Kulondola kwa mawotchi opangidwa. Mmene mungasinthire molondola mawonedwe opangidwa ndi mawotchi?

Swiss kapena, mwina, Japanese, mechanical kapena quartz - ndi nthawi yanji yolondola kwambiri? Kodi ndi zoona kuti kulondola kwa wotchi ya Swiss mechanical ndilokutanthauzira? Ndani amene amafunikira koloko yolondola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi? Kodi mungasinthe bwanji kulondola kwa ola? M'nkhaniyi mupeza mayankho ku mafunso onsewa.

Nthawi yopanga mawonekedwe - molondola, nthawi yoyesedwa

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri anthu akhala akukonza njira zosiyanasiyana ndi kuyesa nthawi ndi njira. Mwachitsanzo, tsiku lowala ndi dzuwa, nthawi inaliyendetsedwa ndi kuyenda kwa mthunzi wa dzuwa, koma mvula yamtambo ndi usiku njira iyi inali yopanda phindu. Ndiponso, mawotchi a madzi ndi makandulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe nthawi.

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa koloko, yomwe inali ndi madzi, imayambira zaka za m'ma III BC. E. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi, mawotchi omwe anali ndi mercury anayamba kupanga China. Kotero, ulonda woyamba wa nangula unapangidwa ku China, mu chaka cha 725. Kenaka akatswiri a ku Arabia anasintha mawotchi a madzi ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito makina oyambirira kuti ayambe kusuntha. Khola lopangidwa ndi khoma lopangira pini linalengedwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1400. Ndipo kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1600, njira zatsopano zamakono zinakhazikitsidwa ndipo zitsanzo zoyambirira za mawotchi zinapangidwa . Kenaka koloko yolondola kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a pendulum anapangidwa.

Mawindo oyambirira opangidwa ndi mawotchi anali osasuntha, ofanana ndi belu mu mawonekedwe ndipo amamveka chizindikiro pa nthawi inayake. Maola oyambirira osasintha, omwe sanathenso kugwira ntchito, ndi maola a 1386 omwe anatulutsidwa ku nyumba ya amonke ku Britain ya Salisbury. Chabwino, wotchi yakale kwambiri ya phukusi ndi chithunzi chotchedwa chronometer cha Peter Henland mu 1504 ku Germany. Mu 1790 ku Switzerland kampaniyo "Jacquet Droz ndi Lasho" inapereka mawotchi oyambirira.

Kulondola - ulemu wa mafumu

Olo lolondola kwambiri ndi atomiki. Pali cesium, rubidium ndi ma clock atomiki, nthawi yomwe imakhala ndi ma atomu a cesium komanso malo osokoneza magetsi.

Zaka zingapo zapitazo, koloko yolondola kwambiri padziko lonse - Quantum Logic Clock - inapangidwa ku USA. Chokhachokhacho ndi mabokosi ovuta omwe mawonekedwe a chipangizocho alipo, choncho, ngakhale zovuta kwambiri, zoyenera, zolondola, kunyumba zowonongeka sizingatheke, komanso poyerekeza nthawi yeniyeni, mawotchi opangidwa ndi mawotchi kapena a quartz ali abwino.

Masiku ano mukhoza kugula nsalu zamatsulo zojambula zosiyanasiyana, cholinga chogwiritsira ntchito komanso chigawo chamtengo wapatali, koma chofunikira kwambiri posankha wotchi ndi chipangizo cha kayendetsedwe ka ulonda wawo.

Quartz ndi makina a chronometers

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pao ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la mphamvu kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti ntchito ya ulonda ikugwira ntchito. Ntchito ya makina opangidwa ndi mawotchi amaperekedwa ndi kasupe wozungulira, womwe uli mu drum ndi pasched edge. Kumayambiriro, kasupe umatha kufika pamtunda waukulu ndipo panthawi yomwe ntchitoyo ikutsegulira, imayambitsa ndodoyo, yomwe ikasinthasintha, imayambira nthawi zonse. Chombo chachikulu chakumapeto kwa nyengo ndi kusagwirizana kwa liwiro la kutsegula kwake, lomwe limakhudza kulondola kwa mawotchi. Mtengo woyenera wa chisokonezo ndi nthawi yeniyeni ya mawotchi opangidwa ndi mawotchi ndi -20 / + masekondi 60 patsiku, bwino ngati kulakwitsa sikudutsa masekondi 4-5 patsiku.

Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito mawotchi a quartz

Ntchito ya ma clock pa mawotchi a quartz ikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi batri ya quartz, yomwe imadyetsa chipangizo cha magetsi ndi kayendedwe ka ulonda. Chipangizo chamagetsi chimatumiza mphindi iliyonse ku injini, yomwe imayendetsa manja a ola. Choncho, kuimika kwafupipafupi ndi kulondola kwa kayendetsedweko kumatsimikiziridwa ndi crystal ya quartz, chifukwa nthawi yake ili ndi dzina lake. Kulondola kwa kusuntha ndi masekondi 20-25 pa mwezi, mlingo wolakwika wa maola oyenera sudzadutsa masekondi asanu pamwezi. Mawotchi a quartz samafunikanso kuwomba nthawi zonse, pamene moyo wa batri ungakhale zaka zingapo.
Tinganene motsimikiza kuti ngakhale mawotchi okwera mtengo kwambiri ndi otsika kwambiri molondola poyerekeza nthawi ya mtundu uliwonse wa zifaniziro za quartz.

Zimakhulupirira kuti makinawo ndi odalirika komanso odalirika poyerekeza ndi mawotchi a quartz, koma izi siziri choncho. Zopangira zinthu zosunthira ndi zigawo mu mawotchi a quartz muzinthu zambiri zili ndi magawo ofanana ndi mafano, kotero, malonda abwino amakhala ndi nthawi yaitali. Mosiyana ndi mawotchi a quartz, zitsanzo zamakina zimakhala ndi mtengo wapatali, ngakhale zowona ku Russia, kuphatikizapo zinthu zachilendo, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zamakono ndi zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwa. Kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a mawotchi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha, ndipo mbali zambiri za mankhwala a quartz zimapangidwa pa mizere yokhazikika.

Kotero ndi chiyani chabwino - makina kapena quartz?

Tsoka ilo, palibe yankho lomveka ku funso ili. Mawotchi amawotchi a ku Swiss ali m'gulu lakale kwambiri. Kwa ambiri, mawonda oterewa amadziwika bwino, otsimikiziridwa komanso olemekezeka kwambiri. Mawindo a Quartz ali olondola kwambiri ndipo safuna kuti mphepo ikhale yowonjezereka, kuwonjezera apo, zitsanzo zoterezi ndi zophweka komanso zosavuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Choncho, kusankha maulonda ndi nkhani yaumwini ndipo kumadalira poyamba pazofuna zanu.

Maulendo otchipa otsika mtengo

Kusuntha kwa ku Japan sikunali kochepa molondola ndi zina zambiri pamapangidwe abwino a ku Swiss. Pakali pano, malonda apamwamba a makampani openya a Japan amakhulupirira mwachidwi maudindo otsogolera pa msika wa mdziko chifukwa chogwirizanitsa bwino matekinoloje achikale omwe ali ndi zatsopano, zomwe zimathandiza kuti nthawi zonse apange ulonda wamakono, akudzaza ndi ntchito zatsopano ndi mphamvu. Masiku ano makampani ambiri otchuka a ku Swiss akuyesa kukopa zipangizo zamakono zamakono ku Japan pakupanga zinthu zawo.

Zipangizo zamakono ku Japan pakupanga mawonda

Mwachitsanzo, mawotchi a ku Japan ndi chojambula chachikale Citizen Chronomaster ndiwatchwatch yolondola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zolakwika za pachaka sizidutsa ± 5 masekondi pachaka. Mtengo wa chitsanzo ichi ndi ruble 70,000.
Kusankhidwa kwa mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a amuna ndi akazi ndiwopambana kwambiri. Mitunduyo imasiyana mofanana ndi mawonekedwe awo apachiyambi, amatha kupanga zipangizo zosiyana, koma zinthu zonse zimakhala ndi njira yapadera yomwe imatsimikizira kupitiriza komanso kulondola kwa kayendetsedwe ka mawotchi. Makampani otchuka kwambiri ku Japan ndi Seiko, Citizen, Casio, Orient, Pulsar.

Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha kujambula kwa Japan ndi Citizen Promaster Sky chronograph, yomwe ili ndi mapangidwe apadera komanso oyambirira, komanso ikuthandizira kupeza nthawi yeniyeni. Chofunika kwambiri pa ola ndi mawonekedwe a wailesi ndikuti zinthu zoterezi sizikhala ndi zolakwika poyerekeza ndi nthawi, chifukwa nthawi imayang'aniridwa ndi chizindikiro cha wailesi chomwe chimachokera ku atomu ya atomiki. Mwamwayi, chizindikiro ichi sichinachitike padziko lonse lapansi.

