Kulankhula limaonetseratu ndi mitundu yake

Munthu aliyense ndi njira yofunika kulankhulana. Mapangidwe kulankhula akuyamba ndi nthawi oyambirira kuti akule ndi zikuphatikizapo magawo angapo: kuchokera kukuwa ndi babble a sadziwa kudziletsa akuti kudzera zosiyanasiyana njira chinenero.

Pali zinthu monga mawu m'kamwa, olembedwa, chidwi ndi limaonetseratu. Amafotokoza ndondomeko ozama, maganizo ndi kubalana mawu kulankhula, mapangidwe mawu kuti anafuulira kapena olembedwa m'tsogolo, komanso makonzedwe moyenera mawu m'ziganizo.

Oral ndi zolembedwa mitundu ya kulankhula: lingaliro ndi kufunika

Oral limaonetseratu izo mwachangu ikukhudza articulation ziwalo (lilime, m'kamwa, mano, milomo). Koma mokulira, zachilengedwe kubalana mawu chabe chifukwa cha ntchito ubongo. mawu alionse, chilango kapena akuti poyamba akuimira maganizo kapena fano. Pambuyo wathunthu mapangidwe awo zikachitika, ubongo akutumiza mbendera (dongosolo) cha zida mawu.

Kulemba mitundu yake zimadalira mmene otukuka mawonekedwe m'kamwa wa kulankhula, monga Ndipotu, ndi zowonera wa chizindikiro chomwecho kuti ubongo kuzichita. Komabe, maonekedwe a chinenero zimathandiza munthu womvera kwambiri ndipo molondola kupeza mawu abwino, kusintha kutsatsa ndiponso kukonza zimene zinalembedwa kale.

Chifukwa cha zolembedwazi ndi zambiri woyenera ndi zolondola poyerekeza ndi m'kamwa. Popeza kuti kulankhula zizindikiro zofunika za khalidwe la mawu, kulankhula liwiro, momveka za phokoso, audibility, chinenero amakhala ndi momveka kulemba, intelligibility ake ndi makonzedwe a makalata ndi mawu poyerekezera ndi mzake.

Kuphunzira njira ya kulemba ndi kulankhula, akatswiri kupanga kumvetsa onse a moyo wa munthu, nkotheka kuyan'anila za thanzi lake, komanso zimayambitsa awo. Kuyan'anila za ntchito mawu angathe kuonedwa ana sichinayambe anapanga ndi zonse zida kulankhula, ndipo akuluakulu amene sitiroko kapena akudwala matenda ena. Zikatero kungakhale kwathunthu kapena pang'ono kuchira.

Chidwi ndi limaonetseratu kulankhula: icho chiri

Chidwi kulankhula anatchula njira m'maganizo silipita kumvetsa osiyana mitundu ya kulankhula (olembedwa ndi m'kamwa). Kuzindikira kulankhula zikumveka ndi maganizo awo - osati limagwirira mosavuta. The nawo kwambiri mwachangu kuti:

• imalandira kulankhula m'dera mu kotekisi oziziritsa, amatchedwanso m'dera Wernicke ndi;
• chowunikira lamayimbidwe.

Malfunctions wa iwowa amakwiya kusintha mu kulankhula chidwi. Mwachitsanzo, ndi mawu ochititsa chidwi a anthu ogontha, ozikidwa pa kuzindikira mawu olankhulidwa ndi kayendedwe ka milomo. Komabe, maganizo chogwirika zizindikiro buku (mfundo) ndi maziko mawu awo ochititsa kaso olembedwa.

Schematically, m'dera Wernicke angathe monga mtundu wa khadi index munali zifaniziro kulira kwa onse mwamuna atamva mawu ake anafotokoza. Pa moyo wake, munthu kuyandikira kwa deta izi limanenanso ndipo amatilangiza iwo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, zinkakhala m'dera, ndi kuwononga mafano mawu amene kusungidwa kumeneko. The chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi ndi kulephera kuzindikira mfundo za mawu kapena mawu olembedwa. Ngakhale ndi kumva kwambiri, munthu tanthauzo kunena (kapena kulemba).

kulankhula limaonetseratu ndi mitundu yake - ndiyo njira kutchula phokoso, sipangakhalenso kusiyana ndi kulankhula chidwi (maganizo awo).

The ndondomeko ya kupanga kulankhula limaonetseratu

Kuyambira miyezi ya moyo, mwanayo amaphunzira kuzindikira mawu ananena kwa iye. Mwachindunji limaonetseratu kulankhula, ndiyo mapangidwe cholinga, kulankhula ndi katchulidwe mawu anayamba motere mkati:

1. Kukuwa.
2. Gulen.
3. The syllable choyamba, monga ngati Gulen.
4. Babble.
5. Zambiri mawu.
6. Mawu zokhudzana ndi lotanthauzira wamkulu.

