Kufotokozera, mbiri ndi Ireland Square

Emerald Ireland, wodzazidwa ndi nthano za leprechauns ndi elves, wakhala chidwi asayansi ndi ofukula. Ndipotu chilumba ndi imodzi mwa malo amenewo kumene anthu ndaikhazika kalekale - zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu zaka BC. A chilumba m'dera Ireland 84 sq. M. Km, amene amalola iye kutenga Mzere wachitatu mu mndandanda wa zilumba waukulu mu Europe. Komanso, mpaka tsopano akatswiriwa sanathe kuwulula cholinga dolmens megalithic ndi amene ambiri akupezeka dziko. Osaneneka, koma mpaka pano m'dera la Ireland anali akadali kwathunthu ankafufuza, ndipo izo zikutanthauza kuti mbiri ya mayiko amenewa zodabwitsa angathe zimagwirizana ndi chidwi.

Anthu woyamba wa Ireland

Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti poyamba anthu Ireland kuno ukangotha mapeto a Ice Age pamene nyengo amaloledwa womasuka m'mayiko amenewa. Mwachilungamo msanga lonse la Ireland kunkakhala anthu m'dera ndi anthu am'deralo amati anayamba kumanga osiyanasiyana nyumba megalithic. Iwo akadali osadziwika chifukwa Irish wakale anali kumanga nyumba izi zachilendo. Koma, mwachitsanzo, dolmens amaonedwa zipilala maliro. Ngakhale asayansi ena amanena kuti ali ndi tanthauzo lapadera, ndipo ndi thandizo la anthu chilumbacho chokhudzana ndi mizimu. Mwa njira, mu umodzi wa nyumba ya megalithic, akatswiri anapeza wamkulu mwala mapu a thambo limene mwezi unali mwatsatanetsatane ndipo ikusonyeza mpumulo wake.

Ireland mu Chikristu chisanayambe

Mozungulira m'zaka za zana loyamba BC pa chisumbu tidakocheza mafuko Aselote. Iwo anayamba kusamuka ku Eastern Europe ndi M'kupita kwa nthawi anakakhala osati kumtunda, komanso pa zilumba yapafupi. Dera lonse wakhala katswiri ndi Aselote la Ireland mofulumira kwambiri, iwo ntchito zida zachitsulo, militancy osiyana ndi chilakolako cha nkhondo. Gawo la anthu m'dera adaonongedwa, ndi onse a pachilumbachi pang'onopang'ono anaphatikizidwa Aselote mu mtundu umodzi. Dziwani kuti anagonjetsa chilumba ndi amadza zabwino kwambiri pa chikhalidwe chake ndi chitukuko. Aselote anabwera ndi umisiri watsopano, chinenero, ndiponso kulemba chipembedzo. Pafupifupi zimakamba Irish ena kutanthauzira kwa Acelt mbiri ndi zikhulupiriro.

Iwo zogwirizana ndi mafuko Acelt wa Druids, amene anasiya chizindikiro kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha mitundu yambiri European. Olemba mbiri ena amanena kuti Druids anabweretsa Ireland nzeru zawo zambiri komanso kuphunzitsa ana a anthu a m'deralo chikhalidwe chawo ndi chipembedzo. Kufikira tsopano, ambiri a nthano limatiuza za afiti anzeru ndi chilungamo amene anathandiza kukhala ulimi Irish manja auzanso kwambiri kwa akatswiri, ulimi ndi machiritso.

Zachikunja za Ireland

Padziko kumayambiriro kwa zaka za chachisanu Ireland inagwa amishonale oyambirira ankayesetsa kutembenuza anthu wamba kwa Chikhristu. Dziwani kuti kuwonjezera pa Tsiku St. Patrick, amene amaona oyera zofunika kwambiri Irish chinathandiza zachikunja wa chisumbucho, ndiponso atumiki ena a Mpingo - St. Kolamba Mwachitsanzo, kapena Kevin woyera. Koma nduna Baptist Ireland komabe anazindikira monga St. Patrick anabadwira ku Britain ndi zaka zoposa zisanu anakhala akapolo a Irish.