Mawindo a magetsi

Makamaka akuyenerera zitsanzo zamakono zamakono a ku Japanese , omwe ali ndi ntchito zambiri zosiyana. Zithunzi zonse zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi chitsulo cholimba. Zidazi zimakhala ndipamwamba kwambiri komanso zimakhala zotetezeka kwambiri komanso zimakhala zowonongeka.
Mtsogoleri mu Japan watchmaking akadali Seiko, yemwe posachedwapa anapanga ulonda ndi 9F caliber innovative. Chifukwa chake, zolakwa zawo pachaka sizidutsa +/- 10 s.

Mawindo a ku America

Mbiri ya chitukuko ndi kukhalapo kwa maulendo a ku America akhala akuzungulira kwa zaka makumi angapo, pamene opanga akuyesera kufanana ndi kalembedwe kake pamene amapanga zitsanzo zawo, ndipo kulondola kwa mawotchi opangidwa ku USA ndi chimodzimodzi ndi njira zomwe zinapangidwa ku Switzerland kapena ku Japan. Inde, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtengo, yomwe imaperekedwa m'zinenero zamasewero ndi masewera, idzadabwitsa ngakhale wogula kwambiri.

Zithunzi zamasewera ndi zolondola kwambiri. Bungwe la Bulova zaka zingapo linagwira ntchito yopanga zowonetsera zatsopano za akazi ndi abambo, zomwe zimatchedwa Precisionist, yomwe mukutanthauzira kwenikweni imatanthauza "kulondola". Ndichizindikiro ichi chomwe chiri choyimira kwambiri cha zinthu zomwe zatulutsidwa m'sonkhanowu, pomwe zolakwitsazo ndi +/- 10 s pachaka. Zithunzi za Quartz zili ndi zinthu zina zambiri zatsopano - kapangidwe katsopano, kamene kamayandikana, kamene kamakuthandizani kuchepetsa zotsatira zovuta za kutentha popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ma microcircuits, omwe akuyendetsa njira zowonjezereka. Komanso, ulonda uli ndi kanyumba kakang'ono kamodzi kokha, kamene kamveketsa kawiri kawiri kamene kamakhala kansalu kakang'ono kawiri.

Kusintha kulondola kwa kayendedwe ka clockwork

Mosakayika, khalidwe lofunika kwambiri la zitsanzo zilizonse ndizolondola za mawotchi, ngakhale kuti zovuta zololedwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala masekondi 30 patsiku. Pogwiritsa ntchito opanga mawotchi amamatira ku chivomerezo chokhazikitsidwa. Zokonzekera zonse za opangazi zimachitika mwachindunji ku mabungwe ogulitsa. Mawotchi opanga mawonekedwe, monga malemba, ndi njira yovuta, kotero kuti kulondola kwawo kumadalira ntchito yoyenerera ya machitidwe onse ndi ziwalo mu kapangidwe ka chipangizochi.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mawotchi opangidwa ndi mawotchi, njira yowonjezera imaperekedwa, yomwe n'zotheka kuchepetsa cholakwika mwa kulondola kwa stroke. Kuti muchite kusintha ndikufunikira kudziwa chipangizo ndi ntchito za mawotchi.

Zosavuta (osakwatira) zotentha

Kusintha kwa kulondola kwa kayendetsedwe ka mawotchi amawoneka ndi chithandizo cha mbali yofunika ya mlatho muzomwe zimatchedwa "thermometer". The thermometer ikuimira chiwombankhanga, pamapeto pake omwe ali ndi zikhomo ziwiri kapena lokhira lokhira, pamapeto ena pamakhala pang'ono. Pogwiritsa ntchito izi, mungasinthe molondola za mawotchi ndikusintha kutalika kwa ntchito. "Omaliza maphunziro" amasiyana mosiyana ndi makina omwe angakhale ndi kutalika kwa muvi, kutalika kwa apulo wagawanika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapini. "Ma Degrees" ndi osavuta (osakwatira) kapena ovuta (awiri).

Mawindo a mawotchi amatha mtengo

Ngati tikulankhula za mawotchi a manja, amajambula pazithunzi za anthu omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri.

Mtengo wa mankhwala ungapitilire mazana zikwi zana. Choncho, tikhoza kusiya njira ina, mtengo udzakhala wochepa, ndithudi, ngati mwakonzeka kupereka chilungamo molingana ndi chuma ndi kutchuka.