Monga ulamuliro, kukula kwa mawu limaonetseratu ndi umafananirako kuti njira yomwe ndi mmene makolo nthawi kuthera kulankhulana ndi mwana.

Pa buku la mawu olondola chiphunzitso cha maganizo ndi chiphunzitso cha malingaliro ana omwe kusonkhezera zonse amamva ndi kuona owazungulira. Mapangidwe kulankhula limaonetseratu chifukwa cha onyenga a zochita za anthu ena ndi wofuna kulankhula mwachangu ndi iwo. Ubwenzi makolo ndi achibale kukhala chimalimbikitsa kwambiri mwana, kuwapangitsa kuti mukulitse mawu ndi kukwiya kulankhulana mawu.

Kulakwila kulankhula limaonetseratu ndi zotsatira mwachindunji zolakwika kutukuka chifukwa cha kuvulala kapena matenda. Koma ambiri zolakwika kuchokera chitukuko chinenero yachibadwa amenable kuti kusintha ndi lamulo.

Kodi kudziwa kuyan'anila mu chitukuko kulankhula

The kafukufuku wa kulankhula ana ntchito, kuyezetsa ndi kusanthula mfundo analandira mawu madokotala, madokotala nawo. Kuphunzira mawu limaonetseratu ikuchitika kuti tidziwe mwana anapanga dongosolo kalembedwe ka chinenero, kuphunzira mawu ndi katchulidwe phokoso. Ndi chifukwa zvukoproiznosheniya kafukufuku, pathologies ake ndi zimene, komanso kakulidwe ka ndondomeko matenda kudzudzulidwa, kuphunzira kanjedza zotsatirazi:

• Katchulidwe mawu.
• Syllable kapangidwe ka mawu.
• Mlingo wa maganizo phonetic.

Atilandire kufufuza, oyenerera dokotala n'zoonekeratu kuti cholinga ndi matenda kulankhula limaonetseratu anali kuwulula. ntchito akatswiri kumaphatikizapo kudziwa zenizeni za mmene kafukufukuyu wochititsidwa chotani zipangizo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mwanjira yotani zotsatira, kuzindikira kupanga.

Popeza makhalidwe maganizo a ana, m'badwo wa kutanthauza Pre-sukulu (zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri), ndondomeko ya kafukufukuyu zimafuna zinthu zingapo. Aliyense wa iwo ntchito yowala wapadera ndi wokongola kwa anati zithunzi zaka.

Zinayendera ndondomeko Kupenda

Chifukwa cha chiphunzitso cholondola cha ndondomeko kafukufuku, n'zotheka kudziwa maluso osiyanasiyana ndi kuphunzira ntchito limodzi. Bungweli limalola nthawi ina kwa nthawi yochepa kudzaza katunduyo kuposa munthu makadi mawu. Mwachitsanzo, pempho kulankhula ndikuphunzitsidwa kuti amuuze nthano. Chinthu chidwi ndi:

• katchulidwe mawu;
• mawu;
• luso ntchito zida ntchito mawu;
• mtundu ndi kuvuta bwana ntchito mwana.

The zambiri chifukwa ali bwinobwino ndi ntchito kwa zambiri zina makadi chintchito kulankhula. Kafukufuku amenewa kungakhale payekha kapena ikuchitika ana angapo nthawi yomweyo (awiri kapena atatu).

kulankhula limaonetseratu amaphunzira ndi ana motere:

1. Kuphunzira buku la mawu.
2. Kuyangana mawu mapangidwe.
3. Phunziro katchulidwe mawu.

Komanso chofunika kwambiri ndi kusanthula ndi mawu chidwi, zomwe zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira kumva phonemic, komanso kuwunika kumvetsa mawu komanso ziganizo ndi malemba.

Zimayambitsa kulankhula limaonetseratu

Tikumbukenso kuti mgwirizano pakati pa makolo ndi ana, amene ali ndi matenda a mawu limaonetseratu, sangakhale chifukwa cha kuphwanya lapansi. Iwo okha anakopa mayendedwe ndi makhalidwe yaikulu ya chitukuko cha luso chinenero.

