwa ndi. Pofuna chitetezo akumvetsa mu mbali m'malo mofulumira ina. Yomanga inatenga zaka khumi yaitali. Komanso molumikizana ndi wamakono wa pakhoma zinamangidwa Mfundo Cathedral.

Pa nkhondo ya 1812, boma la Russia mu Moscow anali wolemera kuonongeka ndi kaŵirikaŵiri. Linamutengera pafupi zaka zinai kuti ayambenso maonekedwe ake akale. Pamwamba ntchito ambiri akatswiri zabwino. Komanso, ntchito yomanga kuwonongeka lalikulu European m'kupita kwa zipolowe mfuti 1917, imene boma la Russia anali mwankhanza shelled ndi zida zankhondo.

malo

The Moscow Kremlin ndicho umoyo ndale, zojambulajambula ndi mbiri yakale zovuta likulu Russian, izi sitingazipeze unkayenera kukhala likulu la mzinda. Izi zingathe kufotokozedwa ku kumathandiza kupeza ngodya ziwiri:

• Zokongoletsa maganizo nyumba monga likulu la likulu - waukulu kulamulira thupi ochokera ku malemba chachikulu, etc ...
• Poganizira boma la Russia mu Moscow monga mmodzi wa zinthu amakezana, n'koyenera kutchula malo pamalo abwino zolondola. linga la unali ndi ili awiriwa polumikiza mitsinje, kusiya angathe Aisiraeli pomwe kuukira ku mbali imodzi yokha, amene ali ndi zotsatira zabwino chitetezo mkulu yoyang'anira chinthu boma.

Boma la Russia mu Moscow ili pa phiri Borovitsky - kumanzere mtsinje wa Moscow Mtsinje. Mapulani ake mapulani kapangidwe ndi makona osasamba (kukhala enieni kwambiri, ndi quadrilateral ndi kona notched).

Nthawi ya Soviet Union

Mwapadera boma la Russia anasintha, pamene boma la Soviet zopangira mu dziko. Popeza 1918, Moscow anakhalanso ndi pakati ndale za boma lonse. Mu March chaka chomwecho boma Soviet anasamukira ku boma la Russia. Kulowa "malangizo" mu nyumba zakale achifumu wachititsa funde la mkwiyo wa nzika wamba, koma mwamsanga kuletsedwa. nyumbayi anakhala zone choletsedwacho, nzika wamba ataya kuthekera ufulu kulowa mu madera ake. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale anakhazikitsa kuti mu zaka zonse Soviet kulamulira boma la Russia mu Moscow ngati gulu loyimba mapulani anali kwambiri kuonongeka - oposa theka la analipo nyumba ndi zipilala zimene anagwetsa.

Mmodzi wa masinthidwe odziwika bwino kwambiri mu nyengo ya Soviet anali m'malo a mphungu awiri mutu, anaika pa nsanja chapakati kuyenda, nyenyezi miyala Ural semiprecious, amene Kenako anasiya rube.

Kremlin nsanja

Moscow Kremlin nsanja kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama makumi awiri, omwe inamangidwa zaka osiyana ndipo ali ndi yaitali ndi wapadera dzina. Izi zinayi zofunika nsanja ankaona: Beklemishevskaya, Vodovzvodnaya, Pakona nkhokwe (ili pa mphambano za makona Zinthu yekha wa gawo zozungulira mtanda, otsala seventini ndi lalikulu) ndi Spassky - wotchuka chifukwa cha yaitali anakhazikitsa. nsanja asanu kukometsera kwachinsinsi rube nyenyezi za Spassky (Frolovskaya), St. Nicholas, Utatu, Borovitskaya (Baptist) ndi Vodovzvodnaya.

Wotsikitsitsa ndi Imperial Tower, anamanga mu 1680, ndi apamwamba - Utatu (mamita 79.3), Nicholas (mamita 70.4) ndi Mpulumutsi (71 m.) Nsanja onse, makamaka chifukwa yomanga mu nthawi yomweyo (theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVII), anamanga mofanana kalembedwe mapulani. Bright banga ndi Nikolskaya Tower, wolingalira kalembedwe zoyerekeza-Gothic.

Ntchito ambuye kunja

makoma Kremlin zinamangidwa mu nthawi ya zaka 1485-1516 ya mapulani Italy. Iwo kuimira scalene makona okwana kutalika mamita 2235, kutalika ndi m'lifupi mamita 5-19 ndi mamita 3.5-6.5 motero. Pamwamba pa mpanda chokongoletsedwa ndi mano, pali okwana 1045 (malinga ndi Lombard mwambo, mu mawonekedwe a namzeze mchira). Ambiri munakhazikitsa mu mawonekedwe a mipata. Nyumbazi zimamangidwa embrasures, yotakata ndipo overlapped. Makoma kunja ndi mawonekedwe yosalala, koma m'kati muli okongoletsedwa ndi niches mu mawonekedwe a arches. Izi njira mapulani lakonzedwa osati kuti magawowa, komanso kulimbikitsa kukonza. Ngati nyumba ambiri a nthawi imeneyo, khoma Kremlin anali kwambiri malo ndi mavesi chinsinsi kubisala, limakupatsani kusiya mtima ngati zofunika. Komabe, kagawo ka khoma pa kumpoto kum'mawa kubwera kwa Red Square, panopa columbarium a. Iwo ankasunga urn otchuka nyengo Soviet. Tsopano aukitsa funso la Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa malo ena onse columbarium lapansi.