Popeza Ireland m'dera ndi opondapo, ndi anthu ndi ambiri, zachikunja zinachitika mu magawo angapo zaka mazana angapo, kukhala ndi makhalidwe chake pa ndondomekoyi. Pakuti Ireland, izo sizinali khalidwe chiwonongeko cha Amitundu, ndi imposition wa chikhulupiriro chatsopano. Amishonale pang'onopang'ono kutsimikizira anthu wamba, anamanga mchitidwe umenewu ndi mwachangu kuphunzitsa Irish. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti m'nyengo ya chikhalidwe sakuyendetsa Europe, Ireland linasanduka dziko wolemera, pamene Chikhristu si anthu, ndi mosemphanitsa - kuulimbitsa. Amonke achititsa kuti chitukuko cha chinenero, analenga mafanizo wapadera kwa anthu achipembedzo ndiponso ziboliboli zidzasintha. ofukula ambiri olemba mbiri yakale komanso kuyitana m'ma 5-6th "golide zaka" wa Ireland.

anawazunza Viking

Ireland (dera, dera ndi nyengo yabwino anapanga) wakhala chidwi mwa anansi. Patapita zaka 8-9 Irish zoononga anali pansi ndi Viking zonse.

Iwo anawononga mizinda yoyandikira ndi mchitidwe umenewu, ambiri amene anawononga mzinda pansi. Pofuna kuonjezera kukopa kwake, ndi Scandinavia linayamba kukhazikitsa mzinda kwawo, ndipo pang'onopang'ono anaphatikizana anthu zakwawoko pachilumbachi. Mozungulira Dublin idamangidwa pa 988, imene inali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chilumba. Scandinavia anaika mizinda doko yomweyi, amene anali chifukwa cha khalidwe lawo n'lofunika. Pang'onopang'ono anayamba patangotha amonke chilumba, ndipo anagonjetsa salinso kuchitira Chimonko ndi njere ya mchere. Anaphunzira Co-kulibe mwamtendere.

The Irish sikuti akuyesetsa kuletsa nkhondo ya Scandinavia, koma mu zaka za m'ma 11 Brian Boru (wapamwamba mfumu) adzawina asilikali ankhondowo.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma la Britain

Ireland m'madera ambiri (mu makilomita lalikulu - .. 84 zikwi) sanathe posapita nthawi tcheru anthu a British. Kuyambira m'zaka 11 anayamba kuba kwa m'mizinda ikuluikulu Irish, pang'onopang'ono kugonjetsa iwo. Chiyambireni cha m'ma 12, Korol Genrih II ananena kuti Ambuye wa Ireland ndipo anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wake mbali ina ya chilumbachi. Anglo-Norman ambuye komanso sanalephere kutenga gawo lalikulu la dziko Irish ndipo anayamba kusonkhanitsa izo mu ulamuliro wake.

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 17 British anakhazikika pansi pa chilumbachi ndithu malamulo awo. Pang'onopang'ono m'malo chinenero Irish, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo. Koma mu nthawi ino, azimuth uyu sichipezeka khalidwe misa, kotero Irish chifatso kupirira madongosolo a boma latsopanolo.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti gulu la anthu mu akale ndi atsopano ndi bwino kwambiri chimaonetsa m'ma 17. Makolo Irish ndi English Katolika maziko oyamba a m'dziko, koma kuti akhale opanda anzawo. British atsamunda akutanthauza okha ku boma latsopano, anthu wamba, choyenera osauka chaka chilichonse.

Kupondereza Irish: chitukuko cha dziko pansi pa utsogoleri wa British

The British amene ali ambiri Achiprotestanti mwachangu oponderezedwa Akatolika, amene anali pafupifupi onse Irish. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 17 zinamutengera mitundu moona lamkunkhuniza. Akatolika ankaletsedwanso kugula dziko, ndi mipingo yawo, maphunziro apamwamba ndi kulankhula chinenero chawo. Dziko anayamba kugalukira kuti zinachititsa yaitali mpatuko nkhondo imene inachititsa kuti gulu la dziko.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18, Akatolika ndi osapitirira asanu pa zana a dziko ndi chikhalidwe anapulumuka yekha chifukwa cha khama la magulu mobisa, amene anasonkhana pa azisangalalo ndipo akuchititsa makalasi maphunziro kwa achinyamata.

Kotala zoyambirira za m'ma 19 pakhala m'firiji pamtunda mu mgwirizano pakati pa Ireland ndi Britain. Inasanduka zikomo zotheka kuti ntchito ya Daniel O'Connell, amene nakopa English yamalamulo zapita malamulo angapo kuti atsogolere moyo wa Irish Akatolika. patriot Izi nsangala kumbuyo ufulu wa nzika anzawo ndipo anayesa recreate yamalamulo Irish kuti analola kuti anthu a pachilumbachi yokha ndale kapena kuletsa la dzikolo.