Ndithudi pa matenda chimayambitsa matenda a mawu ana sadzatha kunena palibe katswiri. Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azidwala kudziwika zolakwika ngati:

1. Majini chingawapangitse kukhala zidakwa. Pamaso pa kuyan'anila za mawu limaonetseratu kwa wina wotsatira wa abale.
2. Mbali kayendedwe ndi yogwirizana neuropsychological matenda limagwirira.
3. Mu ambiri milandu, mkhutu kulankhula limaonetseratu chikugwirizana ndi osakwanira mapangidwe mawu okhudza malo (ie, akuluakulu a parietal zosatha-occipital ziwirizi). Izi ndi zotheka ndi lamanzere hemispheric kutanthauzira malo kulankhula, komanso kuyan'anila za ukugwirira ntchito yeniyeni mu Chigawo cha kumanzere.
4. Osakwanira chitukuko cha kugwirizana ubongo, concomitant organic chotupa mbali yokhudza kotekisi udindo mawu (kawirikawiri kudzanja handers).
5. Kulanga malo ochezera, anthu amene ali ndi mlingo wa chitukuko kulankhula ndi otsika. kulankhula limaonetseratu ana omwe anakumana zonse ndi anthu akhale ndi kupatuka.

Pokhazikitsa zimayambitsa N'kuthekanso lokhudza kulankhula, sayenera kukusalani kuthekera zolakwika mu thandizo kumva, matenda osiyanasiyana a m'maganizo, kobadwa nako malformations ziwalo articulation ndi matenda ena. Monga kale, utumiki limaonetseratu tingathe kukulitsa okha ana omwe amatha kukhala molondola yesezera phokoso wamva. Choncho, n'kofunika kuona yake ya kumva ndi kulankhula.

Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, zimayambitsa akhoza kukhala matenda opatsirana, underdevelopment ubongo, zoopsa zake, njira chotupa (kuthamanga pa dongosolo ubongo), akutuluka magazi minofu mutu.

Zomwe anapeza kuyan'anila za mawu limaonetseratu

Pakati pa kuyan'anila za mawu limaonetseratu ndi ambiri dysarthria - kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito ziwalo mawu (lilime ziwalo). mawonetseredwe ake pafupipafupi - kupanga sikani kulankhula. Si kawirikawiri, ndi zizindikiro za aphasia - matenda a kulankhula ntchito, lomwe kale anapanga. Mbali yapadera ndi kuteteza articulation zida zake ndi kumva zonse, koma luso logwiritsa ntchito mawu yogwira atayika.

Pali njira zitatu zotheka matenda limaonetseratu mawu (galimoto aphasia) :

• Afferent. Kumachitika ngati kuwonongeka amakhala m'madipatimenti postcentral wa Chigawo lalikulu la ubongo. Iwo maziko kinesthetic, muyenera kumaliza kayendedwe ka zida articulation. Choncho, kumakhala kovuta kuti kugoletsa phokoso ena. munthu kungatenge kulankhula makalata, mwa njira mapangidwe ofanana: mwachitsanzo, waukulu kapena apicals. Chotsatira ndi kuphwanya mitundu yonse ya kulankhula: zodziwikiratu, mowiriza mobwerezabwereza, anangotchula. Komanso pali mavuto kuwerenga ndi kulemba.
• Efferent. Kumachitika pamene zowonongeka mbali m'munsi m'dera premotor. Limatchedwanso m'dera Broca a. Ngati wakuswa articulation konkire phokoso si bwanji (monga afferent aphasia). Anthu oterewa, amavutika ndi kusinthana pakati mayunitsi osiyana wa kulankhula (phokoso ndi mawu). Pamene katchulidwe osiyana wa kulankhula munthu zikumveka, sangathe kunena nkhani ya phokoso kapena mawu. M'malo mwake, pali zipatso kulankhula perseveration, kapena (zina) mawu embolus.

Tiyenera kutchura inayake efferent aphasia monga kalembedwe telegraphic wa kulankhula. mawonetseredwe ake kukhala zosiyana kwa dikishonale ya kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi maina wagwiritsiridwa predominance. Mungaupulumutse musanaganizire, kulankhula yodzichitira, kuimba. Akusokoneza ntchito ya kuwerenga, kulemba ndi anangotchula kasewenzetsedwe ka mau.

• Mphamvu. Ananena pamene anapha prefrontal, kutsogolo kwa malo Broca a. Chiwonetsero chachikulu cha kuphwanya amenewa amakhala matenda amakhudza yogwira umasinthasintha kulankhula zipatso. Komabe, pali kusamala kalankhulidwe kubalana (kukonzanso, yodzichitira). Pakuti munthu wotero kuti zovuta ndi maganizo ndi funso, koma articulation mawu, kubwereza kwa mawu ena ndi ziganizo, komanso mayankho olondola n'kosavuta.

A chizindikiro cha mitundu yonse ya galimoto aphasia amakhala kuzindikira kulankhula kwa anthu analankhula kwa iye, kukhazikitsa ntchito zonse, koma ndikosatheka kubwereza ndi kudzinenera zakukhosi. Ndi wamba ndi zilema zoonekeratu.