Boma la Russia ndi zigawo zake

Ziribe kanthu momwe wolemera mu mawu a malo osangalatsa kapena mumzinda wa Moscow, boma la Russia ndi kukopa waukulu likulu. Iye anatchuka chifukwa zolengedwa zosiyanasiyana mapulani. Fufuzani pa m'gawo lake, ndithudi, analipira, komanso maulendo, koma zimene ndalama poyerekeza zaka zambiri mbiri, apulumuke ndi anaika mu zovuta chomwecho?

Makamaka chidwi ndi mipingo Orthodox:

• Cathedral wa Akukwera.
• Cathedral wa Annunciation lapansi.
• Khololo Palace ndi Cathedral wa khumi ndi awiriwo Atumwi.
• Upper Mpulumutsi Cathedral.
• Angelo Cathedral, ndi zina zotero. D.

Paulendo, ndithudi, pali chikhumbo choti boma la Russia mu Moscow chithunzi. Iwo ayenera kutchula onse pamwamba pa mpanda ndi nsanja, komanso nyumba skilful yachifumu - ichi Grand Kremlin Palace ndi Palace ya Mbali, ndi Kokasangalala Palace.

chidwi kwambiri malo kuyambitsa zomangamanga wotero ungayambe, monga State Kremlin Palace, kale linkatchedwa Palace ya Congresses, amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida Komiti, Senate Palace ndi ena.

Mmodzi wa zowoneka kwambiri kuzindikira za boma la Russia anayamba, ndithudi, Tsar Cannon ndi Tsar Bell, kuponyedwa mu zaka 1586 ndipo 1733-1735. ankalemekeza.

Kukawona Moscow - boma la Russia ndi m'mamyuziyamu ake

Ponena za nyumbayi, yomwe ili m'malire a boma la Russia, sikutheka kuti ndisamangonena za Daimondi Fund - mmodzi wa zopereka dziko lonse zodzikongoletsera. A chizindikiro chapadera cha mphamvu kale ufumu ndi mfumu regalia - orb, ndodo ndi korona. Pofuna photo- ndi chitetezo kanema mkati ndikoletsedwa. Palinso ili asanu miyala mbiri otchuka amene ali zotsatirazi: diamondi, "Eagles" ndi "Shah". Otsiriza, monga ife tikudziwira, inali kuperekedwa kwa Russian Mfumu Nicholas Ine, ndi Shah ya Perisiya nyaze popeza nkhondo kukula mogwirizana ndi imfa ya munthu wotchuka Russian wolemba ndakatulo Wolemba wina AS Griboyedov mu nkhondo pa Russian ofesi ya kazembe ku Tehran kumayambiriro 1829.

Mbiri yonse ya boma Chirasha kuunikiridwa pa zankhondo. Izi nyumba yosanjikizana anamangidwa ndi wamanga K. tani. Lili yachifumu onse amene anali pansi pa zaka zosiyanasiyana Russian autocrat. Komanso pamalowa mungathe umboni wotchuka kusonkhanitsa mazira Faberge, ndi saber wa Minin ndi Pozharsky, ndi chalice siliva Yuriya Dolgorukogo, ndi zina zotero D..

Momwe zinthu zikusinthira wa Moscow Kremlin

Mbiri ya boma la Russia mu Moscow sanataye ulusi wake ndipo m'masiku athu. Pa nthawi ino, kukhala enieni - kuyambira 1991, boma la Russia ndi kukakhala nduna ya Pulezidenti Russian. Mogwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi nineties ndi Sindingachite kubwezeretsa ntchito anawatengera pa madera ake. zokopa kubwezeretsa timakalandira monga Palace ya Mbali, Alexander ndi Nyumba Andrew la Grand Kremlin Palace, Senate ndi nyumba etc.

Pafupifupi chaka kujambula makoma a boma la Russia, kotero iwo Musataye awo zooneka ndi zochititsa chidwi view.

mabungwe alipo

Zomwe mabungwe zili adiresi wotchuka "Russia, Moscow, boma la Russia?" Choyamba, ndi udindo wa mtsogoleli wadziko la Russia, yomwe ili mu Senate Palace. Pa wachiwiri malo ofunika kwambiri kudzakhala Russian Orthodox, likulu limene lili Annunciation, Mkulu wa Angelo ndi Uspenski Cathedral. gulu zofunika zochepa ili boma la Russia, ndi FSO - Federal Security Service - utumiki womwewo, amene apatsidwa ntchito yofunika - chitetezo cha wogwila mkulu Russian.

Mmodzi chidwi kwambiri alendo ndi m'nyumbayi-malo pansi pa dzina "Moscow Kremlin", magawo angapo chigawo omwe tafotokozazi. Idamangidwa kumbuyo mu 1806 ndipo adakali ndi imodzi mwa malo kumanga kufufuza mu Moscow.