Prerequisites Nkhondo ya wodzilamulira

Mwina nkhani ya Ireland kuti apita njira ina, koma pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19 mu dziko kwa zaka zitatu zotsatizana anali kukolola osauka a mbatata, umene unali gwero lalikulu la chakudya Irish. Anthu anayamba njala, koma molingana ndi malamulo wokhazikitsidwa la Britain, iwo zimagulitsidwa ku mayiko ena tirigu. Chaka chilichonse anthu Ireland anachepetsedwa, ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo wabwino m'zilumba anayamba amasamuka dziko. Ambiri a iwo anakakhala ku US, ena kuyesa mwayi wake ku England. Mu nthawi yochepa Ireland wasiya miliyoni mabanja.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 Irish motsimikiza anayamba kufunafuna wodzilamulira. Koma zinali ndiye kuti kuonekera kusiyana achipembedzo pakati pa anthu a dziko - gawo kumpoto kwa Ireland anayimiridwa mwa Aprotestanti, pamene anthu ambiri anakhalabe Katolika. Aprotestanti anatsutsa boma, zimene zinachititsa kuti kuchuluka mavuto dziko.

Ngakhale kuti British adapangana kuti ena angayambe kukukhulupirirani ku Irish ndi anasaina chikalata pa wodzilamulira Ireland nakhala pansi pa ulamuliro okwana Britain. Ichi ndi nkhawa kwambiri kumbali ya kulekana korona, ndi April 24, 1916 kugalukira analeredwa Dublin, womwe unatenga masiku asanu ndi limodzi. Ndi kutha pafupifupi onse atsogoleri a gululi anaphedwa, chimene chinapangitsa kuti kuwuka kwa kayendedwe chosintha ku Ireland. Mu 1919, analengeza kulengedwa kwa Irish yamalamulo, ndi mabwalo a palokha.

Chilumba cha Ireland: dera, dera lero

Irish chikhumbo cha ufulu zachititsa kuti nkhondo ndi England, umene unatha kuyambira mu 1919 mpaka 1921. Chifukwa, ndi zigawenga akwaniritsa kufunika ndi adziimire paokha kwathunthu ku Britain, koma pa mtengo wa ufulu anali kugawanika kwa dziko ndi dziko.

Chifukwa, mapu unakhazikitsidwa limati awiri - Irish Free State ndi Northern Ireland. Ndipo gawo lalikulu la chilumbachi wa Irish Free State, northerners zatenga yokha chimodzi pachilumbachi.

ndi m'dera la Ireland (Republic) Kodi: kufotokoza mwachidule

Popeza chilengezo cha ufulu wa Republic of Ireland anatilandira mu umembala 26 zigawo zake, ndi m'dera dziko ndi 70 sq. M. Km. Ndi boma yaikulu pachilumbachi.

80-ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, dziko anali m'mavuto aakulu a zachuma, anthu anapitiriza kuchoka m'dzikolo, koma kupeza ntchito mu Ireland kunali kovuta. Koma kwa zaka zoposa 20, vuto ali okhazikika. Economy akukumana kukula khola, ndi amene kumanzereku kamodzinso anafika achinyamata kunyumba. Malinga ndi malipoti a posachedwapa, anabwerera ku Ireland peresenti oposa 50 osamukawo. Ndipo izi zikusonyeza kuti kutsogolo kwa dzikoli, tikungoyembekezera kusintha positive.

Northern Ireland: ofotokoza ndi makhalidwe

Ngati tikambirana wonse m'dera la United Kingdom, Ireland allocated pali osati malo ofunika (240.5 sq. M. Ndipo 84 zikwi makilomita. Sq. Km motero). Koma anthu a kumpoto kwa chilumba nakhuta kwambiri ndi zokhazikika mu 1920.

M'dera la Northern Ireland mamita lalikulu zoposa 14. Km, mu dziko walowa zigawo 6 okha. Dziwani kuti, mpaka 1998, ku Northern Ireland, nkhondo kupitirirabe pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti. Nthawi zambiri, iwo anali limodzi ndi kumenyana nkhondo, ndi United Kingdom kangapo anayambitsa asilikali awo mu dziko kuthetsa kusamvana.

Pafupifupi zaka 30 mpatuko akupha anthu oposa zikwi zitatu. Only mu oyambirira 21 atumwi TH, dziko lafika yamtendere magulu omenyanawa tinayanjanitsidwa ndi anatha kugwirizana pa mgwirizano. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mbali ya anthu Northern Ireland mokomera reunification ndi Republic ndi kubwerera ku boma limodzi pa chilumba. Koma pempholo sagwirizana ndi aliyense mu yamalamulo m'dzikoli, zomwe zingakhale ngati amapereka kwa mikangano wina yaitali motero m'tsogolo.

Pomaliza

Ireland mu mbiri yake anakumana mphindi zambiri zovuta ndi wamagazi nkhondo Komabe, anakhalabe mzimu wosagonjetsedwa wa anthu kapena pakati wolakika. Ndipotu aliyense Irishman umawawukhira ankhondo Acelt amene amadziwa kuteteza awo ndi mwambo.