Agraphia ngati kusonyezedwa osiyana matenda limaonetseratu kulankhula

Agraphia wotchedwa Amalephera kukonza kulemba pamodzi ndi kuteteza galimoto ntchito ya manja. Vutolo limachitika monga chotsatira cha kugonjetsedwa kwa yachiwiri minda associative a Chigawo cha kumanzere kwa ubongo kotekisi.

matendawa amakhala bwenzi matenda a mawu ndi matenda osiyana ndi osowa kwambiri. Agraphia ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu wina wa aphasia. Monga chitsanzo, kulankhulana premotor chotupa dera yunifolomu kayendedwe matenda makalata dongosolo.

Pankhani ya kuwonongeka zazing'ono, akudwala munthu agraphia umatha kulemba makalata zenizeni, koma kupewa kalembedwe ka olakwika syllables ndi mawu. Mwina pamaso pa olakwika inert ndi chisokonezo phokoso-kalata zikuchokera kusanthula mawu. Choncho, anthu n'zovuta anapatsidwa anakhumba kubwezeretsa dongosolo la makalata mawu. Iwo akhoza kukhala kangapo kubwereza zinthu zina zimene zimaipitsa ndondomeko ambiri kulemba.

Kutanthauzira zina akuti

Mawu akuti "mawu limaonetseratu" amatanthauza osati mtundu wa kulankhula ndi mbali ya mapangidwe ake pa kaonedwe ka neurolinguistics. Iye yavlyatesya tanthauzo la magawo a masitaelo chinenero cha Chirasha.

Limaonetseratu masitaelo kulankhula kulibe limodzi ndi zinchito. Dama buku ndi kukambirana. Written mitundu ya kulankhula - ndi journalistic kalembedwe, boma malonda ndi sayansi. Iwo ali m'buku zinchito kalembedwe. Olankhulidwa monga maonekedwe ndi m'kamwa wa kulankhula.

Njira kulankhula zimasonyeza kusintha expressiveness ake ndi yadaikidwa kuti kumapangitsanso amadza anagwira pa kumvetsera kapena owerenga.

Mawu akuti "Mawu akuti" amatanthauza "limaonetseratu". Zochitika za chotero mawu ndi mawu lakonzedwa kuti tizikonda mphamvu limaonetseratu za chinenero m'kamwa kapena olembedwa. Nthawi zambiri ndale mawu amodzi ikhoza kutola ofanana matanthauzo angapo kupenta limaonetseratu. Iwo zingasiyane malingana mmene amakhala ndi maganizo. Komanso, nthawi zambiri pali milandu pamene ndale mawu amodzi, pali ya ofanana, ndi mtundu zosiyana.

The limaonetseratu kulankhula coloration akhoza zosiyanasiyana wachuma wa mithunzi osiyana stylistic. Otanthauzira monga zizindikiro zapadera ndi zizindikiro kuzindikira Mau ofanana awa:

• zikondwerero, mkulu;
• losafuna;
• ndakatulo;
• zoseketsa;
• nditaona;
• ankadziwa;
• disapproving;
• zonyoza;
• ananyozedwa;
• achipongwe;
• sulgarnye;
• achipongwe.

Ntchito mawu limaonetseratu utoto ayenera kukhala zoyenera ndi woyenera. Apo ayi, tanthauzo la mawu akhoza molakwika kapena adzalandira kamvekedwe azithunzithunzi.

masitaelo limaonetseratu kulankhula

Oyimira a sayansi amakono a chinenero amatanthauza masitaelo a zotsatirazi:

1. Gala.
2. Ankadziwa.
3. Official.
4. Zoseketsa.
5. Nkhanza ndi wachikondi.
6. Chipongwe.

Kutchulira ya masitaelo onsewa anakhala ndale, umene uli wonse wopanda mawu alionse.

Maganizo kulankhula limaonetseratu mwachangu amagwiritsa mitundu itatu Akuti lotanthauzira monga njira wogwira mtima kuthandiza kukwaniritsa kufunika mtundu limaonetseratu:

1. Ntchito mawu kuti ndi yowala woikidwiratu. Izi pazikhalanso mawu ofotokoza za munthu. Komanso mu gulu ili ndi mawu a mumayesto zoona, zochitika, mbali ndi zochita.
2. Mawu ndi lingaliro waphindu. phindu lalikulu kawirikawiri ndale Komabe, kukhala pa ntchito m'njira zophiphiritsira chabe, iwo kupeza wokongola omveka maganizo ochekenera.
3. Suffixes, amene ntchito mawu ndale amalola kutumiza zosiyanasiyana mithunzi ya maganizo ndi malingaliro.

Komanso, ambiri amavomereza tanthauzo la mawu ndi mayanjano, kukonza iwo, ndi zimakhudza mwachindunji mtundu maganizo awo ndi limaonetseratu.